Phase change surfaces with porous metallic structures for long-term anti/de-icing application.

HYPOTHESIS: Ice mitigation has received increasing attention due to the severe safety and economic threats of icing hazards to modern industries. Slippery icephobic surface is a potential ice mitigation approach due to its ultra-low ice adhesion strength, great humidity resistance, and effective delay of ice nucleation. However, this approach currently has limited practical applications because of serious liquid depletion in the icing/de-icing process. EXPERIMENTS: A new strategy of phase change materials (PCM)-impregnation porous metallic structures (PIPMSs) was proposed to develop phase changeable icephobic surfaces in this study, and aimed to solve the rapid depletion via the phase changeable interfacial interactions. FINDINGS: Evaluation of surface icephobicity and interfacial analysis proved that the phase changeable surfaces (PIPMSs) worked as an effective and durable icephobic platform by significantly delaying ice nucleation, providing long-term humid tolerance, low ice adhesion strength of as-prepared samples (less than 5 kPa), and signally improved maintaining capacity of impregnated PCMs (less than 10 % depletion) after 50 icing/de-icing cycles. To explore the interfacial responses, phase change models consisting of the unfrozen quasi-liquid layer and solid lubricant layer at the ice/PIPMSs interfaces were established, and the involved icephobic mechanisms of PIPMSs were studied based on the analysis of interfacial interactions.

Optimised polymer trapped-air lenses for ultrasound focusing in water exploiting Fabry-Pérot resonance.

The concept of employing air volumes trapped inside polymer shells to make a lens for ultrasound focusing in water is investigated. The proposed lenses use evenly-spaced concentric rings, each having an air-filled polymer shell construction, defining concentric water-filled channels. Numerical simulations and experiments have shown that a plane wave can be focused, and that the amplification can be boosted by Fabry-Pérot resonances within the water channels with an appropriate choice of the lens thickness. The effect of the polymer shell thickness and the depth of the channels is discussed, as these factors can affect the geometry and hence the frequency of operation. The result was a lens with a Full Width at Half Maximum value of 0.65 of a wavelength at the focus. Results obtained on a metal-based counterpart are also shown for comparison. An advantage of this polymeric design is that it is easily constructed via additive manufacturing. This study shows that trapped-air lenses made of polymer are suitable for ultrasound focusing in water near 500 kHz.

Holey-structured tungsten metamaterials for broadband ultrasonic sub-wavelength imaging in water.

Metamaterials exhibiting Fabry-Pérot resonances are shown to achieve ultrasonic imaging of a sub-wavelength aperture in water immersion across a broad bandwidth. Holey-structured metamaterials of different thickness were additively manufactured using a tungsten substrate and selective laser melting, tungsten being chosen so as to create a significant acoustic impedance mismatch with water. Both broadband metamaterial behavior and sub-wavelength imaging in water are demonstrated experimentally and validated with finite element simulations over the 200-300 kHz range.

Trapped air metamaterial concept for ultrasonic sub-wavelength imaging in water.

Acoustic metamaterials constructed from conventional base materials can exhibit exotic phenomena not commonly found in nature, achieved by combining geometrical and resonance effects. However, the use of polymer-based metamaterials that could operate in water is difficult, due to the low acoustic impedance mismatch between water and polymers. Here we introduce the concept of "trapped air" metamaterial, fabricated via vat photopolymerization, which makes ultrasonic sub-wavelength imaging in water using polymeric metamaterials highly effective. This concept is demonstrated for a holey-structured acoustic metamaterial in water at 200-300 kHz, via both finite element modelling and experimental measurements, but it can be extended to other types of metamaterials. The new approach, which outperforms the usual designs of these structures, indicates a way forward for exploiting additive-manufacturing for realising polymer-based acoustic metamaterials in water at ultrasonic frequencies.

Thermal Activation of Electrochemical Seed Surfaces for Selective and Tunable Hydrophobic Patterning.

Remarkable interfacial behaviors are observed in nature. Our efforts, directed toward replicating the structures, chemistries, and therefore functional properties of natural nonwetting surfaces, are competing with the result of billions of years of natural selection. The application of man-made surfaces is challenged by their poor longevity in aggressive environmental or applied service conditions. This study reports on a new approach for the creation of multiscale hierarchical surface patterns in metals, which exploits thermodynamic phenomena in advanced manufacturing processes. While hydrophobic coatings can be produced with relative ease by electrodeposition, these fractal-type structures tend to have poor structural integrity and hence are not durable. In this method, "seed surfaces" are directly written onto substrates by selective electrodeposition, after which they are irradiated by a large-area, pulsed electron beam to invoke a beading phenomenon, which is studied here. The length scale of these beads is shown to depend upon the melt time of the liquid metal. The created surfaces are shown to yield high water contact angles (145°) without subsequent chemical modification, and high adhesion properties reminiscent of the "rose petal" hydrophobic effect. The size and morphology and hence the hydrophobic effect of the surface beads generated are correlated with the thickness of the electrodeposited coating and hence the melt lifetime upon electron irradiation. This new rapid approach for tunable hydrophobic surface creation has applications for developing precision hydrophobic patterns and is insensitive to surface complexity.

Human Skeletal Stem Cell Response to Multiscale Topography Induced by Large Area Electron Beam Irradiation Surface Treatment.

The healthcare socio-economic environment is irreversibly changing as a consequence of an increasing aging population, consequent functional impairment, and patient quality of life expectations. The increasing complexity of ensuing clinical scenarios compels a critical search for novel musculoskeletal regenerative and replacement strategies. While joint arthroplasty is a highly effective treatment for arthritis and osteoporosis, further innovation and refinement of uncemented implants are essential in order to improve implant integration and reduce implant revision rate. This is critical given financial restraints and the drive to improve cost-effectiveness and quality of life outcomes. Multi-scale modulation of implant surfaces, offers an innovative approach to enhancement in implant performance. In the current study, we have examined the potential of large area electron beam melting to alter the surface nanotopography in titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). We evaluated the in vitro osteogenic response of human skeletal stem cells to the resultant nanotopography, providing evidence of the relationship between the biological response, particularly Collagen type I and Osteocalcin gene activation, and surface nanoroughness. The current studies demonstrate osteogenic gene induction and morphological cell changes to be significantly enhanced on a topography Ra of ~40 nm with clinical implications therein for implant surface treatment and generation.

Loose powder detection and surface characterization in selective laser sintering via optical coherence tomography.

Defects produced during selective laser sintering (SLS) are difficult to non-destructively detect after build completion without the use of X-ray-based methods. Overcoming this issue by assessing integrity on a layer-by-layer basis has become an area of significant interest for users of SLS apparatus. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used in this study to detect surface texture and sub-surface powder, which is un-melted/insufficiently sintered, is known to be a common cause of poor part integrity and would prevent the use of SLS where applications dictate assurance of defect-free parts. To demonstrate the capability of the instrument and associated data-processing algorithms, samples were built with graduated porosities which were embedded in fully dense regions in order to simulate defective regions. Simulated in situ measurements were then correlated with the process parameters used to generate variable density regions. Using this method, it is possible to detect loose powder and differentiate between densities of ±5% at a sub-surface depth of approximately 300 µm. In order to demonstrate the value of OCT as a surface-profiling technique, surface texture datasets are compared with focus variation microscopy. Comparable results are achieved after a spatial bandwidth- matching procedure.

Linear ion trap fabricated using rapid manufacturing technology.

This article presents the design, construction, and test results of a linear ion trap, fabricated using digital light processing (DLP), which is a low-cost 3D layer-based manufacturing technique. The ion trap was incorporated into a portable mass spectrometer system and experimental mass spectrum was obtained for methamphetamine (m/z 182), cocaine (m/z 304), and rhodamine B (m/z 443), with a maximum observed resolution (FWHM) of 260. For rhodamine B, tandem MS capability is also demonstrated. The mass range (and resolution at higher m/z) of the instrument is also demonstrated by spectrum obtained from Ultramark (m/z 1621). The spectra obtained for the DLP trap occur at a considerably lower rf voltage than a rectilinear ion trap of similar size, which is a consequence of the hyperbolic electrode geometry and, hence, smaller r(0) in the DLP case. High mass range with low voltage operation is especially important with regard to 'in the field' applications requiring low power consumption for extended periods of operation.

Development of quadrupole mass spectrometers using rapid prototyping technology.

In this report, we present a prototype design of a quadrupole mass filter (QMF) with hyperbolic electrodes, fabricated at the University of Liverpool using digital light processing (DLP), a low-cost and lightweight 3D rapid prototyping (RP) technique. Experimental mass spectra are shown for H(2)(+), D(2)(+), and He(+) ions to provide proof of principle that the DLP mass filter is working as a mass analyzer in the low-mass range (1 to 10 amu). The performance of the DLP QMF has also been investigated for individual spectral peaks. Numerical simulations of the instrument were performed by coupling CPO and Liverpool QMS-2 programs to model both the ion source and mass filter, respectively, and the instrument is shown to perform as predicted by theory. DLP thus allows miniaturization of mass spectrometers at low cost, using hyperbolic (or other) geometries of mass analyzer electrodes that provide optimal ion manipulation and resolution for a given application. The potential of using RP fabrication techniques for developing miniature and microscale mass analyzers is also discussed.