Performance of Body Fat Percentage, Fat Mass Index and Body Mass Index for Detecting Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Brazilian Adults.

Obesity is a recognized risk factor for the development of cardiometabolic outcomes. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate anthropometric and body composition indicators used for its diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass index (FMI) and body mass index (BMI) for detecting cardiometabolic outcomes in adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving adults at 30 years of age from Pelotas, RS (n = 3517) and at 37-39 years from Ribeirão Preto, SP (n = 1696). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the cut-off points for predicting cardiometabolic risk factors, including altered blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDDL-c), C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin. The cut-off points of BF% ranged from 25.2 to 27.8 in men and from 37.4 to 39.7 in women at 30 years, and from 26.1 to 27.8 in men and from 38.5 to 42.2 in women at 37-39 years. For FMI (kg/m2), the cut-off points ranged from 6.3 to 7.5 in men and from 9.5 to 10.8 in women at 30 years, and from 7.3 to 7.8 in men and from 10.2 to 12.2 in women at 37-39 years. The BMI cut-off points (kg/m2) ranged from 26.3 to 27.3 in men and from 25.4 to 27.2 in women at 30 years, and from 28.3 to 29.0 in men and from 27.2 to 29.6 in women at 37-39 years. The areas under the curve were similar for the three indicators, ranging from 0.523 to 0.746. BMI showed a performance similar to that of the body fat-based indicators in identifying cardiometabolic outcomes. The cut-off points of the three indicators showed acceptable discriminatory power in subjects with cardiometabolic risk factors.

The Frequency of Daily Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Reduced Muscle Mass Index in Adolescents.

The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has increased in recent years and has become a cause of concern because these beverages pose a risk to human health. Thus, we evaluated the association between SSBs consumption and muscle mass index (MMI) in adolescents. This cross-sectional study evaluated 2393 adolescents (18/19-years-old). Consumption of SSBs was analyzed based on the frequency of daily consumption and energy contribution categorized into tertiles. MMI was examined using the ratio of muscle mass (kilograms) to height (meters squared). The highest tertile of the frequency of daily SSB intake was associated with a reduced MMI in men (ß = -0.31; 95%CI: -0.60, -0.01) and women (ß = -0.24; 95%CI: -0.45, -0.02). However, these associations were not observed after adjusting for sugar contained in SSBs in men (ß = -0.26; 95%CI: -0.69, 0.17) and for carbohydrate, lipid, and protein intake in women (ß = -0.19; 95%CI: -0.42, 0.04). The highest energy contribution tertile of SSBs was associated with a reduced MMI in male adolescents (ß = -0.34; 95%CI: -0.64, -0.04). This association was not observed after adjusting for intake of sugar in SSBs (ß = -0.38; 95%CI: -0.75, 0.01). The frequency of daily consumption of SSBs was considered a risk factor for decreased MMI in both sexes, and the energy contribution of these drinks was a risk factor for MMI reduced only in male adolescents.

Ultra-processed food consumption is associated with increase in fat mass and decrease in lean mass in Brazilian women: A cohort study.

Objective: To investigate the association between ultra-processed food consumption at 23-25 years of age and measurements of body composition-fat mass, fat mass distribution and lean mass at 37-39 years of age in Brazilian adults. Methods: 1978/1979 birth cohort study conducted with healthy adults from Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 1,021 individuals participated in the fat mass analysis (measured by air displacement plethysmography) and 815 in the lean mass analysis and fat mass distribution (assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry). Food consumption was evaluated by a food frequency questionnaire. Food items were grouped according to the level of processing as per the NOVA classification. Ultra-processed food consumption was expressed as a percentage of total daily intake (g/day). Linear regression models were used to estimate the effect of ultra-processed food consumption (g/day) on body mass index, body fat percentage, fat mass index, android fat, gynoid fat, android-gynoid fat ratio, lean mass percentage, lean mass index and appendicular lean mass index. Marginal plots were produced to visualize interactions. Results: The mean daily ultra-processed food consumption in grams was 35.8% (813.3 g). There was an association between ultra-processed food consumption and increase in body mass index, body fat percentage, fat mass index, android fat and gynoid fat and decrease in lean mass percentage, only in women. Conclusion: A high ultra-processed food consumption is associated with a long-term increase in fat mass and a decrease in lean mass in adult women.

Sex-Dependent Effects of the Intake of NOVA Classified Ultra-Processed Foods on Syndrome Metabolic Components in Brazilian Adults.

Longitudinal studies evaluating the relationship between UPF consumption and the incidence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and its components are still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of UPF consumption on the incidence of MetS and its components in adults. A prospective study was conducted with 896 participants from the 1978/79 Ribeirão Preto cohort, São Paulo, Brazil. UPF consumption was evaluated in %kcal and %g at ages 23-25 years. Incidence of MetS and its components were estimated at ages 37-39 years, according to the Joint Interim Statement criteria. Poisson regression was used to assess associations, and interactions with sex were investigated. UPF consumption had no association with MetS (%kcal Adjusted PR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.01; %g Adjusted PR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.01). However, women with higher UPF consumption, in %kcal and %g, had a higher risk of abdominal obesity (%kcal: p = 0.030; %g: p = 0.003); and women with higher UPF consumption, in %g, had a higher risk of low HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.041). For the other components of MetS, no significant associations were observed in either sex. These findings suggest evidence of no association between UPF consumption and MetS; however, consumption of UPF was associated with increased WC and low HDL-c, but only in women.

[Sociodemographic, dietary, and lifestyle factors associated with increased body fat in adolescents of São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil]. / Fatores sociodemográficos, alimentares e hábitos de vida associados à maior adiposidade corporal em adolescentes de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil.

The study aimed to verify factors associated with increased body fat in adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study in which the data source was a birth cohort launched in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil, in 1997/1998 and revisited in 2016. Body fat was measured with air displacement plethysmography. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary variables were included as possible factors associated with elevated body fat, stratified by sex. Body fat was considered elevated when ≥ 25% for males and ≥ 30% for females. The highest prevalence rates of high body fat were associated with female gender and age 19 years (PR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.02-1.35), alcohol consumption (PR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.00-1.30), and never eating breakfast (PR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.17-1.81) or lunch (PR = 1.51; 95%CI: 1.18-1.93). Male adolescents with the highest prevalence of high body fat were physically active (PR = 1.49; 95%CI: 1.07-2.09). Lower prevalence of high body fat was found in male adolescents belonging to economic class D/E (PR = 0.38; 95%CI: 0.16-0.90). In conclusion, female adolescents 19 years of age that consumed alcohol and that did not eat breakfast or lunch had higher body fat, as did physically active male adolescents. Meanwhile, male adolescents in socioeconomic class D/E had less body fat.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar os fatores associados à elevada adiposidade corporal em adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal tendo como fonte de dados uma coorte de nascimentos iniciada em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, em 1997/1998 e reentrevistada em 2016. A adiposidade corporal foi mensurada por meio de pletismografia por deslocamento de ar. Variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida e alimentares foram incluídos como possíveis fatores associados à elevada adiposidade corporal, sendo estratificada por sexo. A adiposidade corporal foi considerada elevada quando ≥ 25% para o sexo masculino e ≥ 30% para o sexo feminino. Verificaram-se maiores prevalências de alta adiposidade corporal nas adolescentes do sexo feminino que tinham 19 anos (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,02-1,35), que consumiam bebida alcoólica (RP = 1,14; IC95%: 1,00-1,30), as que nunca faziam o desjejum (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,17-1,81) ou o almoço (RP = 1,51; IC95%: 1,18-1,93). Os adolescentes do sexo masculino que tinham maior prevalência de elevada adiposidade corporal eram ativos fisicamente (RP = 1,49; IC95%: 1,07-2,09). Menor prevalência de elevada adiposidade corporal foi encontrada nos adolescentes do sexo masculino pertencentes à classe econômica D/E (RP = 0,38; IC95%: 0,16-0,90). Conclui-se que adolescentes do sexo feminino de 19 anos, que consumiam bebida alcoólica, e as que não costumavam fazer o desjejum e o almoço tinham maior adiposidade corporal, assim como os adolescentes do sexo masculino ativos fisicamente. Enquanto adolescentes do sexo masculino pertencentes à classe socioeconômica D/E tinham menor adiposidade corporal.

El objetivo del estudio fue verificar los factores asociados a la elevada adiposidad corporal en adolescentes. Se trata de un estudio transversal, teniendo como fuente de datos una cohorte de nacimientos iniciada en São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, en 1997/1998 y reentrevistada en 2016. La adiposidad corporal se midió mediante pletismografía por desplazamiento de aire. Las variables sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida y alimentarios fueron incluidos como posibles factores asociados a la elevada adiposidad corporal, siendo estratificada por sexo. La adiposidad corporal se consideró elevada cuando ≥ 25% para el sexo masculino y ≥ 30% para el sexo femenino. Se verificaron mayores prevalencias de alta adiposidad corporal en las adolescentes del sexo femenino que tenían 19 años (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,02-1,35), que consumían bebida alcohólica (RP = 1,14; IC95%: 1,00-1,30), quienes nunca tomaban el desayuno (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,17-1,81) o la comida (RP = 1,51; IC95%: 1,18-1,93). Los adolescentes del sexo masculino que tenían una mayor prevalencia de elevada adiposidad corporal eran activos físicamente (RP = 1,49; IC95%: 1,07-2,09). Menor prevalencia de elevada adiposidad corporal se encontró en los adolescentes del sexo masculino, pertenecientes a la clase económica D/E (RP = 0,38; IC95%: 0,16-0,90). Se concluye que las adolescentes del sexo femenino de 19 años, que consumían bebida alcohólica y las que no estaban acostumbradas a desayunar y comer tenían mayor adiposidad corporal, así como los adolescentes del sexo masculino activos físicamente. Mientras que los adolescentes del sexo masculino pertenecientes a la clase socioeconómica D/E tenían menor adiposidad corporal.

Incidence of metabolic syndrome in adults with healthy weight, normal weight obesity, and overweight/obesity.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in individuals with a healthy weight (HWI), normal weight obesity (NWO), or overweight/obesity (OWO). METHODS: In all, 787 adults belonging to a 1978/1979 birth cohort from Ribeirão Preto were placed into one of three groups: HWI (body mass index [BMI] ≥18.5 and <25 kg/m2 + ∑skinfolds ≤90th percentile); NWO (BMI ≥18.5 and <25 kg/m2 +∑skinfolds >90th percentile); and OWO (BMI ≥25 kg/m2 +∑skinfolds >90th percentile). Those diagnosed with MetS at the 23 to 25 y of age were excluded according to Joint Interim Statement criteria. The incidence of MetS and its components in individuals 37 to 39 y of age was evaluated by Poisson regression with robust estimation of variance, which was adjusted for family income; physical activity level; and daily intake of calories, lipids, and added sugar. RESULTS: MetS was detected in 279 adults at 37 to 39 y of age. NWO and OWO individuals showed higher risk ratios (RRs) for the development of MetS (RR,1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-2.57; RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.29-2.03), increased blood glucose levels (RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.12-2.79; RR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.12-2.04), and increased waist circumferences (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.32-1.61; RR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.38-1.62). There was a higher risk for increased blood pressure (RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.35-2.19) among OWO individuals, but not among those with NWO. CONCLUSION: Individuals with NWO have a risk ratio for MetS similar to individuals with OWO. This demonstrates the need to assess body fat percentages, even in BMI-designated normal weight individuals, both for prevention and management of obesity.

Fatores sociodemográficos, alimentares e hábitos de vida associados à maior adiposidade corporal em adolescentes de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil / Sociodemographic, dietary, and lifestyle factors associated with increased body fat in adolescents of São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil / Factores sociodemográficos, alimentarios y hábitos de vida asociados a una mayor adiposidad corporal en adolescentes de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar os fatores associados à elevada adiposidade corporal em adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal tendo como fonte de dados uma coorte de nascimentos iniciada em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, em 1997/1998 e reentrevistada em 2016. A adiposidade corporal foi mensurada por meio de pletismografia por deslocamento de ar. Variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida e alimentares foram incluídos como possíveis fatores associados à elevada adiposidade corporal, sendo estratificada por sexo. A adiposidade corporal foi considerada elevada quando ≥ 25% para o sexo masculino e ≥ 30% para o sexo feminino. Verificaram-se maiores prevalências de alta adiposidade corporal nas adolescentes do sexo feminino que tinham 19 anos (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,02-1,35), que consumiam bebida alcoólica (RP = 1,14; IC95%: 1,00-1,30), as que nunca faziam o desjejum (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,17-1,81) ou o almoço (RP = 1,51; IC95%: 1,18-1,93). Os adolescentes do sexo masculino que tinham maior prevalência de elevada adiposidade corporal eram ativos fisicamente (RP = 1,49; IC95%: 1,07-2,09). Menor prevalência de elevada adiposidade corporal foi encontrada nos adolescentes do sexo masculino pertencentes à classe econômica D/E (RP = 0,38; IC95%: 0,16-0,90). Conclui-se que adolescentes do sexo feminino de 19 anos, que consumiam bebida alcoólica, e as que não costumavam fazer o desjejum e o almoço tinham maior adiposidade corporal, assim como os adolescentes do sexo masculino ativos fisicamente. Enquanto adolescentes do sexo masculino pertencentes à classe socioeconômica D/E tinham menor adiposidade corporal.

Abstract: The study aimed to verify factors associated with increased body fat in adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study in which the data source was a birth cohort launched in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil, in 1997/1998 and revisited in 2016. Body fat was measured with air displacement plethysmography. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary variables were included as possible factors associated with elevated body fat, stratified by sex. Body fat was considered elevated when ≥ 25% for males and ≥ 30% for females. The highest prevalence rates of high body fat were associated with female gender and age 19 years (PR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.02-1.35), alcohol consumption (PR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.00-1.30), and never eating breakfast (PR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.17-1.81) or lunch (PR = 1.51; 95%CI: 1.18-1.93). Male adolescents with the highest prevalence of high body fat were physically active (PR = 1.49; 95%CI: 1.07-2.09). Lower prevalence of high body fat was found in male adolescents belonging to economic class D/E (PR = 0.38; 95%CI: 0.16-0.90). In conclusion, female adolescents 19 years of age that consumed alcohol and that did not eat breakfast or lunch had higher body fat, as did physically active male adolescents. Meanwhile, male adolescents in socioeconomic class D/E had less body fat.

Resumo: El objetivo del estudio fue verificar los factores asociados a la elevada adiposidad corporal en adolescentes. Se trata de un estudio transversal, teniendo como fuente de datos una cohorte de nacimientos iniciada en São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, en 1997/1998 y reentrevistada en 2016. La adiposidad corporal se midió mediante pletismografía por desplazamiento de aire. Las variables sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida y alimentarios fueron incluidos como posibles factores asociados a la elevada adiposidad corporal, siendo estratificada por sexo. La adiposidad corporal se consideró elevada cuando ≥ 25% para el sexo masculino y ≥ 30% para el sexo femenino. Se verificaron mayores prevalencias de alta adiposidad corporal en las adolescentes del sexo femenino que tenían 19 años (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,02-1,35), que consumían bebida alcohólica (RP = 1,14; IC95%: 1,00-1,30), quienes nunca tomaban el desayuno (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,17-1,81) o la comida (RP = 1,51; IC95%: 1,18-1,93). Los adolescentes del sexo masculino que tenían una mayor prevalencia de elevada adiposidad corporal eran activos físicamente (RP = 1,49; IC95%: 1,07-2,09). Menor prevalencia de elevada adiposidad corporal se encontró en los adolescentes del sexo masculino, pertenecientes a la clase económica D/E (RP = 0,38; IC95%: 0,16-0,90). Se concluye que las adolescentes del sexo femenino de 19 años, que consumían bebida alcohólica y las que no estaban acostumbradas a desayunar y comer tenían mayor adiposidad corporal, así como los adolescentes del sexo masculino activos físicamente. Mientras que los adolescentes del sexo masculino pertenecientes a la clase socioeconómica D/E tenían menor adiposidad corporal.

Diagnostic performance of body mass index in detection of obesity using different cutoff points for excess body fat.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic sensitivity of body mass index (BMI) in detecting obesity according to different cutoff points in order to classify a high body fat percentage (%BF) in adolescents and young adults. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 2447 adolescents 18 and 19 y of age residing in São Luís, Brazil and 951 young adults 21 to 23 y of age residing in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Three references were used to define a high %BF (i.e., those of Williams et al., Ramírez-Vélez et al., and Macias et al.). The area under the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) was used to assess the performance of BMI. RESULTS: Sensitivity ranged from 38.3% to 54.1% among boys and from 12.7% to 72.7% among girls. Among young adults, it ranged from 52.3% to 67.1% in men and from 33.7% to 86.6% in women. The AUC ranged from 0.69 to 0.76 among boys, from 0.56 from 0.85 among girls, from 0.75 to 0.80 among men, and from 0.67 to 0.88 among women. The best cutoff points for the BMI were 24.79 to 25.10 kg/m2 for boys, 21.89 to 27.04 kg/m2 for girls, 26.43 to 28.22 kg/m2 for men, and 23.34 to 29.28 kg/m2 for women. CONCLUSION: The use of different references for the classification of a high %BF implied a difference in the diagnostic sensitivity of the BMI. Higher cutoff points resulted in greater sensitivity and ability to differentiate individuals with and without obesity.

[Moorish Pavilion: preservation challenges]. / Pavilhão Mourisco: desafios para sua preservação.

The challenges facing the team from the Department of Historical Heritage at Casa de Oswaldo Cruz in the preservation of its main building, the Moorish Pavilion, are discussed. The main weaknesses of the building and the collections of artifacts it contains are presented, and the gradual change in approach adopted by the department - from ad hoc restoration interventions to the setting of broad strategies for its preventive conservation - is discussed. To this end, a brief overview is given of the main work done on the building in the last thirty years and the ongoing conservation actions undertaken, including the methodology adopted for the design of the Preventive Conservation Plan of the building, its integrated heritage, and its collections of artifacts.

Assessment of blood biomarkers in adolescents classified by body mass index and body fat percentage. / Avaliação do perfil de biomarcadores sanguíneos em adolescentes classificados pelo índice de massa corporal e percentual de gordura corporal.

The study aimed to compare biomarkers in groups of adolescents classified simultaneously according to body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage measured by air displacement plethysmography. This was a cross-sectional study with 533 adolescents 18 to 19 years of age in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. BMI was classified as adequate (< 25kg/m2) versus excess weight (≥ 25kg/m2). High body fat percentage was defined as ≥ 25% for males and ≥ 30% for females. The adolescents were classified in four groups: "normal weight" (adequate BMI and body fat percentage), "normal weight obese" (adequate BMI with high body fat percentage), "excess weight with adequate body fat percentage", and "excess weight with high body fat percentage". Girls showed higher proportions of "normal weight obesity" (15.6%) and "excess weight with high body fat percentage" (17.1%). "Normal weight obese" adolescents exhibited higher mean values for total cholesterol (172.5mg/dL) and LDL-cholesterol (103.5mg/dL). Those with "excess weight and high body fat percentage" showed lower mean HDL-cholesterol (43.2mg/dL) compared to the other groups, higher mean interleukin-6 (2.7pg/mL) than "normal weight" and "excess weight and adequate body fat percentage" adolescents, and higher median triglycerides (114.0mg/dL) and C-reactive protein (0.14ng/mL) than "normal weight" and "normal weight obese" adolescents. Those with "excess weight and adequate body fat percentage" exhibited the same C-reactive protein levels as those with "excess weight and high body fat percentage". Assessment of nutritional status by BMI alone is limited, since 6.8% of the adolescents presented high body fat percentage despite normal BMI, and those who were "normal weight obese" had two biomarkers that were worse than for adolescents with "excess weight and high body fat percentage".

O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar biomarcadores em grupos de adolescentes classificados simultaneamente pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura corporal, mensurados por meio da pletismografia por deslocamento de ar. Estudo transversal com 533 adolescentes de 18 e 19 anos de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. O IMC foi classificado em adequado (< 25kg/m2) e excesso de peso (≥ 25kg/m2). Definiu-se percentual de gordura corporal elevado ≥ 25% para o sexo masculino e ≥ o feminino. Os adolescentes foram classificados em quatro grupos: "eutrófico" (IMC e percentual de gordura corporal adequados), "obeso de peso normal" (IMC adequado com percentual de gordura corporal elevado), "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal adequado" e "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal elevado". As meninas registraram maiores valores de "obesidade de peso normal" (15,6%) e "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal elevado" (17,1%). Os adolescentes "obesos de peso normal" apesentaram maiores médias para colesterol total (172,5mg/dL) e LDL-colesterol (103,5mg/dL). Aqueles com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado" registraram a menor média para HDL-colesterol (43,2mg/dL) em relação aos outros grupos; maior média para interleucina-6 (2,7pg/mL) em relação aos "eutróficos" e "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal adequado"; e maiores medianas para triglicerídeos (114,0mg/dL) e proteína C reativa (0,14ng/mL) em relação aos "eutróficos" e "obesos de peso normal". Os com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal adequado" apresentaram proteína C reativa igual aos com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado". A avaliação do estado nutricional pelo IMC é limitada, pois 6,8% dos adolescentes registraram percentual de gordura corporal elevado apesar do IMC normal, além disto, os "obesos de peso normal" apresentaram dois biomarcadores piores que os adolescentes com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado".

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar biomarcadores en grupos de adolescentes, clasificados simultáneamente por el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), medido mediante pletismografía por desplazamiento de aire. Estudio transversal con 533 adolescentes de 18 y 19 años de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. El IMC fue clasificado en adecuado (< 25kg/m2) y exceso de peso (≥ 25kg/m2). Se definió el porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado ≥ 25% para el sexo masculino, y ≥ 30% para el femenino. Los adolescentes se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: "eutrófico" (IMC y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuados), "obeso de peso normal" (IMC adecuado con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado), "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado" y "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado". Las niñas tuvieron mayores valores de "obesidad de peso normal" (15,6%) y "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado" (17,1%). Los adolescentes "obesos de peso normal" presentaron mayores medias para colesterol total (172,5mg/dL) y LDL-colesterol (103,5mg/dL). Aquellos con "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado" tuvieron una media menor para HDL-colesterol (43,2mg/dL), en relación con los otros grupos; mayor media para interleucina-6 (2,7pg/mL), en relación a los "eutróficos" y "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado"; y mayores medianas para triglicéridos (114,0mg/dL) y proteína C reactiva (0,14ng/mL), en relación a los "eutróficos" y "obesos de peso normal". Quienes tenían "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado" presentaron proteína C reactiva igual a los de "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado". La evaluación del estado nutricional por el IMC es limitada, puesto que un 6,8% de los adolescentes presentaron porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado, a pesar del IMC normal, asimismo los "obesos de peso normal" tuvieron dos biomarcadores peores que los adolescentes con "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado".

Pavilhão Mourisco: desafios para sua preservação / Moorish Pavilion: preservation challenges

Resumo O artigo analisa os desafios para a preservação do Pavilhão Mourisco do ponto de vista da equipe do Departamento de Patrimônio Histórico da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Apresenta as principais vulnerabilidades do edifício e acervos móveis nele abrigados e a mudança gradual de abordagem em relação à atuação do departamento - da intervenção pontual de restauração à definição de estratégias globais com foco na conservação preventiva. Para tanto, traça um breve panorama das principais obras realizadas na edificação nos últimos trinta anos, bem como das ações contínuas de conservação implementadas, apresentando a metodologia adotada para a elaboração do Plano de Conservação Preventiva do conjunto formado pelo edifício, bens integrados e acervos móveis.

Abstract The challenges facing the team from the Department of Historical Heritage at Casa de Oswaldo Cruz in the preservation of its main building, the Moorish Pavilion, are discussed. The main weaknesses of the building and the collections of artifacts it contains are presented, and the gradual change in approach adopted by the department - from ad hoc restoration interventions to the setting of broad strategies for its preventive conservation - is discussed. To this end, a brief overview is given of the main work done on the building in the last thirty years and the ongoing conservation actions undertaken, including the methodology adopted for the design of the Preventive Conservation Plan of the building, its integrated heritage, and its collections of artifacts.

Association between the Degree of Processing of Consumed Foods and Sleep Quality in Adolescents.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between food consumption by the degree of processing and sleep quality in adolescents from São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. A cross-sectional study with 2499 adolescents (aged 18 to 19 years) was developed. Exposure variables included energy contributions of food groups stratified by the NOVA classification: fresh or minimally processed foods (FMPF), processed foods (PF), and ultra-processed foods (UPF), categorized into quartiles. The outcome variable was sleep quality assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Associations between these variables were estimated by Poisson regression, with robust estimation of variance. Most of the adolescents had poor sleep quality (57.1%). There were associations between FMPF in the third (57.1%-66.0% of total calories; prevalence ratio PR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.97) and fourth quartile (66.1%-95.8% of total calories; PR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.96) and lower prevalence of poor sleep quality. The fourth quartile of UPF (44.3%-81.8% of total calories; PR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.27) was associated with a higher prevalence of poor sleep quality. Higher intake of FMPF is a protective factor for poor sleep quality, whereas higher UPF consumption is a risk factor for poor sleep quality.

Avaliação do perfil de biomarcadores sanguíneos em adolescentes classificados pelo índice de massa corporal e percentual de gordura corporal / Evaluación del perfil de biomarcadores sanguíneos en adolescentes clasificados por el índice de masa corporal y porcentaje de grasa corporal / Assessment of blood biomarkers in adolescents classified by body mass index and body fat percentage

Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar biomarcadores em grupos de adolescentes classificados simultaneamente pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura corporal, mensurados por meio da pletismografia por deslocamento de ar. Estudo transversal com 533 adolescentes de 18 e 19 anos de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. O IMC foi classificado em adequado (< 25kg/m2) e excesso de peso (≥ 25kg/m2). Definiu-se percentual de gordura corporal elevado ≥ 25% para o sexo masculino e ≥ o feminino. Os adolescentes foram classificados em quatro grupos: "eutrófico" (IMC e percentual de gordura corporal adequados), "obeso de peso normal" (IMC adequado com percentual de gordura corporal elevado), "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal adequado" e "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal elevado". As meninas registraram maiores valores de "obesidade de peso normal" (15,6%) e "excesso de peso com percentual de gordura corporal elevado" (17,1%). Os adolescentes "obesos de peso normal" apesentaram maiores médias para colesterol total (172,5mg/dL) e LDL-colesterol (103,5mg/dL). Aqueles com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado" registraram a menor média para HDL-colesterol (43,2mg/dL) em relação aos outros grupos; maior média para interleucina-6 (2,7pg/mL) em relação aos "eutróficos" e "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal adequado"; e maiores medianas para triglicerídeos (114,0mg/dL) e proteína C reativa (0,14ng/mL) em relação aos "eutróficos" e "obesos de peso normal". Os com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal adequado" apresentaram proteína C reativa igual aos com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado". A avaliação do estado nutricional pelo IMC é limitada, pois 6,8% dos adolescentes registraram percentual de gordura corporal elevado apesar do IMC normal, além disto, os "obesos de peso normal" apresentaram dois biomarcadores piores que os adolescentes com "excesso de peso e percentual de gordura corporal elevado".

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue comparar biomarcadores en grupos de adolescentes, clasificados simultáneamente por el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), medido mediante pletismografía por desplazamiento de aire. Estudio transversal con 533 adolescentes de 18 y 19 años de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. El IMC fue clasificado en adecuado (< 25kg/m2) y exceso de peso (≥ 25kg/m2). Se definió el porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado ≥ 25% para el sexo masculino, y ≥ 30% para el femenino. Los adolescentes se clasificaron en cuatro grupos: "eutrófico" (IMC y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuados), "obeso de peso normal" (IMC adecuado con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado), "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado" y "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado". Las niñas tuvieron mayores valores de "obesidad de peso normal" (15,6%) y "exceso de peso con porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado" (17,1%). Los adolescentes "obesos de peso normal" presentaron mayores medias para colesterol total (172,5mg/dL) y LDL-colesterol (103,5mg/dL). Aquellos con "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado" tuvieron una media menor para HDL-colesterol (43,2mg/dL), en relación con los otros grupos; mayor media para interleucina-6 (2,7pg/mL), en relación a los "eutróficos" y "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado"; y mayores medianas para triglicéridos (114,0mg/dL) y proteína C reactiva (0,14ng/mL), en relación a los "eutróficos" y "obesos de peso normal". Quienes tenían "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal adecuado" presentaron proteína C reactiva igual a los de "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado". La evaluación del estado nutricional por el IMC es limitada, puesto que un 6,8% de los adolescentes presentaron porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado, a pesar del IMC normal, asimismo los "obesos de peso normal" tuvieron dos biomarcadores peores que los adolescentes con "exceso de peso y porcentaje de grasa corporal elevado".

Abstract: The study aimed to compare biomarkers in groups of adolescents classified simultaneously according to body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage measured by air displacement plethysmography. This was a cross-sectional study with 533 adolescents 18 to 19 years of age in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. BMI was classified as adequate (< 25kg/m2) versus excess weight (≥ 25kg/m2). High body fat percentage was defined as ≥ 25% for males and ≥ 30% for females. The adolescents were classified in four groups: "normal weight" (adequate BMI and body fat percentage), "normal weight obese" (adequate BMI with high body fat percentage), "excess weight with adequate body fat percentage", and "excess weight with high body fat percentage". Girls showed higher proportions of "normal weight obesity" (15.6%) and "excess weight with high body fat percentage" (17.1%). "Normal weight obese" adolescents exhibited higher mean values for total cholesterol (172.5mg/dL) and LDL-cholesterol (103.5mg/dL). Those with "excess weight and high body fat percentage" showed lower mean HDL-cholesterol (43.2mg/dL) compared to the other groups, higher mean interleukin-6 (2.7pg/mL) than "normal weight" and "excess weight and adequate body fat percentage" adolescents, and higher median triglycerides (114.0mg/dL) and C-reactive protein (0.14ng/mL) than "normal weight" and "normal weight obese" adolescents. Those with "excess weight and adequate body fat percentage" exhibited the same C-reactive protein levels as those with "excess weight and high body fat percentage". Assessment of nutritional status by BMI alone is limited, since 6.8% of the adolescents presented high body fat percentage despite normal BMI, and those who were "normal weight obese" had two biomarkers that were worse than for adolescents with "excess weight and high body fat percentage".

Características sociodemográficas e clínicas de adolescentes candidatos à doação de sangue em um hemocentro / Características sociodemográficas y clínicas de adolescentes candidatos a donación de sangre en un hemocentro / Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adolescent candidates for blood donation in a hemotherapy service

Objetivo: conhecer as características sociodemográficas e clínicas de adolescentes de 16 e 17 anos candidatos à doação de sangue em um Hemocentro Regional do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo, desenvolvido com base nos registros do banco de dados de um Hemocentro no período de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2016, conforme critério de ampliação de seleção de doadores da Portaria nº 1.353/ 2011. Resultados: o total de candidatos à doação de sangue entre 16 e 17 anos foi de 473 pessoas, com predomínio de candidatos aptos à doação (78,2%), do sexo feminino (57,5%), de cor caucasiana (72,5%), que doavam pela primeira vez (86%) de forma voluntária. Conclusão: a possibilidade de doação de sangue, incluindo os adolescentes, necessita ser amplamente divulgada e ações de marketing e de educação em saúde utilizadas como estratégias para sensibilização, captação e fidelização.

Objective: to know the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adolescents aged 16 and 17 who are candidates for blood donation in a Regional hemotherapy service in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Method: cross-sectional, descriptive study, developed based on the records of a hemoterapy service database from January 2012 to December 2016, according to the criteria for expanding the selection of donors in Ordinance No. 1.353 / 2011. Results: the total number of blood donation candidates between 16 and 17 years old was 473 people, with a predominance of candidates suitable for donation (78.2%), female (57.5%), Caucasian (72.5% ), who donated for the first time (86%) voluntarily. Conclusion: the possibility of blood donation, including adolescents, needs to be widely publicized and marketing and health education actions used as strategies for raising awareness, attracting and retaining customers.

Objetivo: Conocer las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los adolescentes de 16 y 17 años candidatos para la donación de sangre en un servicio de hemoterapia en el Estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal, desarrollado en base a los registros de una base de datos de servicio de hemoterapia desde enero de 2012 hasta diciembre de 2016, de acuerdo con los criterios para ampliar la selección de donantes en la Ordenanza N ° 1.353/2011. Resultados: El número total de candidatos para donación de sangre entre 16 y 17 años fue 473 personas, con predominio de candidatos aptos para la donación (78,2%), mujeres (57,5%), caucásicas (72,5% ), que donó por primera vez (86%) voluntaria. Conclusión: la posibilidad de donación de sangre, incluidos los adolescentes, debe ser ampliamente publicitada y las acciones de marketing y educación sanitaria deben usarse como estrategias para crear conciencia, atraer y retener clientes.

Effects of aerobic exercise training on oxidative stress in the skeletal muscles of obese rats / Efeitos do treinamento aeróbico sobre o estresse oxidativo em músculos esqueléticos de ratos obesos / Efectos del entrenamiento aeróbico sobre el estrés oxidativo en músculos esqueléticos de ratones obesos

ABSTRACT Introduction Obesity is a complex and multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of body fat; physical exercise increases energy expenditure and promotes a reparative effect through modulation of endogenous antioxidant defenses. Objective To evaluate the effects of the high-fat diet (HFD) on oxidative stress parameters in skeletal muscles of rats using aerobic exercise training protocols (AETP), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods The study was quantitative and experimental. Animals received 8 weeks of HFD or normal diet (ND), followed by 9 weeks of HFD or ND and the two AETPs. Results HFD did not alter the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS), total sulfhydryl and protein carbonyl content in the soleus and plantaris muscles; in contrast, the protocols caused a decrease in TBA-RS levels in the plantaris muscle and increased the sulfhydryl content in the soleus muscle, while MICT increased the sulfhydryl content in the plantaris muscle and reduced protein carbonyl content in both muscles. HFD reduced SOD activity in the plantaris muscle while the MICT protocol enhanced SOD in the soleus muscle and both protocols reversed the decrease in SOD in the plantaris muscle. HFD increased CAT activity in the soleus muscle, the HIIT protocol prevented this alteration and both protocols increased CAT in the plantaris muscle. HFD reduced GSH-Px activity in both muscles, and the MICT protocol prevented this reduction in the soleus muscle, while the HIIT protocol partially prevented this decrease. The MICT protocol did not prevent the reduction of GSH-Px and the HIIT protocol partially prevented this decrease in the plantaris muscle. Conclusions HFD elicited oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of rats, and both protocols were able to prevent most of the alterations in oxidative stress parameters caused by the HFD. Level of evidence IV; Investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução Obesidade é uma desordem metabólica complexa e multifatorial, caracterizada pelo acúmulo de gordura corporal. O exercício físico tem a capacidade de aumentar o gasto energético e promover efeito reparador por meio da modulação das defesas antioxidantes endógenas. Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos da dieta hiperlipídica (DHL) sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em músculos esqueléticos de ratos, por protocolos de treinamento físico aeróbico (TFA), treinamento contínuo de intensidade moderada (TCIM) e treinamento intervalo de alta intensidade (HIIT). Métodos O estudo foi quantitativo e experimental. Animais receberam 8 semanas de DHL ou dieta normal (DN), seguidas por 9 semanas de DHL ou DN e os dois TFA. Resultados A DHL não alterou a formação de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS), conteúdo total de sulfidrilas e de proteínas carboniladas nos músculos sóleo e plantar. Em contraste, os protocolos diminuíram TBA-RS no músculo plantar e aumentaram o conteúdo de sulfidrilas no músculo sóleo. TCIM aumentou o conteúdo de sulfidrilas no músculo plantar e reduziu o conteúdo de proteínas carboniladas em ambos os músculos. A DHL reduziu a atividade da SOD no músculo plantar; o TCIM aumentou a SOD no músculo sóleo e ambos os protocolos reverteram a diminuição da SOD no músculo plantar. A DHL aumentou a CAT no músculo sóleo, o HIIT preveniu essa alteração e ambos os protocolos aumentaram a CAT no músculo plantar. A DHL diminuiu a atividade da GSH-Px em ambos os músculos, e o TCIM preveniu esta diminuição no músculo sóleo, enquanto que o HIIT preveniu parcialmente esta diminuição. O TCIM não preveniu a redução da GSH-Px, e o HIIT preveniu parcialmente esta diminuição no músculo plantar. Conclusão A DHL causou estresse oxidativo nos músculos esqueléticos de ratos, e ambos os protocolos foram capazes de prevenir a maioria das alterações nos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo causadas pela DHL. Nível de evidência IV; Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción La obesidad es un desorden metabólico complejo y multifactorial caracterizado por la acumulación de grasa corporal. El ejercicio físico tiene la capacidad de aumentar el gasto energético y promover efecto reparador por medio de la modulación de las defensas antioxidantes endógenas. Objetivos Evaluar los efectos de la dieta hiperlipídica (DHL) sobre parámetros de estrés oxidativo en los músculos esqueléticos de las ratas, por protocolos de entrenamiento físico aeróbico (TFA), entrenamiento continuo de intensidad moderada (TCIM) y entrenamiento de intervalo de alta intensidad (HIIT). Métodos El estudio fue cuantitativo y experimental. Los animales recibieron ocho semanas de DHL o dieta normal (DN), seguidas por nueve semanas de DHL o DN y los dos TFA. Resultados La DHL no alteró la formación de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS), contenido total de sulfhidrilos y de proteínas carboniladas en los músculos sóleo y plantar. En contraste, los protocolos disminuyeron TBA-RS en el músculo plantar y aumentaron el contenido de sulfhidrilos en el músculo sóleo. TCIM aumentó el contenido de sulfhidrilos en el músculo plantar y redujo el contenido de proteínas carboniladas en ambos músculos. La DHL redujo la actividad de la SOD en el músculo plantar, el TCIM aumentó la SOD en el músculo sóleo y ambos protocolos revirtieron la disminución de la SOD en el músculo plantar. La DHL aumentó la CAT en el músculo sóleo, el HIIT previno esa alteración y ambos protocolos aumentaron la CAT en el músculo plantar. La DHL disminuyó la actividad de GSH-Px en ambos músculos, y el TCIM previno esta disminución en el músculo sóleo, mientras que el HIIT previno parcialmente esta disminución. El TCIM no previno la reducción de la GSH-Px y el HIIT previno parcialmente esta disminución en el músculo plantar. Conclusión La DHL causó estrés oxidativo en los músculos esqueléticos de ratones y ambos protocolos fueron capaces de prevenir la mayoría de las alteraciones en los parámetros de estrés oxidativo causados por DHL. Nivel de evidencia IV; Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Mineralization of Sialoliths Investigated by Ex Vivo and In Vivo X-ray Computed Tomography.

The fraction of organic matter present affects the fragmentation behavior of sialoliths; thus, pretherapeutic information on the degree of mineralization is relevant for a correct selection of lithotripsy procedures. This work proposes a methodology for in vivo characterization of salivary calculi in the pretherapeutic context. Sialoliths were characterized in detail by X-ray computed microtomography (µCT) in combination with atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Correlative analysis of the same specimens was performed by in vivo and ex vivo helical computed tomography (HCT) and ex vivo µCT. The mineral matter in the sialoliths consisted essentially of apatite (89 vol%) and whitlockite (11 vol%) with average density of 1.8 g/cm3. In hydrated conditions, the mineral mass prevailed with 53 ± 13 wt%, whereas the organic matter, with a density of 1.2 g/cm3, occupied 65 ± 10% of the sialoliths' volume. A quantitative relation between sialoliths mineral density and X-ray attenuation is proposed for both HCT and µCT.

STRONG-D: Strength training regimen for normal weight diabetics: Rationale and design.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is a lack of data on effective lifestyle recommendations for normal-weight diabetics (NWD), who can represent up to 1 in 5 individuals with Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). NWD is especially prevalent in Asian populations and the elderly. Specific exercise treatment recommendations are needed for patients with normal-weight diabetes (NWD), as those in this category face higher mortality rates than overweight and obese diabetics. Standard T2DM treatment recommends aerobic training; however, performing aerobic training alone may not be appropriate for NWD and strength training may be a more effective treatment recommendation. OBJECTIVE: While it is known that strength and aerobic training are beneficial in obese diabetics, there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend this regimen in NWD. The Strength Training Regimen for Normal Weight Diabetics (STRONG-D) study aims to determine the best exercise regimen for NWD and address the current lack of appropriate physical activity recommendations for this population. The primary goal of this study is to determine whether strength training aids glycemic control better than aerobic training in NWD. STUDY DESIGN: STRONG-D is a three-arm randomized controlled trial designed to compare the clinical effectiveness of structured strength training only, aerobic training only, and combination (strength + aerobic) training sessions, modeled after the intervention in the Health Benefits of Aerobic and Resistance Training in T2DM patients (HART-D) study. Potential participants meeting eligibility criteria of HbA1c values of 6.5% to 13.0% and BMI of 18.5 kg/m2 to 25 kg/m2 will be enrolled. After randomization, participants will begin a 9-month exercise intervention. The primary outcomes will be HbA1c levels. The secondary endpoints will include physical fitness, body composition measured by Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scans, and leg strength and endurance measured by Biodex testing. Initial follow-up visits will occur at 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months. To determine the long-term effects of the exercise intervention, passive follow-up will continue via electronic health records (EHR) until a 24-month follow-up visit. A total of 282 participants will be randomized into the three study arms determine the clinically significant differences between strength-only, aerobic-only and combination regimens.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND BREAST CANCER / Relação entre obesidade e câncer de mama

Obesity is a growing clinical condition around the world, considered a risk factor for numerous diseases such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, diabetes, and cancer. Among the neoplasms related to overweight, breast cancer stands out. Therefore, the objective of this review is to elucidate the impact of obesity on the most prevalent cancer among women, either as a direct risk factor for its onset or as a determinant of survival

A obesidade aponta como condição clínica em ascensão pelo mundo, considerada fator de risco para inúmeras doenças como hipertensão, infarto, diabetes e câncer. Dentre as neoplasias relacionadas com o excesso de peso, destaca-se o câncer de mama. O objetivo desta revisão é, portanto, elucidar o impacto que a obesidade causa no câncer mais prevalente entre as mulheres, seja como fator de risco direto para seu aparecimento, seja como determinante na sobrevida

Evaluating the clinical implementation of structured exercise: A randomized controlled trial among non-insulin dependent type II diabetics.

BACKGROUND: The American Diabetes Association (ADA) currently recommends 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week and resistance exercise at least twice per week in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) to improve overall health [1]. However, approximately 38% of patients with T2DM do not exercise at recommended levels and 31% do not exercise at all [2]. The efficacy of structured exercise interventions has been proven effective in reducing glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in patients, but practical approaches are needed to translate these findings into the clinical setting [3-7]. OBJECTIVE: The Initiate and Maintain Physical Activity in Clinics (IMPACT) Study aims to compare structured group exercise within the clinic to usual care in T2DM patients. The main purpose of the study is to determine the optimal and feasible level and weekly frequency of structured contact in a clinical setting needed to initiate and maintain physical activity recommendations long-term. STUDY DESIGN: IMPACT is a longitudinal, randomized-controlled study designed to track study participants over 30 months. Once study participants have met eligibility and enrollment criteria, they are randomized and enrolled into one of three arms: 1× per week exercise, 3× per week exercise, or the usual care control group. After randomization, participants begin Phase 1: Initiate lasting 6 months. Over the course of Phase 1, participants in the exercise groups will attend instructor led group training at a Stanford approved physical fitness facility. At the end of 6 months, participants enter Phase 2: Maintain lasting 24 months. Over the course of Phase 2, participants in all three arms will attend periodic follow-up visits for clinical measurements and survey administration for their final two years of participation. These findings will enable the clinical implementation of a structured exercise regimen designed to specifically address the aerobic and resistance training recommendations for patients with T2DM.

Effects of two aerobic exercise training protocols on parameters of oxidative stress in the blood and liver of obese rats.

We evaluated the effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on the alterations in oxidative stress parameters caused by a high-fat diet (HFD), in the blood and liver of rats. The HFD enhanced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS) and protein carbonyl content, while reducing total sulfhydryl content and catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the blood. Both training protocols prevented an increase in TBA-RS and protein carbonyl content, and prevented a reduction in CAT. HIIT protocol enhanced SOD activity. In the liver, HFD didn't alter TBA-RS, total sulfhydryl content or SOD, but increased protein carbonyl content and CAT and decreased GSH-Px. The exercise protocols prevented the increase in protein carbonyl content and the MICT protocol prevented an alteration in CAT. In conclusion, HFD elicits oxidative stress in the blood and liver and both protocols prevented most of the alterations in the oxidative stress parameters.