Normal cortisol response to cold pressor test, but lower free thyroxine, after recovery from undernutrition.

Undernutrition is a stressor with long-term consequences, and the effect of nutritional recovery on cortisol and thyroid hormone status is unknown. To investigate basal thyroid hormones and the cortisol response to a cold pressor test in children recovered from undernutrition, a cross-sectional study was undertaken on children (6-16 years) separated into four groups: control (n 41), stunted (n 31), underweight (n 27) and recovered (n 31). Salivary cortisol was collected over the course of 10 h: upon awakening, before and after an unpleasant and a pleasant stimulus. Cortisol upon awakening was highest in the stunted and lowest in the underweight groups: control=5·05 (95% CI 3·71, 6·89) nmol/l, stunted=6·62 (95% CI 3·97, 11·02) nmol/l, underweight=2·51 (95% CI 1·75, 3·63) nmol/l and recovered=3·46 (95% CI 2·46, 4·90) nmol/l (P=0·005). Girls had higher cortisol concentrations upon awakening compared with boys (P=0·021). The undernourished groups showed an elevated cortisol response both to the unpleasant stimulus and at the last measurement (16.00 hours) compared with that of the recovered group: AUC, control=2·07 (95% CI 1·69, 2·45) nmol/l×30 min, stunted=2·48 (95% CI 1·91, 3·06) nmol/l×30 min, underweight=2·52 (95% CI 2·07, 2·97) nmol/l×30 min, recovered=1·68 (95% CI 1·26, 2·11) nmol/l×30 min (P=0·042); and control=2·03 (95% CI 1·75, 2·39) nmol/l×30 min, stunted=2·51 (95% CI 1·97, 3·19) nmol/l×30 min, underweight=2·61 (95% CI 2·16, 3·16) nmol/l×30 min, recovered=1·70 (95% CI 1·42, 2·03) nmol/l×30 min (P=0·009). Lower free thyroxine (T4) was found in the recovered and stunted groups: control=1·28 (95% CI 1·18, 1·39) pmol/l, stunted=0·98 (95% CI 0·87, 1·10) pmol/l, underweight=1·10 (95% CI 1·01, 1·21) pmol/l and recovered=0·90 (95% CI 0·83, 0·99) pmol/l (P<0·001). Multivariate analysis showed a lower cortisol concentration along 10 h (06.00-16.00 hours) in the recovered compared with the other groups (P=0·017), and similar concentrations between the recovered and control group. In conclusion, the children with recovery in weight and height had a cortisol stress response similar to control but a lower basal free T4. Longitudinal studies are warranted to determine the extent of these endocrine changes after recovery of undernutrition and in adulthood.

Long-lasting effects of undernutrition.

Undernutrition is one of the most important public health problems, affecting more than 900 million individuals around the World. It is responsible for the highest mortality rate in children and has long-lasting physiologic effects, including an increased susceptibility to fat accumulation mostly in the central region of the body, lower fat oxidation, lower resting and postprandial energy expenditure, insulin resistance in adulthood, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and a reduced capacity for manual work, among other impairments. Marked changes in the function of the autonomic nervous system have been described in undernourished experimental animals. Some of these effects seem to be epigenetic, passing on to the next generation. Undernutrition in children has been linked to poor mental development and school achievement as well as behavioural abnormalities. However, there is still a debate in the literature regarding whether some of these effects are permanent or reversible. Stunted children who had experienced catch-up growth had verbal vocabulary and quantitative test scores that did not differ from children who were not stunted. Children treated before 6 years of age in day-hospitals and who recovered in weight and height have normal body compositions, bone mineral densities and insulin production and sensitivity.

Índice de massa corporal de adolescentes: comparação entre diferentes referências / Body mass index of adolescents: comparison among different references

OBJETIVO: Comparar o desempenho das referências (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I, National Center for Health Statistics/2000, International Obesity Task Force e Pesquisa Nacional sobre Saúde e Nutrição) para avaliação do estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes à nova curva de valores de índice de massa corporal, proposta pela Organização Mundial da Saúde em 2007. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, cuja população foi constituída por uma amostra não probabilística, com 5.122 crianças e adolescentes de baixa renda. Foi realizado o cálculo do tamanho amostral visando identificar a associação entre alteração na pressão arterial e baixa estatura nos diferentes estados nutricionais. Compararam-se as diferentes referências para avaliação do estado nutricional. Foram aplicados os testes Q de Cochran, McNemar, qui-quadrado e índice Kappa para comparar as proporções e a concordância da classificação de baixo peso e excesso de peso com as diferentes referências. RESULTADOS: As cinco referências utilizadas no presente estudo apresentaram diferenças entre si. Tanto para meninos como para meninas, as prevalências estimadas de baixo peso pela referência da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Saúde e Nutrição foram bem menores que as outras referências. Quanto à prevalência de excesso de peso para os meninos, esta foi maior pela referência da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Saúde e Nutrição. Encontrou-se concordância excelente (k>0,75) entre a maioria das classificações para excesso de peso analisadas. Porém, a concordância entre as classificações para baixo peso apresentou-se fraca (k<0,40). CONCLUSÕES: A nova referência da Organização Mundial da Saúde é adequada para classificar os distúrbios nutricionais nos adolescentes brasileiros.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of the references (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I, National Center for Health Statistics/2000, International Obesity Task Force and Pesquisa Nacional sobre Saúde e Nutrição) to assess the nutritional status of children and adolescents with the new reference of body mass index values proposed by the World Health Organization in 2007. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that enrolled a non-probabilistic sample of 5,122 children and adolescents of low socioeconomic status. In the matrix study, sample size was calculated in order to identify the association between blood pressure changes and stunting in different nutritional status. This interim report relates to the comparison among different references for assessment of nutritional status. Cochran's Q, McNemar, chisquare and Kappa statistics were used to compare the proportion of underweight and overweight by different references and the agreement among them. RESULTS: The five references used in this study showed differences between them. Both for boys as for girls, the estimated prevalence of underweight by the Brazilian reference is much smaller than with the other references. For overweight girls, a higher prevalence was detected by the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Saúde e Nutrição reference, followed by the World Health Organization/2007. There was an excellent agreement (k>0.75) between the references regarding overweight, but the agreement among them regarding underweight was weak (k<0.40). CONCLUSIONS: The new reference of World Health Organization/2007 is appropriated for classifying nutritional disorders in Brazilian teenagers.

OBJETIVO: Comparar el desempeño de las referencias (NHA-NES I, NCHS/2000, IOTF y PNSN) para la evaluación del estado nutricional de niños y adolescentes con la nueva curva de valores del IMC, propuesta por la OMS en 2007. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio transversal cuya pobla-ción fue constituida por una muestra no probabilística, con 5.122 niños y adolescentes de bajos ingresos. Se realizó el cálculo del tamaño de la muestra visando a identificar la asociación entre alteración en la presión arterial y la baja estatura en los distintos estados nutricionales mediante la estadística Odds Ratio. En el presente estudio, se compararon las distintas referencias para evaluación del estado nutricio-nal. Se aplicaron las pruebas Q de Cochran, McNemar, chi cuadrado e índice Kappa para comparar las proporciones y la concordancia de la clasificación de bajo peso y exceso de peso en las distintas referencias. RESULTADOS: Las cinco referencias utilizadas en el presente estudio presentaron diferencias entre sí. Tanto para los niños como para las niñas, las prevalencias estimadas de bajo peso por la referencia del PNSN son bastante menores que las otras referencias. Respecto a las prevalencias de exceso de peso para los niños, se observó la prevalencia mayor por la referencia PNSN. Cuando se utilizó la prueba de Kappa, se encontró la concordancia excelente (k>0.75) entre la mayoría de las clasificaciones para exceso de peso analizadas. Sin embargo, la concordancia entre las clasificaciones para bajo peso se presentódébil (k<0.40), sobre todo en el sexo masculino cuando se realizó la siguiente comparación: PNSN x OMS/2007. CONCLUSIONES: Los datos de este estudio indican que la nueva referencia OMS/2007 se muestra adecuada para la clasificación de los disturbios nutricionales en los adoles-centes brasileños.