Comparing the response to acute and chronic exposure to short wavelength lighting emitted from computer screens.

The use of electronic devices with light-emitting screens has increased exponentially in the last decade. As a result, humans are continuously exposed to unintentional artificial light. We explored the effects of acute and chronic exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) via screen illumination on sleep, circadian rhythms, and related functional outcomes. Nineteen participants (11 female and 8 males, mean age 28.1 ± 7.2 years) underwent a six-night study with three experimental conditions using a repeated-measures design: baseline (first night, no light exposure), acute ALAN exposure (second night), and chronic ALAN exposure (third to sixth nights). Each light exposure lasted for 2 hours (21:00-23:00). Participants underwent an overnight polysomnography at the end of each condition (nights 1, 2, and 6). We collected urine samples (for melatonin metabolite analysis), while body (oral) temperatures were measured before and after exposure. Each morning, the participants filled out questionnaires and conducted a computerized attention test. Both acute and chronic illumination significantly disrupted sleep continuity and architecture and led to greater self-reported daytime sleepiness, negative emotions, and attention difficulties. Both exposure types also altered circadian rhythms, subduing the normal nocturnal decline in body temperature and dampening nocturnal melatonin secretion. In sum, ALAN exposure from electronic screens has an immediate, detrimental, yet stable effect on sleep, circadian regulation, and next-day functional outcomes. Given the widespread use of electronic devices today, our findings suggest that even one night of screen light exposure may be sufficient to cause adverse effects on health and performance.

Evening light exposure to computer screens disrupts human sleep, biological rhythms, and attention abilities.

The use of electronic devices with light-emitting screens has increased exponentially in the last decade. As a result, humans are almost continuously exposed to unintentional artificial light. We explored the independent and combined effects of two aspects of screen illumination, light wavelength, and intensity, on sleep, its biological regulation, and related functional outcomes. The 2 × 2 repeated-measure design included two independent variables: screen light intensity (low ([LI] versus high [HI]) and wavelength (short [SWL] versus long [LWL]). Nineteen participants (11F, 8M; mean age 24.3 [±2.8] years) underwent four light conditions, LI/SWL, HI/SWL, LI/LWL, and HI/LWL, in counterbalanced order. Each light exposure lasted for two hours (21:00-23:00), following which participants underwent an overnight polysomnography. On each experimental night, oral temperature and urine samples (for melatonin analysis) were collected at multiple time points. Each morning, participants filled out questionnaires and conducted a computerized attention task. Irrespective of light intensity, SWL illumination significantly disrupted sleep continuity and architecture and led to greater self-reported daytime sleepiness. SWL light also altered biological rhythms, subduing the normal nocturnal decline in body temperature and dampening nocturnal melatonin secretion. Light intensity seemed to independently affect sleep as well, but to a lesser degree. Both light intensity and wavelength negatively affected morning attention. In sum, light wavelength seems to have a greater influence than light intensity on sleep and a wide-range of biological and behavioral functions. Given the widespread use of electronic devices today, our findings suggest that screen light exposure at evening may have detrimental effects on human health and performance.

Functional consequences of marijuana use in adolescents.

Nearly half of 12th graders have tried marijuana, and 6% use daily. This paper reviews studies on neuropsychological functioning, brain structure, brain function, and subjective and objective measures of sleep in relation to adolescent marijuana use. Adolescents who use marijuana heavily tend to show disadvantaged attention, learning, and processing speed; subtle abnormalities in brain structure; increased activation during cognitive tasks despite intact performance; and compromised objective indicators of sleep quality. Some abnormalities appear to persist beyond a month of abstinence, but may resolve within three months if cessation is maintained. Recommendations for future studies include characterizing these indices in youth prior to the onset of marijuana use then examining change after chronic use has started, and using large samples of youth with varying degrees of involvement with marijuana as well as alcohol, nicotine, and other drugs to characterize the interactive influences on neurocognition and neural health.

Long-term follow-up of sleep disordered breathing in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: The current study was designed to determine whether, with increasing age, sleep apnea improves, becomes worse, or stays the same. BACKGROUND: There is a high prevalence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in older adults, but little is known about longitudinal changes. This study followed older adults to examine the natural history of SDB. METHODS: Subjects were randomly selected community-dwelling elderly (n=427). A subset of subjects was studied approximately every 2 years over an 18-year period. Overnight sleep recordings and sleep questionnaires were completed at each time point. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression showed that three variables were associated with change in respiratory disturbance index (RDI):body mass index (BMI) at initial visit (P=0.001), change in BMI (P=0.02), and a consistent self-report of high blood pressure (P=0.005). RDI increase was associated with BMI increase and presence of self-reported high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in RDI that occurred were associated only with changes in BMI and were independent of age. This underscores the importance of managing weight for older adults, particularly those with hypertension.

Changes in cognitive function associated with sleep disordered breathing in older people.

OBJECTIVES: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is very common in older people and is known to be associated with complaints of impaired daily functioning, including excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairments. As part of a larger study on SDB and aging, it became possible to examine the relationship between SDB and cognition in older men and women. DESIGN: A population-based longitudinal study. SETTING: In-home interviews and home sleep recordings in the greater San Diego area. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling people age 65 and older with high risk for SDB were originally studied from 1981 through 1985 and then followed every 2 years. Data from the 46 subjects who completed Visit 3 and Visit 4 are presented. MEASUREMENTS: Subjects were interviewed in the home about their sleep and medical condition before each visit. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Daytime sleepiness was based on self-report. Objective sleep was recorded in the home and scored for sleep, apneas and hypopneas, and oximetry variables. RESULTS: Increases in respiratory disturbance index (RDI) (P= .036) and increases in daytime sleepiness (P= .002) were associated with decreases in cognitive performance (i.e., increases in cognitive impairment). Increases in RDI were also associated with increases in daytime sleepiness (P= .012). Change in MMSE scores was therefore regressed onto changes in RDI, daytime sleepiness, age, and education, resulting in decreases in MMSE scores being associated with increases in daytime sleepiness (P= .019) but not with changes in RDI (P= .515). There was no significant relationship between changes in oxygen saturation levels and changes in MMSE. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that declining cognitive function is associated primarily with increases in daytime sleepiness. Although cognitive decline was also associated with increases in RDI, this association did not hold in the more inclusive model which also included variable of SDB, oximetry, sleep and subjective report. One theoretical model could suggest that any relationship between SDB and cognitive function may be mediated by the effect of SDB on daytime sleepiness. These results suggest that older patients suffering from mild to moderate SDB may benefit from the treatment of SDB, even if they are not markedly hypoxemic.

Core body temperature and sleep of older female insomniacs before and after passive body heating.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between core body temperature and sleep in older female insomniacs and changes in that relationship as a result of passive body heating (PBH). An increase in body temperature early in the evening by way of PBH in older female insomniacs increased SWS in the early part of the sleep period and improved sleep continuity. Fourteen older female insomniacs (60-73 years old) participated in at least two consecutive nights of PBH involving hot (40-40.5 degrees C) baths 1.5-2 hours before bedtime. Hot baths resulted in a significant delay in the phase of the core body temperature rhythm compared to baseline nights. This delay in temperature phase paralleled the improvements in sleep quality.