Bioactivity Evaluation of a Novel Formulated Curcumin.

Curcumin has been used as a traditional medicine and/or functional food in several cultures because of its health benefits including anticancer properties. However, poor oral bioavailability of curcumin has limited its oral usage as a food supplement and medical food. Here we formulated curcumin pellets using a solid dispersion technique. The pellets had the advantages of reduced particle size, improved water solubility, and particle porosity. This pellet form led to an improvement in curcumin's oral bioavailability. Additionally, we used the C-Map and Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) Unified Environment (CLUE) gene expression database to determine the potential biological functions of formulated curcumin. The results indicated that, similar to conventional curcumin, the formulated curcumin acted as an NF-κB pathway inhibitor. Moreover, ConsensusPathDB database analysis was used to predict possible targets and it revealed that both forms of curcumin exhibit similar biological functions, including apoptosis. Biochemical characterization revealed that both the forms indeed induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. We concluded that the formulated curcumin increases the oral bioavailability in animals, and, as expected, retains characteristics similar to conventional curcumin at the cellular level. Our screening platform using big data not only confirms that both the forms of curcumin have similar mechanisms but also predicts the novel mechanism of the formulated curcumin.

Using the Pleiotropic Characteristics of Curcumin to Validate the Potential Application of a Novel Gene Expression Screening Platform.

Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from curcumin longa that exhibits anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. The consumption of foods at supernutritional levels to obtain health benefits may paradoxically result in negative health outcomes. In the present study, multiple targeting characteristics of curcumin were analyzed using our gene expression screening system, which utilized the gene expression signatures of curcumin from human hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer cells to query gene expression databases and effectively identify the molecular actions of curcumin. In agreement with prediction, curcumin inhibited NF-κB and Aurora-A, and induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Curcumin-suppressed NF-κB was identified through inhibition of PLCG1, PIK3R1, and MALT1 in the CD4-T-cell-receptor-signaling NF-κB cascade pathway. The results suggest that our novel gene expression screening platform is an effective method of rapidly identifying unknown biological functions and side effects of compounds with potential nutraceutical benefits.

The Incidence of Necrotizing Fasciitis in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the national population-based incidence rates of necrotizing fasciitis (NF) and related epidemiological profiles in Asian countries. We plastic surgeons always face and treat this complicated disease in the first line at the hospital. METHODS: Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance inpatient claims data from 2005 through 2010, we investigated the national annual incidence rate of NF by sex, age, year, month, beneficiary category, and region. RESULTS: The overall average annual incidence rate (cases per 100,000 population) of those 6 years of inpatients with NF was 11.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.4-11.8) for both sexes, 14.9 (95% CI, 14.9-15.5) for males, and 8.3 (95% CI, 7.9-8.3) for females. The age-adjusted annual incidence rate was 10.7 (95% CI, 10.3-11.1) in 2005 and 12.3 (95% CI, 11.9-12.8) in 2010. The annual incidence rate increased with age, peaked in August, was the highest in southern Taiwan, and correlated with monthly temperature. CONCLUSIONS: The annual incidence rate of NF in Taiwan was highest between 2005 and 2009 and slightly lower in 2010 in this study. Although additional studies are needed to identify modifiable risk factors associated with NF, the aforementioned risk factors alert the first line doctors, such as plastic surgeons, to pay much more attention to this complicated disease entity and make an accurate critical decision making for the patients.

Withania somnifera Root Extract Enhances Chemotherapy through 'Priming'.

Withania somnifera extracts are known for their anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. One of their mechanisms of actions is to modulate mitochondrial function through increasing oxidative stress. Recently 'priming' has been suggested as a potential mechanism for enhancing cancer cell death. In this study we demonstrate that 'priming', in HT-29 colon cells, with W. somnifera root extract increased the potency of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin. We have also showed the W. somnifera root extract enhanced mitochondrial dysfunction and that the underlying mechanism of 'priming' was selectively through increased ROS. Moreover, we showed that this effect was not seen in non-cancerous cells.

Endoscopy-Assisted Total Mastectomy Followed by Immediate Pedicled Transverse Rectus Abdominis Musculocutaneous (TRAM) Flap Reconstruction: Preliminary Results of 48 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopy-assisted breast surgery performed through minimal axillary and/or periareolar incisions is a viable option for patients with breast cancer. In this study, we report the preliminary results of patients with breast cancer who underwent endoscopy-assisted total mastectomy (EATM) followed immediately by pedicled transverse abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction. METHODS: Patients in this study comprised women with breast cancer who received EATM and pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction. Clinicopathologic characteristics, type of surgery, complications, and rate of recurrence were recorded. The cosmetic outcomes were evaluated objectively by the surgeons and subjectively by the patients at 3-month postoperative follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 48 patients underwent 49 EATM procedures followed by pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction. Of them, 79.6% underwent endoscopic-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy and 20.4% received endoscopic-assisted skin-sparing mastectomy. The types of cancer among these patients included ductal carcinoma in situ in 34.7%, stage I cancer in 36.7%, stage II cancer in 24.5%, and stage IIIa cancer in 4.1% patients. Mean tumor size was 2.1 ± 1.4 cm. There were no cases of flap failure. Partial nipple areolar complex ischemia/necrosis occurred in 4 (10.3%) patients; however, all cases resolved after conservative treatment. In the aesthetic outcome evaluation, EATM + TRAM were associated with 89.8% good, 8.2% fair, and 2% unsatisfactory result. No local recurrence was observed during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: EATM followed immediately by pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction is a safe procedure and results in good cosmetic outcome in women with early-stage breast cancer.

Temporal patterns of body temperatures in the acute stage of stroke.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to describe the day-by-day temporal patterns of body temperatures in acute stroke and to delineate the differences in serial daily changes in body temperatures between intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and cerebral infarct (CI). METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 90 patients (32 with ICH and 58 with CI), admitted within 12 hours after the onset of stroke. Body temperatures were measured as the tympanic temperatures during the initial 6 days of hospitalization. Patients with clinical infections were excluded. The severity of stroke was assessed by Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS). SSS score < or = 30 was defined as severe stroke, and SSS score >30 as mild-to-moderate stroke. RESULTS: Mean body temperature was significantly higher in patients with ICH than those with CI in 0 approximately 12 hours; 12 approximately 24 hours, 24 approximately 48 hours, and 48 approximately 72 hours (all p<0.05) after the onset of stroke. Among patients with ICH, the body temperature was significantly higher in the severe group than the mild-to-moderate group during 24 approximately 48 hours and 48 approximately 72 hours (both p<0.05) after the onset of stroke. No significant difference in body temperatures was observed between patients with severe stroke and patient with mild-to-moderate CI. CONCLUSIONS: The serial time course of body temperature in the acute stage of stroke differs between ICH and CI. This study showed that, in ICH but not in CI, the elevation of body temperature has significant association with the stroke severity. Our results may help in the management of hyperthermia during acute stroke.