Genotyping of Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in Mexican Women.

Approximately 40 genotypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV) have been identified in cervical mucosa. In particular, HPV-16 and HPV-18 have been associated with cervical neoplasia. Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) are precursors of cervical cancer. This study aimed to identify the HPV by genotype in SILs using a linear array genotyping test in a population in Mexico. We performed a cross-sectional study of 129 female patients with or without SILs, as determined by colposcopy, who completed a risk factor questionnaire. Cervical swab samples were obtained and genotyped using a Linear Array HPV Genotyping assay. Forty-nine (37.98%) samples were positive for HPV, and 24 genotypes were identified among these samples. The most common genotype was HPV-16. Twelve genotypes were found in both high- and low-grade SILs (HPV-6, 16, 31, 39, 51, 52, 53, 58, 59, 61, 67, and 84), of which seven were high-risk SILs (HPV-16, 31, 39, 51, 52, 58, and 59). Among the populations studied, the most frequent genotype was HPV-16, multiple infections were found, and four patients without injury tested positive for HPV.

Urocultivos en infección clínica de vías urinarias / RESULTS OF URINE CULTURE IN PATIENTS WITH CLINICAL URINARY TRACT INFECTION

Introducción: Las infecciones de vías urinarias (IVU) constituyen un problema de salud mundial. El aumento de la resistencia bacteriana a los antimicrobianos limita la administración de antibióticos económicos y de espectro limitado, lo que afecta el costo y el acceso a la atención. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la sensibilidad, resistencia y germen causal en urocultivos realizados en pacientes con infección clínica de vías urinarias. Métodos: Estudio transversal. Se analizaron urocultivos de pacientes con infección clínica de vías urinarias, cada urocultivo correspondió a un paciente. Las variables fueron edad, género, microorganismo causal, resistencia y sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos. Se realizó en la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 222 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social en Toluca Estado de México. Se evaluaron urocultivos con más de 100000 Unidades formadoras de colonias. Se realizó mediciones descriptivas, frecuencias y porcentajes en el programa SPSS v. 17 para Windows. Resultados: se incluyeron urocultivos de pacientes con infección clínica de vías urinarias. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 50.09 ± 19.43 años, con predominio del género femenino (211 pacientes). Los agentes causales más frecuentes fueron: Escherichia Coli (51.91%), Proteus mirabilis (14.70%) y Staphylococcus (11.11 %). Los antibióticos con mayor sensibilidad fueron: imipenem, cefotetan y meropenem (34%). Los antimicrobianos con mayor resistencia fueron: ampicilina (24%), ciprofloxacino (22%) y ampicilina con sulbactam (20%). Conclusiones: los microorganismos más frecuentemente fueron: Escherichia coli y Proteus; y los antimicrobianos a los que mostraron más resistencia bacteriana fueron: ampicilina y quinolonas.

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a global health problem. Increased bacterial resistance to antimicrobials limits the administration of low-spectrum antibiotics, which affect cost and access to care. The objective of this work is to determine the sensitivity, resistance and causal germ in urine cultures in patients with clinical urinary tract infection Methods: Transversal study. Urine cultures of patients with clinical urinary tract infection were analyzed, each urine culture corresponded to one patient. The variables were age, gender, causal microorganism, resistance and sensitivity to antimicrobials. It was performed at the Family Medicine Unit No. 222 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security in Toluca State of Mexico. Urocultures were evaluated with more than 100,000 colony forming units. Measurements were made frequencies and percentages in the SPSS program version 17 for Windows. Results: there were included 558 urine cultures; the average age was 50.09 ± 19.43 years, female predominance (211 patients). The most common causative microorganisms were Escherichia coli (51.91%), Proteus mirabilis (14.70%) and Staphylococcus (11.11%). Most sensitive antibiotics were: imipenem, meropenem and cefotetan (34%). Most resistance antimicrobial were: ampicillin (24%), ciprofloxacin (22%) and ampicillin with sulbactam (20%). Conclusions: Escherichia coli and Proteus were the most commonly isolated microorganisms; Ampicillin and quinolones showed more bacterial resistence.

Expresión de interferón gamma en la infección por el virus del papiloma humano y por Chlamydia trachomatis en muestras cervicales / Expression of gamma interferon during HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in cervical samples

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue medir la expresión de interferón gamma en la infección por VPH y por Chlamydia trachomatis en pacientes con lesión intraepitelial escamosa. MÉTODO: Se incluyeron 100 muestras de pacientes diagnosticadas por colposcopía, con y sin lesión intraepitelial escamosa, en quienes se efectuó el diagnóstico de infección por VPH y/o C. trachomatis. Se cuantificó la expresión relativa de interferón gamma con la prueba de transcriptasa reversa-PCR en tiempo real (RT-PCR). RESULTADOS: Las unidades relativas de la expresión de interferón gamma fueron de 13, 1,8 y 0,3 en la coinfección por VPH y C. trachomatis, en la infección por VPH y en la infección por C. trachomatis, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: La infección por VPH y por C. trachomatis puede constituir un factor estimulante de la expresión de interferón gamma

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to mesure the expression of gamma interferon in HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in squamous intraepithelial lesions. METHOD: Samples from 100 patients diagnosed by colposcopy with or without squamous intraepithelial lesions were used in the present study. Each patient was found to be infected by HPV and C. trachomatis. Relative gamma interferon mRNA expression was assessed using a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay (RT-PCR). RESULTS: The relative units of expression of gamma interferon mRNA were 13, 1.8 and 0.3, for HPV and C. trachomatis co-infection, or HPV or C. trachomatis infection, respectively. CONCLUSIÓN: HPV and C. trachomatis could overstimulate the expression of gamma interferon

[Expression of gamma interferon during HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in cervical samples]. / Expresión de interferón gamma en la infección por el virus del papiloma humano y por Chlamydia trachomatis en muestras cervicales.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to mesure the expression of gamma interferon in HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in squamous intraepithelial lesions. METHOD: Samples from 100 patients diagnosed by colposcopy with or without squamous intraepithelial lesions were used in the present study. Each patient was found to be infected by HPV and C.trachomatis. Relative gamma interferon mRNA expression was assessed using a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay (RT-PCR). RESULTS: The relative units of expression of gamma interferon mRNA were 13, 1.8 and 0.3, for HPV and C.trachomatis co-infection, or HPV or C.trachomatis infection, respectively. CONCLUSION: HPV and C.trachomatis could overstimulate the expression of gamma interferon.

The adiponectin/leptin ratio is a useful tool to evaluate the metabolic status in an obstetrical intensive care unit.

INTRODUCTION: Critically ill patients, including obstetrical patients, face undernutrition but a reliable and cost effective study to assess their nutritional state is still missing. Our main objective was to analyze serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations in puerperal women attended in an Obstetrical Intensive Care Unit (OICU) in order to evaluate their potential role as nutritional metabolic parameter. METHODS: This was a descriptive, clinical, longitudinal and comparative study. We evaluated the anthropometric variables, clinical laboratories, daily calories and adiponectin and leptin serum levels of 16 puerperal women attended at the OICU of the Materno Perinatal Hospital "Mónica Pretelini" (HMPMP). RESULTS: For all women there was a negative correlation with Spearman test between leptin the day of discharge from the obstetrical intensive care unit and the days of stay -0.632 (p = 0.011). Considering an adiponectin/leptin ratio, the media in the first day was of 0.3 (0.07-13.6) and in the day of discharge it was of 2.4 (0.1-24.6) in overweight women. The same values for obese women were of 0.3 (0.2-0.4) and 0.5 (0.3-1.2). CONCLUSION: After an average of six days of hospitalization, leptin showed a decrement in women attended at the OICU. As expected, adiponectin increased in both groups. The adiponectin/ leptin ratio could be a useful metabolic parameter.