Maintaining Joint Line Obliquity Optimizes Outcomes of Functional Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients With Constitutionally Varus Knees.

BACKGROUND: Functional alignment (FA) strives to balance the knee soft-tissue envelope during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using implant alignment adjustments rather than soft-tissue releases. There is a debate on how best to achieve FA. We compared minimum two-year outcomes between FA with a mechanical alignment plan [FA(m)] and FA with a kinematic alignment plan [FA(k)]. The null hypothesis was that there would be no difference in outcomes between FA(m) and FA(k). METHODS: Prospective data was collected from 300 consecutive robotic-assisted FA TKAs [135 FA(m) and 165 FA(k)]. Patient reported outcomes were obtained preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively. The coronal plane alignment of the knee classification was used to classify knee alignment phenotypes. RESULTS: Overall limb alignment was equivalent between groups. Final implant alignment was different between FA(m) and FA(k) groups, with FA(k) TKAs having higher tibial varus (P < .01), higher femoral valgus (P < .01), and higher joint line obliquity (P < .01). Patients reported higher Forgotten Joint Score-12 scores with FA(k) TKAs (79.4 versus 71.6, P = .018) and greater range of motion (125 versus 121°; P = .003). Patients who had constitutional varus reported the greatest improvement with FA(k) technique (Forgotten Joint Score at minimum 2 years of 89 versus 65; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Utilizing an individualized alignment plan [FA(k)] led to a final implant position with greater joint line obliquity, yet the same overall limb alignment. This was associated with improved outcomes at 2 years post-TKA in patients who had constitutional varus. Three-dimensional component position and joint line obliquity affect the outcomes following TKA independently of coronal limb alignment.

The Effect of Minor Adjustments to Tibial and Femoral Component Position on Soft Tissue Balance in Robotic Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Ideal goals for alignment and balance in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remain controversial. We aimed to compare initial alignment and balance using mechanical alignment (MA) and kinematic alignment (KA) techniques and to analyze the percentage of knees that could achieve balance using limited adjustments to component position. METHODS: Prospective data on 331 primary robotic TKAs (115 MAs and 216 KAs) were analyzed. Medial and lateral virtual gaps were recorded in both flexion and extension. A computer algorithm was used to calculate potential (theoretical) implant alignment solutions to achieve balance within 1 millimeter (mm) without soft tissue release given an alignment philosophy (MA or KA), angular boundaries (±1, ±2, or ±3°), and gap targets (equal gaps or lateral laxity allowed). The percentage of knees that could theoretically achieve balance was compared. RESULTS: Less than 5% of TKAs were initially balanced. Limited adjustments to component position increased the percentage of TKAs that could be balanced in a graduated manner, with no difference between MA and KA start points: adjustments of ±1 (10% versus 6%, P = .17), ±2 (42% versus 39%, P = .61), or of ±3 (54% versus 51%, P = .66). A higher percentage of TKAs could be balanced when a greater range for lateral gap laxity was allowed. Balancing from KA resulted in increased joint line obliquity in the final implant alignment. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of TKAs can be balanced without soft tissue release using minor adjustments to component position. Surgeons should consider the relationship between alignment and balance goals when optimizing component positioning in TKA.