Enfermedad periodontal y diabetes mellitus gestacional: estudio caso-control / Periodontal disease and gestational diabetes mellitus: a case-control study

Antecedentes: Los estudios que relacionan la enfermedad periodontal (EP) y la diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) no son concordantes. Nuestro objetivo principal es evaluar la posible asociación entre la EP y la DMG. Además, analizamos los factores de riesgo para la DMG en nuestra muestra. Métodos: Participaron 180 gestantes, 90 con DMG y 90 controles, del Hospital La Fe de Valencia. Se pasó un cuestionario y realizo un examen periodontal, valorándose los siguientes parámetros: número de dientes, índices de placa y sangrado al sondaje, profundidad de sondaje (PS) y nivel de inserción de clínica (NIC). La periodontitis se definió según criterios de la CDC-AAP. Resultados: Las DMG tuvieron mayor valor promedio de PS (p = 0,001) y NIC (p = 0,028). Un 74,4% de las pacientes con DMG presentaron inflamación gingival vs. 57,8% de las no diabéticas. La periodontitis fue más prevalente en las pacientes con DMG (p < 0,05). La edad materna, el nivel de estudios y la presencia de periodontitis son factores independientes de riesgo para la DMG (OR = 1,16, IC 95% 1,07 a 1,25, p < 0,001), (OR = 0,37, IC 95% 0,19 a 0,72, p < 0,005) y (OR = 2,79, IC 95% 1,40 a 5,59, p < 0,005), respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que las embarazadas con diabetes gestacional asocian más enfermedad periodontal que aquellas sin dicha enfermedad gestacional. En nuestra muestra el riesgo de DMG puede estimarse a partir de la periodontitis, la edad y el nivel de estudios.(AU)

Background: Studies linking periodontal disease (PD) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are not consistent. Our main objective is to evaluate the possible association between PD and GDM. We also analysed the risk factors for GDM in our sample. Methods: 180 pregnant women participated, 90 with GDM and 90 controls, from Valencia's Hospital La Fe. A questionnaire was completed and a periodontal examination was performed, assessing the following parameters: number of teeth, plaque and bleeding on probing indices, probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Periodontitis was defined according to the criteria of CDC-AAP. Results: The GDM group had a higher mean value of PD (p = .001) and CAL (p = .028). Of the patients with GDM, 74.4% had gingival inflammation compared to 57.8% of the non-diabetic patients. Periodontitis was more prevalent in patients with GDM (p < .05). Maternal age, educational level and periodontitis are independent risk factors for GDM (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.25, p < .001), (OR = .37, 95% CI .19 to .72, p < .005) and (OR = 2.79, 95% CI 1.40 to 5.59, p < .005) respectively. Conclusions: The results suggest that pregnant women with gestational diabetes have more associated periodontal disease than those without gestational diabetes. In our sample, the risk for GDM can be estimated from periodontitis, age, and educational level.(AU)

Measurement of ductions and fields of binocular single vision (BSV): orthoptic practice in the UK and Ireland.

To evaluate the current clinical practice of quantifying ductions and fields of BSV in the UK and Ireland using an online questionnaire. An anonymous online questionnaire with twenty-one questions was distributed in February 2019 via the British and Irish Orthoptic Society (BIOS) members' newsletter. Objectives were to investigate: methods used, frequency of assessment, limiting factors and opinions of importance. Informed consent was gained to include the responses in the study. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Testing. The questionnaire was completed by 105 orthoptists. The methods reported to quantify ductions and fields of BSV respectively were: Goldmann (33% and 34%), Aimark (22 and 23%), Lister (7%), Octopus (5 and 4%), Thomson ocular motility analyzer (2 and 3%), Binocular vision analyzer (2%) and no method reported (30% and 32%). The frequency of measuring ductions and fields of BSV per week (median 1-2) was significantly less than the number of patients seen with limited ocular motility per week (median 6-9). The main reasons for never or rarely measuring ductions or fields of BSV were not enough time, no method available and only on selected patients. Respondents indicated that they would measure ductions and fields of BSV more frequently if a quicker portable method was available (median 3-5 times per week). Most agreed that measurements of ductions and fields of BSV are important (89 and 95% respectively). There is no standardized method of quantitively measuring ductions or fields of BSV, with almost a third of respondents not measuring either. Although most orthoptists agreed these measurements are important, they are infrequently performed. The main factors limiting these assessments are insufficient time and lack of a testing method. If a faster portable device was available, orthoptists would measure ductions and fields of BSV more frequently.

Evaluation of antiretroviral-related errors and interventions by the clinical pharmacist in hospitalized HIV-infected patients.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to identify antiretroviral-related errors in the prescribing of medication to HIV-infected inpatients and to ascertain the degree of acceptance of the pharmacist's interventions. METHODS: An observational, prospective, 1-year study was conducted in a 750-bed tertiary-care teaching hospital by a pharmacist trained in HIV pharmacotherapy. Interactions with antiretrovirals were checked for contraindicated combinations. Inpatient antiretroviral prescriptions were compared with outpatient dispensing records for reconciliation. Renal and hepatic function was monitored to determine the need for dose adjustments. RESULTS: The prescriptions for 247 admissions (189 patients) were reviewed. Sixty antiretroviral-related problems were identified in 41 patients (21.7%). The most common problem was contraindicated combinations (n=20; 33.3%), followed by incorrect dose (n=10; 16.7%), dose omission (n=9; 15%), lack of dosage reduction in patients with renal or hepatic impairment (n=6; 10% and n=1; 1.7%, respectively), omission of an antiretroviral (n=6; 10%), addition of an alternative antiretroviral (n=5; 8.3%) and incorrect schedule according to outpatient treatment (n=3; 5%). Fifteen out of 20 errors were made during admission. A multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with an increased risk of antiretroviral-related problems included renal impairment [odds ratio (OR) 3.95; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39-11.23], treatment with atazanavir (OR 3.53; 95% CI 1.61-7.76) and admission to a unit other than an infectious diseases unit (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.28-4.88). Use of a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor was a protective factor (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.13-0.81). Ninety-two per cent of the pharmacist's interventions were accepted. CONCLUSION: Antiretroviral-related errors affected more than one-in-five patients. The most common causes of error were contraindicated or not recommended drug-drug combinations and dose-related errors. A clinical pharmacist trained in HIV pharmacotherapy could help to detect errors and reduce the duration of their effect.

Análisis de la duración y los motivos de cambio de la primera combinación de tratamiento antirretroviral / Analysis of the duration of and reasons for changing the first combination of antiretroviral therapy

Objetivo Conocer la duración y los motivos de cambio de las distintas combinaciones de fármacos utilizadas como inicio del tratamiento antirretroviral en pacientes naive. Métodos Estudio observacional y retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron todos los pacientes con infección por VIH que iniciaron tratamiento antirretroviral en un hospital universitario de referencia de alta tecnología durante el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2003 y el 31 de diciembre de 2005. El seguimiento se realizó hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2008. Para estimar la probabilidad acumulada de interrupción del tratamiento se utilizó el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados Se incluyeron un total de 441 pacientes. La mediana de duración del primer tratamiento fue de 384 (intervalo intercuartil 84–1.290) días. Los regímenes basados en inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa no análogos de nucleósidos y aquellos que incluían como análogos de nucleósidos abacavir o tenofovir en combinación con lamivudina o emtricitabina presentaron una duración significativamente mayor que el resto. Los principales motivos de finalización fueron las reacciones adversas aunque en un porcentaje menor que el obtenido en estudios anteriores. No se hallaron asociaciones entre el resto de características de los pacientes o del tratamiento y el riesgo de interrupción. Discusión Aunque la duración del primer tratamiento antirretroviral sigue siendo corta, actualmente se producen menos cambios por reacciones adversas y por pérdidas de seguimiento. Los motivos podrían ser una mejor tolerancia y una menor complejidad. No obstante, son necesarios más estudios para determinar el beneficio de un régimen frente a otro y poder generalizar estos resultados (AU)

Objective To determine the duration of and reasons behind changing the various combinations of drugs used for the initiation of antiretroviral treatment in naïve patients. Methods A retrospective observational study that included all patients with HIV infection who started antiretroviral therapy in a high-tech university reference hospital during the period from 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2005. Patients were followed until 31 December 2008. To estimate the cumulative probability of discontinuation the Kaplan-Meier method was used. Results A total of 441 patients were included. The average duration of the first treatment was 384 (interquartile interval 84–1290) days. The regimen based on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and those that included as nucleosides abacavir or tenofovir in combination with lamivudine or emtricitabine showed a significantly longer duration than the rest. The main reasons for termination were the side effects, although in a lesser percentage than that obtained in previous studies. No associations were found between the rest of the characteristics of the patients or of the treatment and the risk of termination. Discussion Although the duration of the first antiretroviral treatment remains short, currently fewer changes are made due to side effects and due to loss to follow-up. The reasons may be better tolerance and less complexity. However, more studies are needed to determine the benefits of one regimen or another, and to be able to generalise the results (AU)

[Analysis of the duration of and reasons for changing the first combination of antiretroviral therapy]. / Análisis de la duración y los motivos de cambio de la primera combinación de tratamiento antirretroviral.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the duration of and reasons behind changing the various combinations of drugs used for the initiation of antiretroviral treatment in naïve patients. METHODS: A retrospective observational study that included all patients with HIV infection who started antiretroviral therapy in a high-tech university reference hospital during the period from 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2005. Patients were followed until 31 December 2008. To estimate the cumulative probability of discontinuation the Kaplan-Meier method was used. RESULTS: A total of 441 patients were included. The average duration of the first treatment was 384 (interquartile interval 84-1290) days. The regimen based on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and those that included as nucleosides abacavir or tenofovir in combination with lamivudine or emtricitabine showed a significantly longer duration than the rest. The main reasons for termination were the side effects, although in a lesser percentage than that obtained in previous studies. No associations were found between the rest of the characteristics of the patients or of the treatment and the risk of termination. DISCUSSION: Although the duration of the first antiretroviral treatment remains short, currently fewer changes are made due to side effects and due to loss to follow-up. The reasons may be better tolerance and less complexity. However, more studies are needed to determine the benefits of one regimen or another, and to be able to generalise the results.

Priapismo. Presentacion de un caso / Priapism. Case report

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Adecuación de estancias e ingresos en un hospital pediátrico / Adequacy of the stays and admissions in a pediatric hospital

Fundamento y objetivo: El aumento constante de la demanda asistencial en los servicios de hospitalización general, y más concretamente en los servicios pediátricos, justifica el interés por conocer su situación real en relación con las necesidades de atención pediátrica por parte de la población. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la adecuación de las estancias e ingresos del Hospital Infantil «La Fe» (Valencia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo con componentes analíticos. La unidad de análisis fue un día de hospitalización (13 de mayo de 2007) ante los informes de alta del servicio de urgencias generales de dicho hospital durante la tercera semana de octubre de 2007, a los que se aplicó la versión pediátrica del protocolo de adecuación de ingresos y estancias PAEP (Paediatric Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol).Resultados: El porcentaje de inadecuación de ingresos fue del 10,5% y el de inadecuación de las estancias del 18,4%. La causa más frecuente de inadecuación de los ingresos fueron «las necesidades diagnósticas y terapéuticas pueden ser realizadas como paciente externo». La causa más frecuente de inadecuación de estancias fueron los «problemas de programación de pruebas o procedimientos quirúrgicos». Discusión: Confirmamos la hipótesis de la existencia de hospitalizaciones innecesarias en pediatría. El porcentaje de ingresos y estancias inadecuados fue similar al de otros estudios. El protocolo PAEP resultó ser un instrumento fácil de utilizar. El conocimiento de los factores de riesgo para los ingresos y las estancias inadecuados nos permitirá establecerlas medidas correctoras para optimizar la utilización de los recursos hospitalarios pediátricos en nuestro medio (AU)

Foundation and objective: The constant increase of the welfare demand in the departments of general hospitalization and more concretely in the pediatric department justifies the interest to know its real situation in relation to the needs of pediatric attention by part of the population. The objective of this study is to determine the adequacy of the stays and admissions of the infantile hospital La Fe (Valencia).Materials and methods: Transverse descriptive study with analytical components. The unit of analysis was a day of hospitalization (05/13/2007) before the reports of discharge of the general emergency unit of the infantile hospital La Fe during the third week of October 2007, to those to whom the pediatric version of the protocol of adequacy of admissions and stays (Pediatric Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol) PAEP was applied. Results: The inadequacy of admissions was of 10.5%. The percentage of inadequacy of stays was of 18.4 %. The more frequent reason of inadequacy of admissions was “the diagnostic and therapeutic needs can be conducted as external patient”. The most frequent reason of inadequacy of stays was “problems of programming test or surgical procedures”. Discussion: We confirm the hypothesis of the existence of unnecessary hospitalization in pediatrics. The percentage of inadequate admissions and stays was similar to that of other studies. The procotol PAEP turned out to be an easy to use instrument. The knowledge of the risk factors for inadequate admissions and stays will allow us to introduce correcting measures to optimize the use of the hospital pediatric resources in environment (AU)

Reposición volémica mediante cristaloides o cristaloides e hidroxietilalmidón en cirugía de liposucción / No disponible

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Relationship between adherence level, type of the antiretroviral regimen, and plasma HIV type 1 RNA viral load: a prospective cohort study.

The relationship between adherence, antiretroviral regimen, and viral load (VL) suppression was assessed through a 1 year prospective follow-up study among 1142 HIV-infected patient. Patients on antiretroviral therapy who attended to the pharmacy during a 6-month period were considered eligible. Those included in the final analysis were patients who had been taking the same antiretroviral therapy for > or =6 months since their inclusion. The cohort included patients taking first line therapy (n = 243) and antiretroviral-experienced patients (n = 899). Naive patients who were included had to have reached undetectable VL at enrollment. Antiretroviral-experienced patients with detectable VL determinations in the previous 6 months were excluded. Adherence was measured by means of announced pill counts and dispensation pharmacy records. Of patients, 58% were taking NNRTI, 31.4% boosted PI, and 10.6% unboosted PI-based regimens. Overall, the relative risk of virologic failure was 9.0 (95% CI 4.0-20.1) in patients with adherence 80-89.9%, 45.6 (95% CI 19.9-104.5) with adherence 70-79.9%, and 77.3 (95% CI 34.2-174.9) with adherence <70%, compared with adherence of > or =90%. The risk of virologic failure in patients with adherence <90% taking unboosted PI was 2.5 times higher than the group taking boosted PI (95% CI 1.2-5.3). There were no statistical differences in patients taking boosted PI and those who were taking NNRTI. Less than 95% of adherence is associated with high virologic success. For patients taking NNRTI- or boosted PI-based regimens with adherence rates of 80%, the failure rate is <10%. These data do not affect the goal of achieving the highest level of adherence possible.

[Fusarium keratitis]. / Fusarium-Keratitis.

The case of a previously healthy 48-year-old patient (not a contact lens wearer) with a Fusarium keratitis is reported. He had developed a deep corneal ulcer with total stromal infiltration (Fusarium ssp.). An intensive topical and systemic antiinfectious medication was initiated, along with some procedures (keratoplasty, rinsing of the anterior chamber). However, the infection progressed (endophthalmitis), and an enucleation was necessary. Despite modern drug therapy and surgical intervention, fungal keratitis can cause an enucleation.

¿Cuánto dura el tratamiento antirretroviral? / No disponible

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A nosocomial outbreak of influenza during a period without influenza epidemic activity.

The objective of this study was to describe a nosocomial outbreak of influenza during a period without influenza epidemic activity in the community. Outbreak investigation was carried out in an infectious diseases ward of a tertiary hospital. Presence of two or more of the following symptoms were used to define influenza: cough, sore throat, myalgia and fever. Epidemiological survey, direct immunofluorescence, viral culture, polymerase chain reaction, haemagglutination-inhibition test in throat swabs and serology for respiratory viruses were performed. Twenty-nine of 57 healthcare workers (HCW) (51%) and eight of 23 hospitalised patients (34%) fulfilled the case definition. Sixteen HCW (55%) and three inpatients (37%) had a definitive diagnosis of influenza A virus infection (subtype H1N1). Among the symptomatic HCW, 93% had not been vaccinated against influenza that season. Affected inpatients were isolated and admissions in the ward were cancelled for 2 weeks. Symptomatic HCW were sent home for 1 week. On the seventeenth day of the outbreak the last case was declared. The incidence of cases in this outbreak of influenza, which occurred during a period without influenza epidemic activity in the community, was notably high. Epidemiological data suggest transmission from healthcare workers to inpatients. Most healthcare workers were not vaccinated against influenza. Vaccination programmes should be reinforced among healthcare workers.

Toxicity to topical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) when used as an extravasation antidote.

DMSO is a dipolar, aprotic, hygroscopic solvent for which a large number of pharmacologic properties have been claimed. Topical DMSO is considered an effective and safe antidote to be used with topical cooling after extravasations of vesicant drugs. A case of toxicity after its use as an antidote is described. Furthermore, the increasing importance of DMSO pharmacology, as its use in haematologic patients is spreading, is reviewed.

Análisis preliminar de la adherencia al tratamiento de la osteoporosis. Comparación de distintos métodos de evaluación / Preliminary analysis of the adherence to treatment of osteoporosis. Comparison of different evaluation methods

Objetivos. Valorar la medida de la adherencia al tratamiento de la osteoporosis y los factores que pueden influir en ella. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo observacional. Los métodos analizados eran: a) comunicación de autocumplimiento (Haynes-Sackett), b) test de Morisky, c) comunicación de autocumplimiento de los 15 días previos y d) juicio Clínico del médico. Resultados. Se incluyeron 83 pacientes. La adherencia al tratamiento era: 86,7 por ciento en comunicación del autocumplimiento, 55,4 por ciento en test de Morisky, 66,3 por ciento en comunicación del autocumplimiento (15 días previos) y 75,9 por ciento según el juicio médico. No hallamos concordancia entre los cuatro métodos, pero sí entre el escrito y telefónico del 2º y 3º método. No se observó asociación entre el cumplimiento terapéutico y los datos clínicos y demográficos analizados. Conclusiones. La adherencia al tratamiento de la osteoporosis valorada por distintos métodos es alta. En 2/3 de los casos concuerdan los métodos analizados mediante test escrito y telefónico. No encontramos asociación entre el cumplimiento y los datos clínicos y demográficos (AU)

Sirolimus: una nueva alternativa en el tratamiento inmunosupresor / Sirolimus: a new option in immunosupressive therapy

El sirolimus es un fármaco inmunosupresor con un mecanismo de acción diferente al tracolimus y la ciclosporina, con una eficacia similar a esta última. En trasplantados renales se ha demostra do su capacidad para disminuir la incidencia de rechazo agudo a los 6 y 12 meses si se combina con ciclosporina y corticoides, aunque no se han observado cambios significativos en la supervivencia del injerto y del paciente. Las reacciones adversas más comunes son la hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia, trombocitopenia y leucopenia. Actualmente se está estudiando en el rechazo agudo en otros tipos de trasplante, como terapia de rescate en el rechazo refractario a otros tratamientos, en el rechazo crónico, en enfermedades autoinmunes y como antitumoral (AU)