The clinical picture of bipolar affective disorders in children and adolescents hospitalized at the psychiatric ward in Sosnowiec. / Obraz kliniczny zaburzen afektywnych dwubiegunowych u dzieci i mlodziezy hospitalizowanych w oddziale psychiatrii w Sosnowcu.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical picture of bipolar affective disorders (BD) in children and adolescents hospitalized at the Clinical Ward of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (DAPP) in Sosnowiec, Poland. METHODS: Documentation analysis of 288 BD patients below 18 years of age. Detailed clinical and demographic data were collected and symptoms present during hospitalization were assessed. RESULTS: The mean age of illness onset was 13.6 ± 1.7 years. A total of 86.5% of the studied individuals received a first diagnosis different from BD/mania, and the average time until the proper diagnosis was 16.9 months. In 45.5% the first episode was depression with varied severity, in 29.2% a mixed episode and in 25.3% mania/hypomania. In 48.6% comorbid disorders were present. The most frequent reason for hospitalization was a mixed episode (47.6%). Among the symptoms, irritability was observed in over 80% of patients with mania or mixed episodes, but also in 60% of patients with depression. Suicidal thoughts were experienced by almost all the depression patients, 84.7% in the mixed episode and also 52.6% in mania/hypomania episode. Anxiety was mostly present in depression (40.7%) and mixed episode (22.6%), while moodcongruent delusions in depression and mania (around 20% of cases). Aggressive behaviours were manifested in around half of patients with mania and a mixed episode. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied population of children and adolescents, BD usually started with a depression episode accompanied by a high rate of comorbid disorders and in most cases there was an original misdiagnosis. Study results also point to a significant frequency of some pathological symptoms in this population.

Association of OXTR, AVPR1a, LNPEP, and CD38 Genes' Expression with the Clinical Presentation of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social interactions, communication, and behavior. Although the predominant genetic predisposition to ASD seems beyond doubt, its exact nature remains unclear. In the context of social cognition disorders and the basis of ASD, the oxytocinergic and vasopresynergic systems arouse great interest among researchers. The aim of the present study was to analyze gene expression levels for oxytocin and vasopressin receptors, as well as CD38 protein and oxytocinase, in the context of the clinical picture of autism spectrum disorders. The study included 90 people, of whom 63 were diagnosed with ASD based on anamnesis, mental status testing, and the ADOS-2 protocol. The results obtained in the presented study indicate that the balance between the levels of expression of the CD38 gene and the oxytocinase gene plays a key role in the risk and clinical presentation of ASD. In a hypothetical scenario, an imbalance in the expression of CD38 and LNPEP could potentially lead to alterations in the concentrations of oxytocin and vasopressin. At the same time, the most frequently studied genes-AVPR1a and OXTR-seem to be at best of marginal importance for the risk of ASD.

Polymorphisms in Oxytocin and Vasopressin Receptor Genes as a Factor Shaping the Clinical Picture and the Risk of ASD in Males.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting virtually every population, regardless of their ethnic or socioeconomic background. Their pathogenesis is multifactorial, based on interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The key symptom of ASD are deficits in social communication, which are the basis of many difficulties in everyday functioning. The aim of the presented study was to analyze the clinical picture of social cognition deficits in boys with autism spectrum disorders and to relate its elements with the frequency of alleles of selected polymorphisms within the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) genes. The study included 58 boys with IQ > 90, who were divided into two groups based on a confirmed or excluded ASD diagnosis based on the DSM-5 and ICD-10 criteria and then using the ADOS-2 protocol. The results indicated that polymorphism rs10877969 (T) within the AVPR1a gene was the only one to show a statistically significant association with a higher risk of autism spectrum disorders and has an impact on clinical presentation in the ADOS-2 study, primarily in terms of the social affect subscale. Polymorphisms in the OXTR gene showed no significant association with ASD risk and severity of autistic traits in the ADOS-2 study. In the group of people with ASD and those who are neurotypical, the rs53572 (A) genotype in the OXTR gene significantly increased the severity of the clinical picture of social cognition disorders in reading mind in the eyes test (RMiE) and empathy quotient (EQ) studies.

Correlation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: Systematic review. / Zwiazek pomiedzy zespolem nadpobudliwosci psychoruchowej z deficytem uwagi a choroba afektywna dwubiegunowa w populacji dzieci i mlodziezy: przeglad systematyczny.

Determining of correlation between Affective Bipolar Disorder (BD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents by choosing the most appropriate hypothesis explaining the nature of connection of these two diagnoses based on systematic review of literature. An overview of literature published in MEDLINE/PubMed database and Google Scholar search engine between January 2008 and February 2019 concerning the correlation between BD and ADHD was performed. Articles in Polish and English were chosen from journals which were closely related to the topic and possible to allocate to one of the four hypotheses. Ultimately, 10 research papers were included in the review. The range of the papers' score was 3.5-9 according to adapted NOQAS scale, with mean score of 6.6 out of possible 9, which lead to a general average quality of the papers. In all the works the psychopathology of patients was evaluated according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. The relationship between ADHD and BD in the children and adolescent population is not clear and an unambiguous hypothesis defining this correlation is not possible at this point. Further, prospective research that provides evidence facilitating correct diagnosis as early as possible is essential as it has considerable influence on patients' course of disease and quality of life.

Evaluation of Peripheral Blood Concentrations of Phoenixin, Spexin, Nesfatin-1 and Kisspeptin as Potential Biomarkers of Bipolar Disorder in the Pediatric Population.

There are some initial suggestions in the literature that phoenixin, spexin, nesfatin-1 and kisspeptin may play a role in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. Therefore, they may also be cautiously considered as potential diagnostic or predictive biomarkers of BD. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of the aforementioned neuropeptides in the peripheral blood of children and adolescents with bipolar. This study included 122 individuals: 67 persons with diagnosed bipolar disorder types I and II constituted the study group, and 55 healthy persons were included in the control group. Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of neuropeptides between the control and study groups were noted in relation to nesfatin-1 and spexin (although spexin lost statistical significance after introducing the Bonferroni correction). In a logistic regression analysis, an increased risk of bipolar disorder was noted for a decrease in nesfatin-1 concentration. Lower levels of nesfatin-1 seemed to be a significant risk factor for the development of bipolar disorder types I and II. Furthermore, the occurrence of bipolar disorder was associated with significantly elevated levels of spexin. None of the analyzed neuropeptides was significantly correlated with the number of symptoms of bipolar disorder.

The role of selected polymorphisms in regulation of gene CD38 expression and their effect on the clinical picture of autism spectrum disorders - preliminary study. / Rola wybranych polimorfizmów w regulacji ekspresji genu CD38 i ich wplyw na ryzyko oraz obraz kliniczny zaburzen ze spektrum autyzmu.

OBJECTIVES: Clinical effects observed in cases of oxytocin deficiency can also manifest themselves in disorders of mechanisms responsible, for example, for its secretion. For oxytocin, this function is played by - among others - the cluster of differentiation antigen 38 (CD38). Existing literature along with the correlation between protein CD38 and oxytocin secretion raise interest in the context of their possible relation to the clinical picture and development of the autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The aim of the study was to analyze the correlations between polymorphisms rs3796863 and rs6449197 in gene CD38, the level of gene expression and the clinical picture and the risk of ASD diagnosis. METHODS: The study included 59 individuals with the mean age of 15.05 years with IQ > 90. The participants were divided into two groups: the studied group consisting of 37 persons with confirmed ASD diagnoses and the control group including 22 neurotypical individuals. Diagnosis verification was carried out via the ADOS-2 protocol. RESULTS: The comparative analysis with the standardized population based on the 1000Genomes database with the presence of clinically significant intensification of ASD traits showed the correlation of alleles "T" of polymorphisms rs3796863 and rs6449197, which are more frequent in the general population and are treated as "wild". In the inter-group analysis, this type of dependency was weaker, and the genotype of the control group was somehow intermediate between the studied group and the standardized population. In the ΔΔCt analysis, the normalized value of the relative expression level of gene CD38 showed that in the studied group the expression level was around 1.1-1.2 times higher than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results show that a significant correlation with the severity of autism spectrum disorder traits is mainly observed in the carriers of wild variants of the studied polymorphisms, in which the related increase in the expression level of gene CD38 is also observed.

Predictive efficiency of phoenixin, spexin and kisspeptin neuropeptides concentration levels in diagnosis of bipolar disorder in paediatric population. / Skutecznosc predykcyjna stezen neuropeptydów: feniksyny, speksyny i kisspeptyny dla diagnozy choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej w populacji pediatrycznej.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess concentrations of the following neuropeptides: phoenixin, spexin and kisspeptin in venous blood serum of children and adolescents suffering from bipolar disorder, and by this their predictive efficiency in this disorder. METHODS: The study covered 75 individuals with a mean age of 15.26 years (95% CI: 14.86-15.67), of which the study group comprised of 57 individuals diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder and the control group - 18 individuals with no psychiatric diagnosis and no pharmacological treatment. Phoenixin, spexin and kisspeptin levels were determined in the peripheral venous blood serum. Neuropeptide concentrations were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The mean phoenixin concentration in the studied group equalled 1.57 ng/ml (95% CI: 1.35-1.79), while in the control group - 2.69 ng/ml (95% CI: 2.38-3; U Mann-Whitney test p-value < 0.05). For spexin, these results were 639.65 pg/ml (95% CI: 558.86-720.44) in the studied group, and 354.28 pg/ml (95% CI: 310.33-398.22; U Mann-Whitney test p-value < 0.05) in the control group. The observed differences were statistically significant. The mean concentration of kisspeptin levels in the studied group was 126.02 pg/ml (95% CI: 39.82-212.23; median: 59.85), while in the control group - 54.83 pg/ml (95% CI: 39.23-70.43; median: 51.3; U Mann-Whitney test p-value = 0.29), and the observed difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of bipolar disorder symptoms is statistically significantly linked with a decreased phoenixin concentration and to a small degree - with an increased spexin concentration in blood serum of patients. However, it is not linked with the kisspeptin concentration.

Systematic Review of Literature on Eating Disorders During Pregnancy-Risk and Consequences for Mother and Child.

Background: Eating disorders (ED) are a diagnostic category that includes several nosological units such as anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), or binge eating disorder (BED). This category most often concerns women, while the peak incidence falls on the reproductive age. Therefore the issue of ED during pregnancy is an interesting topic. Due to the creation of unrealistic ideal of "desired," slim figure both by the mass media and social media even during and right after gestation, more and more pregnant women introduce behaviours aimed at maintaining the "perfect" appearance. However in some cases it may have serious consequences for the health of both mother and child leading to the creation of the term "pregorexia" by the media to describe this issue. Aim: The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of the literature dealing with eating disorders in pregnant women, with particular emphasis on pregorexia. Method: A systematic review of literature published within the last 5 years (2016-2021) in English or Polish and available through MEDLINE / PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library databases was conducted based on the previously assumed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Initially, 634 publications were obtained during the review, of which 55 papers were selected in the course of the title analysis. After further evaluation of abstracts, 28 papers were qualified for full text analysis. Ultimately, 10 papers were selected for the final analysis. Conclusions: The issue of ED in pregnant women is a broad topic covering a heterogeneous group of women-both those with a previous history and those with the onset during pregnancy. The occurrence of ED symptoms during this period is associated with a high likelihood of negative consequences for both the mother and the child. The course of pregnancies and deliveries in these patients is more complicated. Therefore, it seems reasonable to develop a multidisciplinary screening strategy and standards of management and supervision over this group of patients.

Clinical picture and treatment of bipolar affective disorder in children and adolescents. / Obraz kliniczny i leczenie choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej u dzieci i mlodziezy.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by pathological changes in mood as well as recurring episodes of mania, hypomania, depression and mixed symptoms. In recent years, the number of BD diagnoses has risen considerably in children and adolescents. Itis believed that anaverage rate of prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the pediatric population is 1.8%, and BD type I - 1.2%, and the prevalence of the disorder increases with the age of patients. Despite the same diagnostic criteria, there are premises that suggest thatthe symptoms of the disorder are present with a different frequency among children and adolescents than in adults. The most frequent manic symptom in persons with childhood-onset of the illness is thought to be irritability, and in adolescence -hyperactivity. BD in children and adolescent population is accompanied by a high rate of comorbid psychiatric conditions. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder constitute particular diagnostic challenges. Early onset of BP is linked with a more severe course of the illness, worse prognosis, and a higher suicidal rate. Pharmacotherapy of BD in the pediatric population includes 1st and 2nd generation mood stabilizers, while their efficacy and safety profiles are different than in adults. The American Food and Drug Administration recommends treating manic episodes in young persons with lithium, aripiprazole, quetiapine, risperidone, olanzapine and depressive episodes with a combination therapy of olanzapine and fluoxetine.

[Autoaggressive behaviour with patients suffering from type 1 diabetes treated at the Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Developmental Age--description of cases]. / Zachowania autoagresywne u pacjentek chorujacych na cukrzyce typu 1 leczonych na oddziale klinicznym psychiatrii i psychoterapii wieku rozwojowego--opis przypadków.

AIM: The aim of this study was to observe autoagressive behaviour with patients suffering from type 1 diabetes hospitalized in The Child Psychiatry Department of The Paediatric Centre in Sosnowiec. METHOD: Analysis of clinical cases, medical documentation and literature. RESULTS: Patients suffered from type 1 diabetes. On account of mental disorders they required treatment in a psychiatric ward. In the course of their hospitalization the appearance of various autoagressive behaviour were observed--the sick deliberately gave a dose of insulin improperly, apply an inadequate diet, and also self-mutilated themselves. CONCLUSIONS: Described patients by their own illness (type 1 diabetes) in a self-destructive way coped with negative emotions. Autoagressive behaviour were their way of coping with stress, communicating experienced problems to others, they also helped in reducing inner tension. Through autoagression patients express anger, guilt, shame, loneliness, inner emptiness, a lack of confidence or humiliation. The period of adolescence, female gender and the presence of chronic disease are the factors that could intensify the difficulties described.