Integrated analysis of gut metabolome, microbiome, and exfoliome data in an equine model of intestinal injury.

BACKGROUND: The equine gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome has been described in the context of various diseases. The observed changes, however, have not been linked to host function and therefore it remains unclear how specific changes in the microbiome alter cellular and molecular pathways within the GI tract. Further, non-invasive techniques to examine the host gene expression profile of the GI mucosa have been described in horses but not evaluated in response to interventions. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to (1) profile gene expression and metabolomic changes in an equine model of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced intestinal inflammation and (2) apply computational data integration methods to examine host-microbiota interactions. METHODS: Twenty horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n = 10): control (placebo paste) or NSAID (phenylbutazone 4.4 mg/kg orally once daily for 9 days). Fecal samples were collected on days 0 and 10 and analyzed with respect to microbiota (16S rDNA gene sequencing), metabolomic (untargeted metabolites), and host exfoliated cell transcriptomic (exfoliome) changes. Data were analyzed and integrated using a variety of computational techniques, and underlying regulatory mechanisms were inferred from features that were commonly identified by all computational approaches. RESULTS: Phenylbutazone induced alterations in the microbiota, metabolome, and host transcriptome. Data integration identified correlation of specific bacterial genera with expression of several genes and metabolites that were linked to oxidative stress. Concomitant microbiota and metabolite changes resulted in the initiation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response within the intestinal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: Results of integrative analysis identified an important role for oxidative stress, and subsequent cell signaling responses, in a large animal model of GI inflammation. The computational approaches for combining non-invasive platforms for unbiased assessment of host GI responses (e.g., exfoliomics) with metabolomic and microbiota changes have broad application for the field of gastroenterology. Video Abstract.

Consensus criteria for chronic rhinosinusitis disease control: an international Delphi Study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) disease control is a global metric of disease status for CRS. While there is broad acceptance that it is an important treatment goal, there has been inconsistency in the criteria used to define CRS control. The objective of this study was to identify and develop consensus around essential criteria for assessment of CRS disease control. METHODS: Modified Delphi methodology consisting of three rounds to review a list of 24 possible CRS control criteria developed by a 12-person steering committee. The core authorship of the multidisciplinary EPOS 2020 guidelines was invited to participate. RESULTS: Thirty-two individuals accepted the invitation to participate and there was no dropout of participants throughout the entire study (3 rounds). Consensus essential criteria for assessment of CRS control were: overall symptom severity, need for CRS-related systemic corticosteroids in the prior 6 months, severity of nasal obstruction, and patient-reported CRS control. Near-consensus items were: nasal endoscopy findings, severity of smell loss, overall quality of life, impairment of normal activities and severity of nasal discharge. Participants’ comments provided insights into caveats of, and disagreements related to, near-consensus items. CONCLUSIONS: Overall symptom severity, use of CRS-related systemic corticosteroids, severity of nasal obstruction, and patient-reported CRS control are widely agreed upon essential criteria for assessment of CRS disease control. Consideration of near-consensus items to assess CRS control should be implemented with their intrinsic caveats in mind. These identified consensus CRS control criteria, together with evidence-based support, will provide a foundation upon which CRS control criteria with wide-spread acceptance can be developed.

The role of the dentist and the orthodontist in early diagnosis of Gorlin-Goltz syndrome: a cephalometric and photometric study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse the facial characteristics and the craniofacial morphology in GGS patients in order to enable an early diagnosis. BACKGROUND: Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (GGS) is a autosomic dominant disease, characterised by basal cell carcinoma, palmar/plantar pits, maxillary and mandibular keratocysts and dental abnormalities. METHODS: Nine out of a sample of 24 GGS patients had complete cephalometric and photographic records at an average age of 8.7 years. Cephalometric and photometric analysis were carried out with standard analyses and compared with healthy patients matched for sex and age. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis of GGS based on clinical features could be useful to identify the presence of keratocysts through x-ray examination proceeding with surgical removal at an early stage, limiting space occupying damages.

The EUFOREA pocket guide for chronic rhinosinusitis.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is known to affect around 5 % of the total population, with major impact on the quality of life of those severely affected (1). Despite a substantial burden on individuals, society and health economies, CRS often remains underdiagnosed, under-estimated and under-treated (2). International guidelines like the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS) (3) and the International Consensus statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis 2021 (ICAR) (4) offer physicians insight into the recommended treatment options for CRS, with an overview of effective strategies and guidance of diagnosis and care throughout the disease journey of CRS.

Targeted differential photostimulation alters reproductive activities of domestic birds.

Modern poultry production systems use environmentally controlled houses providing only artificial illumination. The role of light in reproduction of poultry depends on light quality (photoperiod, intensity/brightness, and spectrum), which enables us to provide custom-made illumination, targeted for the elevation of reproductive activities. Artificial targeted illumination significantly affects poultry reproduction. This phenomenon is based on the mechanism of light absorption in birds, which consists of two main components: the eye (retinal photoreceptors) and brain extraretinal photoreceptors. Several experiments on turkey hens and broiler breeder males and females have shown that photostimulation of brain extraretinal photoreceptors, while maintaining retinal photoreceptors under non-photostimulatory conditions, elevates reproductive activity by increasing egg production of hens and semen quality of roosters. In addition, we found acceleration in all gonadal axis parameters, leading to the acceleration in the production rate. Furthermore, we studied the role of retinal activation in gonadal axis suppuration and identified the role of serotonin in this phenomenon. As for today, several broiler breeder farms use targeted illumination based on our studies with excellent results.

Autonomous control for miniaturized mobile robots in unknown pipe networks.

Despite recent advances in robotic technology, sewer pipe inspection is still limited to conventional approaches that use cable-tethered robots. Such commercially available tethered robots lack autonomy, and their operation must be manually controlled via their tethered cables. Consequently, they can only travel to a certain distance in pipe, cannot access small-diameter pipes, and their deployment incurs high costs for highly skilled operators. In this paper, we introduce a miniaturised mobile robot for pipe inspection. We present an autonomous control strategy for this robot that is effective, stable, and requires only low-computational resources. The robots used here can access pipes as small as 75 mm in diameter. Due to their small size, low carrying capacity, and limited battery supply, our robots can only carry simple sensors, a small processor, and miniature wheel-legs for locomotion. Yet, our control method is able to compensate for these limitations. We demonstrate fully autonomous robot mobility in a sewer pipe network, without any visual aid or power-hungry image processing. The control algorithm allows the robot to correctly recognise each local network configuration, and to make appropriate decisions accordingly. The control strategy was tested using the physical micro robot in a laboratory pipe network. In both simulation and experiment, the robot autonomously and exhaustively explored an unknown pipe network without missing any pipe section while avoiding obstacles. This is a significant advance towards fully autonomous inspection robot systems for sewer pipe networks.

Nasoalveolar molding and skeletal development in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate: A retrospective cephalometric study at the completion of growth.

The aim of this retrospective long-term study was to assess the influence of primary columella lengthening and presurgical nasoalveolar molding (NAM) on the skeletal development at the completion of growth in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). Lateral cephalometric radiographs at the completion of growth of consecutively treated patients BCLP patients, operated by the same surgeon, who had undergone NAM were compared with a second group of BCLP patients who were not treated with NAM. The groups were matched for sex and age. Independent samples t tests were carried out. 23 Lateral cephalometric radiographs of BCLP patients (mean age 18.2 ± 1.3 years) who had undergone NAM were compared with a second group of 23 BCLP patients (mean age 18.4 ± 1.3 years) who were not treated with NAM. The only two significant differences were observed in Ans-Me/N-Me (control group = 0.6 ± 0.02; sample group = 0.57 ± 0.05; p = 0.019) and ILs^AnsPns (control group = 105.5 ± 7.9; sample group = 112.4 ± 8.6; p = 0.007). No other significant differences were observed in terms of facial skeletal development between the two groups. Presurgical NAM performed during infancy in BCLP patients does not seem to have negative effects on the skeletal development at the completion of craniofacial growth compared to the group of patients treated without NAM.

The effect of selected in ovo green light photostimulation periods on post-hatch broiler growth and somatotropic axis activity.

Targeted in ovo green light (GL) photostimulation during the last days of broiler egg incubation increases embryonic expression of the somatotropic axis, similar to in ovo green light photostimulation from embryonic day (ED) 0 to the end of incubation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of selected in ovo GL photostimulation periods on post-hatch broiler growth. Four hundred twenty fertile broiler eggs were divided into 7 treatment groups: the first incubated in the dark (standard conditions) as a negative control; the second incubated under monochromatic GL from ED0-ED20 (positive control); the third group incubated under monochromatic GL light from ED15-ED20; the fourth, fifth and sixth groups were incubated under monochromatic GL on ED16, ED17, and ED18, respectively; and the seventh group was incubated under monochromatic GL from ED18-ED20. All illumination was provided intermittently using LED lamps. After hatch, all chicks were transferred to a controlled room under standard rearing conditions. The group incubated under green light from ED18 until hatch showed similar results to the positive control group in body weights, as well as breast muscle weights (as % of body weights), and an elevation in the somatotropic axis activity during the experiment. We suggest that broiler embryos can be exposed to in ovo GL photostimulation from ED18 until hatch (hatching period), and still exhibit the same performance as obtained by photostimulation from d 0 of incubation.

Targeted differential illumination improves reproductive traits of broiler breeder males.

Artificial targeted illumination has a pivotal role in reproductive processes of poultry. The light-absorption mechanism in birds consists of 2 main components: the eye (retinal photoreceptors) and extraretinal photoreceptors located in the brain. Previous studies conducted on hens have shown that photostimulation of brain extraretinal photoreceptors elevates reproductive activity, whereas retinal photostimulation suppresses it. We tested the effect of targeted differential photostimulation (TDP) on reproductive activities of broiler breeder males. Fifty broiler breeder roosters (Ross), 21 wk of age, were divided into 5 environmentally controlled light-treatment rooms (n = 10) equipped with individual cages. Rooms 1 and 2 had 2 parallel lighting systems consisting of red light (630 nm) and green light (514 nm), and rooms 3 and 4 had parallel red and blue (456 nm) lighting systems. Room 5, illuminated with white light, served as the control. Birds of all groups were kept under short day (6L:18D) for 2 wk with both lighting systems in each treatment room turned on. At 23 wk of age, birds were photostimulated by gradually increasing one of the lighting systems to 14 h of light in each room, while the other lighting system was left on short day (6L:18D). Weekly semen samples were collected until 65 wk of age and analyzed for volume, motility, concentration and vitality. Monthly blood samples were drawn for plasma hormone assays. At 65 wk of age, roosters were euthanized and hypothalamus, pituitary gland, retina and testes samples were taken for mRNA expression analysis. TDP using long-day red light and short-day green light significantly increased reproductive performance, manifested by higher semen volume, motility and concentration, and testis weight; furthermore, this group had higher plasma testosterone levels, higher GnRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, lower levels of aromatase in the testes, and lower mRNA expression of hypothalamic serotonin transporter, and of pituitary prolactin and its receptors in the testes. This is the first study showing a positive effect of TDP on reproduction of broiler breeder roosters.

Non-surgical treatment of vertical excess of the premaxilla in growing bilateral cleft lip and palate patients.

Patients with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCLP) may present a vertical excess of the premaxilla in childhood. This is a severe functional and aesthetic problem, where bone grafting is more challenging. The aim of this study was to describe a simple and reproducible non-surgical orthopaedic treatment for vertical excess of the premaxilla in the deciduous/early mixed dentition phase in BCLP patients. Six growing patients with complete BCLP with a severe vertical excess of the premaxilla were included. An intrusion device associated with a bonded rapid palatal expander was applied to intrude the premaxilla. Radiographic and photographic records obtained before and at the end of the orthodontic intrusion, at short- and long-term follow-up, were available. A flattening of the occlusal plane was achieved in all patients. Normalization of the position of the maxillary incisors and gingival display in relation to the upper lip was obtained, and an improvement in anterior nasal spine position was also observed in all cases. The novel technique described might be of assistance in treating BCLP children with vertical excess of the premaxilla during the deciduous/early mixed dentition phase. This simplified, easily reproducible method may allow the burden of care of this rare but complex problem affecting BCLP patients to be reduced significantly.

In ovo green light photostimulation during the late incubation stage affects somatotropic axis activity.

Targeted green light photostimulation during the last stage of broiler incubation increases expression of the somatotropic axis. The purpose of this study was to further shorten the in ovo green light photostimulation and determine the critical age for photostimulation in broilers embryos, as a future strategy for broiler incubation. Fertile broilers eggs (n = 420) were divided into 5 treatment groups. The first group was incubated under standard conditions (in the dark) as the negative control group. The second was incubated under intermittent monochromatic green light using light-emitting diode lamps with an intensity of 0.1 W/m2 at shell level from embryonic day (ED) 0 of incubation until hatch, as a positive control. The third, fourth, and fifth groups were incubated under intermittent monochromatic green light from ED 15, 16, and 18 of incubation, respectively, until hatch. All treatment groups showed elevated somatotropic axis expression compared with the negative control, with the group incubated under monochromatic green light from ED 18 until hatch showing results closest to the positive control. This suggests that broiler embryos can be exposed to in ovo green light photostimulation from a late stage of incubation (when transferring the eggs to the hatchery) and exhibit essentially the same outcome as obtained by photostimulation during the entire incubation period.

European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020.

The European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020 is the update of similar evidence based position papers published in 2005 and 2007 and 2012. The core objective of the EPOS2020 guideline is to provide revised, up-to-date and clear evidence-based recommendations and integrated care pathways in ARS and CRS. EPOS2020 provides an update on the literature published and studies undertaken in the eight years since the EPOS2012 position paper was published and addresses areas not extensively covered in EPOS2012 such as paediatric CRS and sinus surgery. EPOS2020 also involves new stakeholders, including pharmacists and patients, and addresses new target users who have become more involved in the management and treatment of rhinosinusitis since the publication of the last EPOS document, including pharmacists, nurses, specialised care givers and indeed patients themselves, who employ increasing self-management of their condition using over the counter treatments. The document provides suggestions for future research in this area and offers updated guidance for definitions and outcome measurements in research in different settings. EPOS2020 contains chapters on definitions and classification where we have defined a large number of terms and indicated preferred terms. A new classification of CRS into primary and secondary CRS and further division into localized and diffuse disease, based on anatomic distribution is proposed. There are extensive chapters on epidemiology and predisposing factors, inflammatory mechanisms, (differential) diagnosis of facial pain, allergic rhinitis, genetics, cystic fibrosis, aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease, immunodeficiencies, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and the relationship between upper and lower airways. The chapters on paediatric acute and chronic rhinosinusitis are totally rewritten. All available evidence for the management of acute rhinosinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps in adults and children is systematically reviewed and integrated care pathways based on the evidence are proposed. Despite considerable increases in the amount of quality publications in recent years, a large number of practical clinical questions remain. It was agreed that the best way to address these was to conduct a Delphi exercise . The results have been integrated into the respective sections. Last but not least, advice for patients and pharmacists and a new list of research needs are included. The full document can be downloaded for free on the website of this journal: http://www.rhinologyjournal.com.

A Common Practice of Widespread Antimicrobial Use in Horse Production Promotes Multi-Drug Resistance.

The practice of prophylactic administration of a macrolide antimicrobial with rifampin (MaR) to apparently healthy foals with pulmonary lesions identified by thoracic ultrasonography (i.e., subclinically pneumonic foals) is common in the United States. The practice has been associated epidemiologically with emergence of R. equi resistant to MaR. Here, we report direct evidence of multi-drug resistance among foals treated with MaR. In silico and in vitro analysis of the fecal microbiome and resistome of 38 subclinically pneumonic foals treated with either MaR (n = 19) or gallium maltolate (GaM; n = 19) and 19 untreated controls was performed. Treatment with MaR, but not GaM, significantly decreased fecal microbiota abundance and diversity, and expanded the abundance and diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes in feces. Soil plots experimentally infected with Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) and treated with MaR selected for MaR-resistant R. equi, whereas MaR-susceptible R. equi out-competed resistant isolates in GaM-treated or untreated plots. Our results indicate that MaR use promotes multi-drug resistance in R. equi and commensals that are shed into their environment where they can persist and potentially infect or colonize horses and other animals.

The quality of informed consent obtained for orthopedic surgeries-elective versus trauma: A prospective interview-based study.

BACKGROUND: Orthopedic surgeons routinely obtain informed consent prior to surgery. Legally adequate informed consent necessitates a thorough discussion of treatment options and risks and proper documentation. However, the quality of informed consent in orthopedic trauma patients is an under-researched area. PURPOSE: To assess the quality of the informed consent process in trauma compared with elective orthopedic patients and to assess patients' emotional state at the time of signing consent form. METHODS: Sixty-two consecutive patients undergoing either elective total joint arthroplasty ( N = 32) or orthopedic trauma surgery ( N = 30) were included. The data were collected through personal interviews using a proposed informed consent score. The interviews were held after obtaining the informed consent and before the index procedure. Patients were asked to describe their diagnosis, the surgical procedure, its' benefits, and risks as well as alternative treatments. RESULTS: Mean age differed significantly between elective and trauma group patients (66.1 vs. 51.6, respectively, p < 0.01), while gender and education level were comparable ( p = 0.075, p = 0.55, respectively). The quality of consent was significantly better for patients with post-high-school education compared to elementary education level (consent score: 16.9 ± 4.1 vs. 12.2 ± 5.5, p = 0.021). Patients in the elective group showed an overall higher quality of consent, as reflected by a mean score of 17.03 ± 4.2 versus a mean score of only 13.73 ± 4.7 in the trauma group ( p = 0.005, 95% CI: 1.02-5.57). Specifically, trauma patients demonstrated a lower comprehension of the diagnosis, the benefits of surgical treatment, the possible complications, and the expected postoperative course. CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing trauma surgery are significantly more likely to have an inadequate understanding of the proposed treatment. These findings raise questions concerning the validity of consent from trauma patients.

Identification of macrolide- and rifampicin-resistant Rhodococcus equi in environmental samples from equine breeding farms in central Kentucky during 2018.

Rhodococcus equi causes severe pneumonia in foals and is most often recognized in people as an opportunistic pathogen. Longitudinal studies examining antimicrobial-resistant R. equi from environmental samples are lacking. We hypothesized that antimicrobial-resistant R. equi would be detectable in the ground (pasture soil or stall bedding) and air at breeding farms with previous documentation of foals infected with resistant isolates, and that concentrations of resistant isolates would increase over time during the foaling season. In this prospective cohort study, ground and air samples were collected from stalls and paddocks in January, March, May and July of 2018 at 10 horse-breeding farms with history of foal pneumonia attributed to macrolide- or Rifampicin-resistant R. equi. Environmental samples were cultured in the presence and absence of macrolides and Rifampicin to select for resistant organisms. Data were analyzed with linear mixed-effects and Hurdle models. Concentrations of total R. equi in bedding or air of stalls were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in January than other months. The proportion of resistant R. equi in soil samples from paddocks was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than stall bedding during all months. For each month, air samples from paddocks had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher proportion of resistant isolates than those from stalls. Fifty-five percent of resistant soil isolates and 34% of resistant air isolates were considered virulent by identification of the vapA gene. Concentrations of resistant R. equi isolates did not increase over time during the foaling season. Antimicrobial-resistant R. equi can persist in the environment at farms with a history of pneumonia caused by resistant R. equi infections, and exposure to resistant isolates in paddocks and stalls appears stable during the foaling season. Resistant isolates in the environment not only pose a risk for disease but also can serve as a repository for dissemination of resistance genes.

Novel lipoprotein density profiling in laminitic, obese, and healthy horses.

Lipoproteins are water-miscible macromolecules enabling the transport of lipids in blood. In humans, altered proportions of lipoproteins are used to detect and classify metabolic diseases. Obesity and obesity-related comorbidities are common in horses. The pathophysiology of obesity is poorly understood and likely multifactorial. Development of new diagnostic tests to identify horses at risk of developing obesity to implement preventative measures is critical; however, a necessary first step to accomplish this goal is to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of disease. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize and compare lipoprotein profiles of horses with normal and excess body conditions, with and without laminitis using a novel method of continuous lipoprotein density profiling (CLPDP). Comparisons were made between 4 groups of horses: (1) laminitic, obese horses (n = 66); (2) laminitic, nonobese horses (n = 35); (3) nonlaminitic, obese horses (n = 41); and (4) nonlaminitic, nonobese horses (n = 95). Lipoprotein profiling, including evaluation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) was performed using CLPDP, and all 4 groups were compared. A significant difference was observed among groups for the subfractions TRL, LDL1, LDL2, HDL2b, HDL2a, HDL3a, HDL3b, HDL3c, and total HDL. This is the first known description of CLPDP to characterize equine lipid profiles and holds promise as a useful method for lipid characterization of horses.

EPOS2020: development strategy and goals for the latest European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: The European Position Papers on Rhinosinusitis from 2005, 2007 and 2012 have had a measurable impact on the way this common condition with high impact on quality of life is managed around the world. EPOS2020 will be the latest iteration of the guideline, addressing new stakeholders and target users, presenting a summary of the latest literature and evolving treatment modalities, and formulating clear recommendations based on all available evidence. METHODOLOGY: Based on the AGREE II framework, this article demonstrates how the EPOS2020 steering group will address six key areas to ensure consistency in quality and presentation of information in the latest rhinosinusitis clinical practice guideline: scope and purpose; stakeholder involvement; rigour of development; clarity of presentation; recommendations and applicability; editorial independence. RESULTS: By analysing the guidance from AGREE II, we formulated a detailed development strategy for EPOS2020. We identify new stakeholders and target users and ratify the importance of patient involvement in the latest EPOS guideline. New and expanded areas of research to be addressed are highlighted. We confirm our intention to use mixed methodologies, combining evidence-based medicine with real life studies; when no evidence can be found, use Delphi rounds to achieve clear, inclusive recommendations. We also introduce new concepts for dissemination of the guideline, using Internet and social media to improve accessibility. CONCLUSION: This article is an introduction to the EPOS2020 project, and presents the key goals, core stakeholders, planned methodology and dissemination strategies for the latest version of this influential guideline.

Regular brief interruptions to sitting after a high-energy evening meal attenuate glycemic excursions in overweight/obese adults.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Modern Western lifestyles are characterized by consumption of approximately 45% of total daily energy intake at the evening meal, followed by prolonged sitting while watching television (TV), which may deleteriously impact glycemic control. After a high-energy evening meal (dinner), we examined whether regular, brief activity bouts during TV commercial breaks could acutely lower postprandial glucose and insulin responses in overweight/obese adults, compared to prolonged uninterrupted sitting. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nine overweight/obese adults (29.7 ± 4.06 kg m-2; aged 32 ± 3 years; 5 male) completed two laboratory-based conditions of three and a half hours: prolonged sitting during TV viewing (SIT); and, prolonged sitting interrupted every 20 min with 3 min of light-intensity body-weight resistance activities (active commercial breaks; ACBs). Venous postprandial glucose and insulin responses to dinner were calculated as positive incremental area under the curve (iAUC) from baseline. Interstitial glucose was measured using a continuous glucose monitor and quantified as total AUC (tAUC). Compared to SIT, plasma glucose iAUC was reduced by 33% [3.4 ± 1.0 vs 5.1 ± 1.0 (mean ± SEM) mmol h·L-1, p = 0.019] and plasma insulin iAUC by 41% (813 ± 224 vs 1373 ± 224, p = 0.033 pmol h·L-1) for the ACB condition. During the ACB condition there was a significant reduction in interstitial glucose tAUC (24.4 ± 5.2 vs 26.9 ± 5.2 mmol h·L-1, p < 0.001), but this did not persist beyond the laboratory observation period. CONCLUSIONS: Regular brief light-intensity activity bouts can attenuate glycemic responses during television viewing time following a high-energy evening meal in overweight/obese adults.