Role of multimodality cardiac imaging for evaluation of intramyocardial dissection, from dissecting haematoma to false-pseudoaneurysm: a case series.

Background: Intramyocardial dissection (ID) is an extremely rare myocardial infarction mechanical complication. Although both clinical and imaging assessment of this rare condition remains a challenge, recent multimodality imaging techniques may help to confirm and to assess the progressive nature of the disease. Diagnosis may be reached in different stages, from as early as the intramyocardial dissecting haematoma to the severe false-pseudoaneurysm. Case summary: This series describes five cases of ID and provides insights into imaging findings and clinical course of this extremely uncommon condition. Our patients represented a wide range of clinical stages, from asymptomatic course to cardiogenic shock. The imaging diagnostic approach was very different from case to case and involved techniques such as echocardiography, cardiac CT, and cardiac magnetic resonance. Discussion: Intramyocardial dissection is a challenging condition in terms of diagnosis and clinical management associated with high morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the different nomenclature found in the literature may be confusing. This case series supports the need of a terminology standardization and a multimodal imaging approach, which might be determinant for an accurate differential diagnosis and a suitable therapeutic management.

Improvement of Early Outcomes in Type A Acute Aortic Syndrome After an Aorta Code Implementation.

BACKGROUND: Reduction of variability through process reengineering can improve surgical results for patients with type A acute aortic syndrome. We compare short-term results before and after implementation of an Aorta Code for patients with type A acute aortic syndrome who underwent surgery. METHODS: The Aorta Code was implemented in a 5-hospital healthcare network in 2019. This critical pathway was based on a simple diagnostic algorithm, ongoing training, immediate patient transfer, and treatment by an expert multidisciplinary team. We retrospectively compared all patients operated on in our center before (2005-2018) and after (January 2019 to February 2023) its implementation. RESULTS: One hundred two and 70 patients underwent surgery in the precode and code periods, respectively. In the code period the number of patients operated on per year increased (from 7.3 to 16.8), and the median elapsed time until diagnosis (6.5 hours vs 4.2 hours), transfer (4 hours vs 2.2 hours), and operating room (2.7 hours vs 1.8 hours) were significantly shorter (P < .05). Aortic root repair and total arch replacement were more frequent (66.7% vs 82.9% [P = .003] and 20.6% vs 40% [P = .001]). Cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemia times were also shorter (179.7 minutes vs 148.2 minutes [P = .001] and 105 minutes vs 91.2 minutes [P = .022]). Incidence of prolonged mechanical ventilation (53.9% vs 34.3%, P = .011), major stroke (17.7% vs 7.1%, P = .047), and 30-day mortality (27.5% vs 7.1%, P = .001) decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: An Aorta Code can be successfully implemented by using a standardized protocol within a hospital network. The number of cases increased; time to diagnosis, transfer, and operating room were reduced; and 30- day mortality significantly decreased.

Validation of the TRI-SCORE in patients undergoing surgery for isolated tricuspid regurgitation.

INTRODUCTION: Estimation of peri-procedural risk in patients with tricuspid regurgitation (TR) undergoing isolated tricuspid valve surgery (ITVS) is of paramount importance. The TRI-SCORE is a new surgical risk scale specifically developed for this purpose, which ranged from 0 to 12 points and included eight parameters: right-sided heart failure signs, daily dose of furosemide ≥125 mg, glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min, elevated bilirubin (with a value of 2 points), age ≥70 years, New York Heart Association Class III-IV, left ventricular ejection fraction <60% and moderate/severe right ventricular dysfunction (with a value of 1 point). The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of the TRI-SCORE in an independent cohort of patients undergoing ITVS. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was performed in four centres, including consecutive adult patients undergoing ITVS for TR between 2005 and 2022. The TRI-SCORE and the traditional risk scores used in cardiac surgery (Logistic EuroScore (Log-ES) and EuroScore-II (ES-II)) were applied for each patient, and discrimination and calibration of the three scores were evaluated in the entire cohort. RESULTS: A total of 252 patients were included. The mean age was 61.5±11.2 years, 164 (65.1%) patients were female, and TR mechanism was functional in 160 (63.5%) patients. The observed in-hospital mortality was 10.3%. The estimated mortality by the Log-ES, ES-II and TRI-SCORE was 8.7±7.3%, 4.7±5.3% and 11.0±16.6%, respectively. Patients with a TRI-SCORE ≤4 and >4 had an in-hospital mortality of 1.3% and 25.0%, p=0.001, respectively. The discriminatory capacity of the TRI-SCORE had a C-statistic of 0.87 (0.81-0.92), which was significantly higher than both the Log-ES (0.65 (0.54-0.75)) and ES-II (0.67 (0.58-0.79)), p=0.001 (for both comparisons). CONCLUSION: This external validation of the TRI-SCORE demonstrated good performance to predict in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing ITVS, which was significantly better than the Log-ES and ES-II, which underestimated the observed mortality. These results support the widespread use of this score as a clinical tool.

Transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in patients with morbid obesity: a multicentre propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Morbidly obese (MO) patients are increasingly undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for severe aortic stenosis (AS). However, the best therapeutic strategy for these patients remains a matter for debate. AIMS: Our aim was to compare the periprocedural and mid-term outcomes in MO patients undergoing TAVR versus SAVR. METHODS: A multicentre retrospective study including consecutive MO patients (body mass index ≥40 kg/m2, or ≥35 kg/m2 with obesity-related comorbidities) from 18 centres undergoing either TAVR (n=860) or biological SAVR (n=696) for severe AS was performed. Propensity score matching resulted in 362 pairs. RESULTS: After matching, periprocedural complications, including blood transfusion (14.1% versus 48.1%; p<0.001), stage 2-3 acute kidney injury (3.99% versus 10.1%; p=0.002), hospital-acquired pneumonia (1.7% versus 5.8%; p=0.005) and access site infection (1.5% versus 5.5%; p=0.013), were more common in the SAVR group, as was moderate to severe patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM; 9.9% versus 39.4%; p<0.001). TAVR patients more frequently required permanent pacemaker implantation (14.4% versus 5.6%; p<0.001) and had higher rates of ≥moderate residual aortic regurgitation (3.3% versus 0%; p=0.001). SAVR was an independent predictor of moderate to severe PPM (hazard ratio [HR] 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25-2.59; p=0.002), while TAVR was not. In-hospital mortality was not different between groups (3.9% for TAVR versus 6.1% for SAVR; p=0.171). Two-year outcomes (including all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and readmissions) were similar in both groups (log-rank p>0.05 for all comparisons). Predictors of all-cause 2-year mortality differed between the groups; moderate to severe PPM was a predictor following SAVR (HR 1.78, 95% CI: 1.10-2.88; p=0.018) but not following TAVR (p=0.737). CONCLUSIONS: SAVR and TAVR offer similar mid-term outcomes in MO patients with severe AS, however, TAVR offers some advantages in terms of periprocedural morbidity.

Incidence, clinical impact and predictors of thrombocytopenia after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

BACKGROUND: Thrombocytopenia is a common, yet poorly understood, complication after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Balloon-expandable transcatheter heart valve has been associated with higher incidence of thrombocytopenia, compared with self-expandable valves. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence, clinical impact and predictors of acquired thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing TAVR. METHODS: We performed an observational study from consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR (n = 679) in a single center. Association and best cut-off point of platelet decrease with early mortality was analyzed. Patients were classified according to postprocedural percentage decrease in platelet count (PDPC), comparing clinical outcomes and analyzing predictors of platelet decrease. RESULTS: The median PDPC was 37.1 [IQR: 27.4-46.9]. PDPC was associated with early mortality (OR: 2.1, 95%IC: 1.7-2.5 for each 10% decrease, AUC:0.81, 95%CI:0.72-0.89) with an optimal cut-off point of 46%. PDPC≥46% and late nadir (≥4 days) were both independent predictors of early mortality (OR: 6.0 [IQR: 2.4-14.9] and OR: 5.1 [IQR: 2.2-11.6], respectively). The combination of both factors (PDPC≥46% and nadir ≥4 day) was associated with higher 2-year mortality (55.7%) compared to an early significant nadir (PDPC≥46% and nadir <4 day, 28.9%) and non-significant nadir (PDPC<46%, 21.0%), p < 0.001. Independent predictors of PDPC≥46% were baseline platelet count, Portico™, Abbott valve, intraprocedural major vascular complication and residual aortic regurgitation ≥grade 2. CONCLUSION: The platelet count decreased almost 40% after TAVR. Late nadir and PDPC≥46% predicted short-term clinical outcomes. Concomitant late and significant platelet decrease was associated with mid-term mortality.

Transapical mitral valve implantation for treatment of symptomatic mitral valve disease: a real-world multicentre experience.

AIMS: Transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI) is a new treatment option for patients with symptomatic mitral valve (MV) disease. Real-world data have not yet been reported. This study aimed to assess procedural and 30-day outcomes of TMVI in a real-world patient cohort. METHOD AND RESULTS: All consecutive patients undergoing implantation of a transapically delivered self-expanding valve at 26 European centres from January 2020 to April 2021 were included in this retrospective observational registry. Among 108 surgical high-risk patients included (43% female, mean age 75 ± 7 years, mean STS-PROM 7.2 ± 5.3%), 25% was treated for an off-label indication (e.g. previous MV intervention or surgery, mitral stenosis, mitral annular calcification). Patients were highly symptomatic (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class III/IV in 86%) and mitral regurgitation (MR) was graded 3+/4+ in 95% (38% primary, 37% secondary, and 25% mixed aetiology). Technical success rate was 96%, and MR reduction to ≤1+ was achieved in all patients with successful implantation. There were two procedural deaths and 30-day all-cause mortality was 12%. At early clinical follow-up, MR reduction was sustained and there were significant reductions of pulmonary pressure (systolic pulmonary artery pressure 52 vs. 42 mmHg, p < 0.001), and tricuspid regurgitation severity (p = 0.013). Heart failure symptoms improved significantly (73% in NYHA class I/II, p < 0.001). Procedural success rate according to MVARC criteria was 80% and was not different in patients treated for an off-label indication (74% vs. 81% for off- vs. on-label, p = 0.41). CONCLUSION: In a real-world patient population, TMVI has a high technical and procedural success rate with efficient and durable MR reduction and symptomatic improvement.

Managing the patient undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement with ongoing mitral regurgitation.

INTRODUCTION: Significant mitral regurgitation (MR) frequently coexists in patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). These patients have worse clinical outcomes than those with non-significant MR, especially if MR persists after treatment of the aortic stenosis. The optimal treatment approach for this challenging high-risk population is not well defined. AREAS COVERED: This review aims to present the current literature on concomitant significant MR in the TAVR population, and to provide a comprehensive algorithmic approach for clinical decision-making in this challenging cohort of patients. EXPERT OPINION: Concomitant mitral and aortic valve disease is a complex clinical entity. An exhaustive and comprehensive assessment of patient's clinical characteristics and mitral valve anatomy and function is required in order to assess the surgical risk, predict the MR response after AVR and evaluate the feasibility of percutaneous MV treatment if necessary. Further developments in transcatheter techniques will expand the indications for double valve treatment in operable and inoperable patients with concomitant significant MR and aortic stenosis.

Performance of the heart team approach in daily clinical practice in high-risk patients with aortic stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: The heart team (HT) approach plays a key role in selecting the optimal treatment strategy for patients with aortic stenosis (AS). However, little is known about the HT decision process and its impact on outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with the HT decision and evaluate clinical outcomes according to the treatment choice. METHODS: The study included a total of 286 consecutive patients with AS referred for discussion in the weekly HT meeting in a cardiovascular institute over 2 years. Patients were stratified according to the selected therapeutic approach: medical treatment (MT), surgical (SAVR), or transcatheter (TAVR) aortic valve replacement. Baseline characteristics involved in making a therapeutic choice were identified and a decision-making tree was built using classification and regression tree methodology. RESULTS: Based on HT discussion, 53 patients were assigned to SAVR, 210 to TAVR, and 23 to MT. Older patients (≥88 years old) were mainly assigned to TAVR or MT according to the logistic EuroSCORE (

Baseline ECG and Prognosis After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: The Role of Interatrial Block.

Background The clinical significance of conduction disturbances after transcatheter aortic valve implantation has been described; however, little is known about the influence of baseline ECGs in the prognosis of these patients. Our aim was to study the influence of baseline ECG parameters, including interatrial block (IAB), in the prognosis of patients treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Methods and Results The BIT (Baseline Interatrial Block and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation) registry included 2527 patients with aortic stenosis treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation. A centralized analysis of baseline ECGs was performed. Patients were divided into 4 groups: normal P wave duration (<120 ms); partial IAB (P wave duration ≥120 ms, positive in the inferior leads); advanced IAB (P wave duration ≥120 ms, biphasic [+/-] morphology in the inferior leads); and nonsinus rhythm (atrial fibrillation/flutter and paced rhythm). The mean age of patients was 82.6±9.8 years and 1397 (55.3%) were women. A total of 960 patients (38.0%) had a normal P wave, 582 (23.0%) had partial IAB, 300 (11.9%) had advanced IAB, and 685 (27.1%) presented with nonsinus rhythm. Mean follow-up duration was 465±171 days. Advanced IAB was the only independent predictor of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.48; 95% CI, 1.10-1.98 [P=0.010]) and of the composite end point (death/stroke/new atrial fibrillation) (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.17-1.94 [P=0.001]). Conclusions Baseline ECG characteristics influence the prognosis of patients with aortic stenosis treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Advanced IAB is present in about an eighth of patients and is associated with all-cause death and the composite end point of death, stroke, and new atrial fibrillation during follow-up.

Single-center experience and evolution of technique with the E-vita Open prosthesis.

BACKGROUND: We report our experience in aortic arch repair with the E-vita Open hybrid prosthesis and describe the changes in our technique over time. METHODS: Between October 2013 and December 2019, 56 patients underwent a total aortic arch replacement with the E-vita Open hybrid prosthesis. The main indications were thoracic aorta aneurysm (n = 27) and acute type A aortic dissection (n = 18). We analyze the technique and results in the overall series, and compare both between our early (group I, 25 patients) and late experience (group II, 31 patients). RESULTS: Overall in-hospital mortality was 7.1% (n = 4), and permanent stroke and spinal cord injury were 3.6% and 1.8%, respectively. Fifteen patients (26.8%) underwent a planned second procedure on the distal aorta: 13 endovascular, 1 open, and 1 hybrid. Survival at 1 and 3 years was 90.7% and 80.7%, respectively. Group II included more patients with acute dissection (45.2% vs 16%, P = .02), higher rates of bilateral cerebral perfusion (100% vs 64%, P < .001), left subclavian artery perfusion during lower body circulatory arrest (87.1% vs 0%, P < .001), early reperfusion (96.8% vs 40%, P < .001), and zone 0 to 2 distal anastomosis (100% vs 72%, P = .02). In-hospital mortality (3.2% vs 12%) and permanent stroke (0% vs 8%) tended to be lower in group II. CONCLUSIONS: Total arch replacement with E-vita Open hybrid prosthesis in complex thoracic aorta disease is safe. One-stage treatment is feasible when pathology does not extend beyond the proximal descending thoracic aorta. In any case, it facilitates subsequent procedures on distal aorta if needed.

Diagnosing Aortic Intramural Hematoma: Current Perspectives.

Aortic intramural hematoma (AIH) is an entity within the acute aortic syndrome. Combination of a priori probability, clinical history, laboratory blood test and imaging techniques are the basis for diagnosis of AIH. This review is focused on all aspects related to diagnosis of patients with AIH, from clinical to imaging and analytical.

Translational large animal model of hibernating myocardium: characterization by serial multimodal imaging.

Nonrevascularizable coronary artery disease is a frequent cause of hibernating myocardium leading to heart failure (HF). Currently, there is a paucity of therapeutic options for patients with this condition. There is a lack of animal models resembling clinical features of hibernating myocardium. Here we present a large animal model of hibernating myocardium characterized by serial multimodality imaging. Yucatan minipigs underwent a surgical casein ameroid implant around the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), resulting in a progressive obstruction of the vessel. Pigs underwent serial multimodality imaging including invasive coronary angiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and hybrid 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). A total of 43 pigs were operated on and were followed for 120 ± 37 days with monthly multimodality imaging. 24 pigs (56%) died during the follow-up. Severe LAD luminal stenosis was documented in all survivors. In the group of 19 long-term survivors, 17 (90%) developed left ventricular systolic dysfunction [median LVEF of 35% (IQR 32.5-40.5%)]. In 17/17, at-risk territory was viable on CMR and 14 showed an increased glucose uptake in the at-risk myocardium on 18FDG-PET/CT. The present pig model resembles most of the human hibernated myocardium characteristics and associated heart failure (systolic dysfunction, viable myocardium, and metabolic switch to glucose). This human-like model might be used to test novel interventions for nonrevascularizable coronary artery disease and ischemia heart failure as a previous stage to clinical trials.

Transapical and Transfemoral Combined Mitral Valve Repair With Annular and Leaflet Therapies.

Two high-risk patients were successfully treated with concomitant implantation of a transapical off-pump beating heart semirigid D-shape annuloplasty device combined in 1 case with a transfemoral edge-to-edge device and in another with transapical chordal implantation. The significant anteroposterior diameter reduction offered by the annuloplasty implantation maximized the leaflet coaptation obtained by the prolapse correction performed with the leaflet devices. Combining the transcatheter annuloplasty device and leaflet/chordal repair technologies represents progress toward definitive transcatheter treatment of degenerative mitral valve disease.

Outcomes Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement for Degenerative Stentless Versus Stented Bioprostheses.

OBJECTIVES: A large comprehensive analysis of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) was performed for failed stentless bioprostheses. BACKGROUND: Valve-in-valve (ViV) transcatheter aortic replacement (TAVR) is an alternative to redo surgery for patients with a failing aortic bioprosthesis. METHODS: Unadjusted outcome data were collected from the VIVID (Valve-in-Valve International Data) registry between 2007 and 2016 from a total of 1,598 aortic ViV procedures (291 stentless, 1,307 stented bioprostheses). RESULTS: Bioprosthetic failure was secondary to aortic regurgitation in 56% of stentless and 20% stented devices (p < 0.001). ViV-TAVR access was transfemoral in 71.1% stentless and 74.2% stented ViV-TAVR. Self-expanding devices were more frequently used in stentless ViV-TAVR (56.0% vs. 39.9%; p = 0.05), but there was no difference between balloon-expanding and self-expanding TAVR devices for stented ViV-TAVR (48.6% vs. 45.1%). The degree of oversizing for all mechanisms of bioprosthesis failure was 9 ± 10% for stentless ViV-TAVR vs. 6 ± 9% for stented ViV-TAVR (and 8 ± 10% for stentless ViV-TAVR vs. 3 ± 9% for stented ViV-TAVR in patients with predominant aortic regurgitation; both p < 0.001). Initial device malposition (10.3% vs. 6.2%; p = 0.014), second transcatheter device (7.9% vs. 3.4%), coronary obstruction (6.0% vs. 1.5%), and paravalvular leak occurred more frequently in stentless ViV-TAVR (all p < 0.001). Hospital stay duration (median 7 days) was no different, and 30-day (6.6% vs. 4.4%; p = 0.12) and 1-year mortality year (15.8% vs. 12.6%; p = 0.15) were numerically higher, but not statistically different, after stentless ViV-TAVR. CONCLUSIONS: Stentless ViV-TAVR is associated with greater periprocedural complications (initial device malposition, second transcatheter device, coronary obstruction, paravalvular leak), but no difference in 30-day and 1-year outcome.

Early surgery for acute-onset infective endocarditis.

OBJECTIVES: Acute onset of infective endocarditis has been previously linked to the development of septic shock and a worse prognosis. The purpose of this study was to analyse the clinical features and in-hospital evolution of patients with acute-onset endocarditis as well as the potential role of early surgery in the treatment of these patients. METHODS: From 1996 to 2014, 1053 consecutive patients with left-sided endocarditis were prospectively included. Patients were classified into 2 groups according to the clinical presentation: patients with acute-onset endocarditis (n = 491) and patients with non-acute endocarditis (n = 562). Acute-onset endocarditis was considered when the time between the appearance of symptoms and diagnosis was <15 days. RESULTS: At admission, acute renal failure, septic shock and cerebral embolism predominated among patients with acute-onset endocarditis. Staphylococcus aureus was more frequently isolated in patients with an acute onset (27.7% vs 7.8% P < 0.001). During hospitalization, patients with acute onset developed systemic embolism and septic shock more frequently. Death was much more common in this group (42.7 vs 30.1%, P < 0.001). Paravalvular complications, nosocomial infection, heart failure, S. aureus and septic shock were predictors of mortality. Acute-onset presentation of endocarditis was strongly associated with increased mortality. Among patients with acute-onset endocarditis, early surgery, performed within the first 2 days after diagnosis, was associated with a 64% of reduction in mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with endocarditis and acute onset of symptoms are at high risk of septic in-hospital complications and mortality. Early surgery, performed within the first 2 days after diagnosis, plays a central role in the treatment of these patients.

Reoperation for composite valve graft failure: Operative results and midterm survival.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The replacement of a failed composite valve graft is technically more demanding and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We present our technique and outcomes for reoperations for composite graft failures. METHODS: Between September 2011 and June 2017, 14 patients underwent a redo composite graft replacement. Twelve patients (85.7%) were male, and mean age was 58.4 years ± 12 standard deviation (SD). One patient had two previous root replacements. Indications for reoperation were endocarditis (8), aortic pseudoaneurysm (3), and aortic prosthesis thrombosis (3). Mean logistic EuroSCORE and EuroSCORE II were 30.8% and 14.7%, respectively. RESULTS: A mechanical composite graft was used in 12 patients and biological composite grafts were used in two patients. Hospital mortality was 14.3% (n = 2). One patient (7.1%) required reoperation for bleeding, One patient (7.1%) had mechanical ventilation >24 h, and four patients (28.6%) required implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Median intensive care unit and hospital stays were 3 days (interquartile range [IQR] 1-5) and 10 days (IQR 6.5-38.5). One patient experienced recurrent prosthetic valve endocarditis 14 months after operation. On follow-up, 11 of 12 survivors were in New York Heart Association class I or II. Survival at 3 years was 85.7% ± 9.4% SD. CONCLUSIONS: Composite valve graft replacement can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality with good mid-term survival.

Risk score for cardiac surgery in active left-sided infective endocarditis.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a calculator to predict the risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with active infective endocarditis (IE) undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: Thousand two hundred and ninety-nine consecutive patients with IE were prospectively recruited (1996-2014) and retrospectively analysed. Left-sided patients who underwent cardiac surgery (n=671) form our study population and were randomised into development (n=424) and validation (n=247) samples. Variables statistically significant to predict in-mortality were integrated in a multivariable prediction model, the Risk-Endocarditis Score (RISK-E). The predictive performance of the score and four existing surgical scores (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) I and II), Prosthesis, Age ≥70, Large Intracardiac Destruction, Staphylococcus, Urgent Surgery, Sex (Female) (PALSUSE), EuroSCORE ≥10) and Society of Thoracic Surgeons's Infective endocarditis score (STS-IE)) were assessed and compared in our cohort. Finally, an external validation of the RISK-E in a separate population was done. RESULTS: Variables included in the final model were age, prosthetic infection, periannular complications, Staphylococcus aureus or fungi infection, acute renal failure, septic shock, cardiogenic shock and thrombocytopaenia. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in the validation sample was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.88). The accuracy of the other surgical scores when compared with the RISK-E was inferior (p=0.010). Our score also obtained a good predictive performance, area under the curve 0.76 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.88), in the external validation. CONCLUSIONS: IE-specific factors (microorganisms, periannular complications and sepsis) beside classical variables in heart surgery (age, haemodynamic condition and renal failure) independently predicted perioperative mortality in IE. The RISK-E had better ability to predict surgical mortality in patients with IE when compared with other surgical scores.

Infective endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: results from a large multicenter registry.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the incidence, predictors, clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). METHODS AND RESULTS: This multicenter registry included 53 patients (mean age, 79±8 years; men, 57%) who suffered IE after TAVI of 7944 patients after a mean follow-up of 1.1±1.2 years (incidence, 0.67%, 0.50% within the first year after TAVI). Mean time from TAVI was 6 months (interquartile range, 1-14 months). Orotracheal intubation (hazard ratio, 3.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.55-9.64; P=0.004) and the self-expandable CoreValve system (hazard ratio, 3.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-7.14; P=0.007) were associated with IE (multivariate analysis including 3067 patients with individual data). The most frequent causal microorganisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci (24%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (21%) and enterococci (21%). Vegetations were present in 77% of patients (transcatheter valve leaflets, 39%; stent frame, 17%; mitral valve, 21%). At least 1 complication of IE occurred in 87% of patients (heart failure in 68%). However, only 11% of patients underwent valve intervention (valve explantation and valve-in-valve procedure in 4 and 2 patients, respectively). The mortality rate in hospital was 47.2% and increased to 66% at the 1-year follow-up. IE complications such as heart failure (P=0.037) and septic shock (P=0.002) were associated with increased in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of IE at 1 year after TAVI was 0.50%, and the risk increased with the use of orotracheal intubation and a self-expandable valve system. Staphylococci and enterococci were the most common agents. Although most patients presented at least 1 complication of IE, valve intervention was performed in a minority of patients, and nearly half of the patients died during the hospitalization period.