Rediscovering hermaphroditism in Grammatidae with the description of the testicular gland in Brazilian Basslet Gramma brasiliensis / Redescobrindo o hermafroditismo em Grammatidae com a descrição da glândula testicular de Gramma brasiliensis

Many aspects of sex change in reef fishes have been studied, including behavior and social organization. However, gonad histology remains the most robust way to identify sexual patterns in fishes. Some uncommon tissues remain poorly described, such as the accessory gonadal structures found in species from the Gobiidae family, which are rare in other bony fishes. This is the first report of the testicular gland in Gramma brasiliensis and for the Grammatidae family. Between April 2011 and February 2012 eighty specimens were collected during four dive campaigns on the Taipus de Fora reef (13°5620S 38°5532W), Bahia, Northeast Brazil, and their sex was determined. Thirteen per cent of the active-females and 90% of the active-males had testicular gland tissue in their ovotestis. This discovery led to additional research into the characteristics of the gland tissue and its relationship with gonadal maturation. Three patterns of testicular gland development were found in Brazilian basslet ovotestis. Both ova and sperm-producing gonad contained testicular gland tissue, and the appearance of this tissue seems to be the first modification of ovotestis tissue marking the beginning of the protogynous sex-change process in G. brasiliensis.(AU)

Diversos aspectos da troca de sexo em peixes recifais vem sendo estudados, incluindo comportamentos e organização social. Entretanto, a histologia das gônadas continua sendo a maneira mais robusta para se identificar padrões sexuais em peixes. Alguns tecidos incomuns, tais como as estruturas anexas a gônada encontradas em espécies da família Gobiidae e raras em outras espécies são pouco estudados. Este trabalho é a primeira descrição da glândula testicular em Gramma brasiliensis e para a família Grammatidae. Entre abril de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012, oitenta espécimes foram coletados durante quatro amostragens no recife de Taipus de Fora (13°5620S 38°5532W), Bahia, Brasil, e tiveram seus sexos determinados. Treze por cento das fêmeas ativas e noventa por cento dos machos ativos apresentaram tecido da glândula testicular em suas gônadas. Esta descoberta levou ao estudo da características dessa estrutura e sua relação com a maturação gonadal. Foram identificados três padrões de desenvolvimento da glândula testicular nas gônadas do Gramma brasiliensis. Tanto as gônadas produtoras de espermatozoides quanto as de oócitos apresentaram tecido da glândula testicular, e o surgimento desse tecido parece ser a primeira modificação gonadal do início da troca de sexo protogínica em G. brasiliensis.(AU)

Rediscovering hermaphroditism in Grammatidae with the description of the testicular gland in Brazilian Basslet Gramma brasiliensis / Redescobrindo o hermafroditismo em Grammatidae com a descrição da glândula testicular de Gramma brasiliensis

Abstract Many aspects of sex change in reef fishes have been studied, including behavior and social organization. However, gonad histology remains the most robust way to identify sexual patterns in fishes. Some uncommon tissues remain poorly described, such as the accessory gonadal structures found in species from the Gobiidae family, which are rare in other bony fishes. This is the first report of the testicular gland in Gramma brasiliensis and for the Grammatidae family. Between April 2011 and February 2012 eighty specimens were collected during four dive campaigns on the Taipus de Fora reef (13°56’20”S 38°55’32”W), Bahia, Northeast Brazil, and their sex was determined. Thirteen per cent of the active-females and 90% of the active-males had testicular gland tissue in their ovotestis. This discovery led to additional research into the characteristics of the gland tissue and its relationship with gonadal maturation. Three patterns of testicular gland development were found in Brazilian basslet ovotestis. Both ova and sperm-producing gonad contained testicular gland tissue, and the appearance of this tissue seems to be the first modification of ovotestis tissue marking the beginning of the protogynous sex-change process in G. brasiliensis.

Resumo Diversos aspectos da troca de sexo em peixes recifais vem sendo estudados, incluindo comportamentos e organização social. Entretanto, a histologia das gônadas continua sendo a maneira mais robusta para se identificar padrões sexuais em peixes. Alguns tecidos incomuns, tais como as estruturas anexas a gônada encontradas em espécies da família Gobiidae e raras em outras espécies são pouco estudados. Este trabalho é a primeira descrição da glândula testicular em Gramma brasiliensis e para a família Grammatidae. Entre abril de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012, oitenta espécimes foram coletados durante quatro amostragens no recife de Taipus de Fora (13°56’20”S 38°55’32”W), Bahia, Brasil, e tiveram seus sexos determinados. Treze por cento das fêmeas ativas e noventa por cento dos machos ativos apresentaram tecido da glândula testicular em suas gônadas. Esta descoberta levou ao estudo da características dessa estrutura e sua relação com a maturação gonadal. Foram identificados três padrões de desenvolvimento da glândula testicular nas gônadas do Gramma brasiliensis. Tanto as gônadas produtoras de espermatozoides quanto as de oócitos apresentaram tecido da glândula testicular, e o surgimento desse tecido parece ser a primeira modificação gonadal do início da troca de sexo protogínica em G. brasiliensis.

Rediscovering hermaphroditism in Grammatidae with the description of the testicular gland in Brazilian Basslet Gramma brasiliensis.

Many aspects of sex change in reef fishes have been studied, including behavior and social organization. However, gonad histology remains the most robust way to identify sexual patterns in fishes. Some uncommon tissues remain poorly described, such as the accessory gonadal structures found in species from the Gobiidae family, which are rare in other bony fishes. This is the first report of the testicular gland in Gramma brasiliensis and for the Grammatidae family. Between April 2011 and February 2012 eighty specimens were collected during four dive campaigns on the Taipus de Fora reef (13°56'20"S 38°55'32"W), Bahia, Northeast Brazil, and their sex was determined. Thirteen per cent of the active-females and 90% of the active-males had testicular gland tissue in their ovotestis. This discovery led to additional research into the characteristics of the gland tissue and its relationship with gonadal maturation. Three patterns of testicular gland development were found in Brazilian basslet ovotestis. Both ova and sperm-producing gonad contained testicular gland tissue, and the appearance of this tissue seems to be the first modification of ovotestis tissue marking the beginning of the protogynous sex-change process in G. brasiliensis.

Rediscovering hermaphroditism in Grammatidae with the description of the testicular gland in Brazilian Basslet Gramma brasiliensis

Abstract Many aspects of sex change in reef fishes have been studied, including behavior and social organization. However, gonad histology remains the most robust way to identify sexual patterns in fishes. Some uncommon tissues remain poorly described, such as the accessory gonadal structures found in species from the Gobiidae family, which are rare in other bony fishes. This is the first report of the testicular gland in Gramma brasiliensis and for the Grammatidae family. Between April 2011 and February 2012 eighty specimens were collected during four dive campaigns on the Taipus de Fora reef (13°5620S 38°5532W), Bahia, Northeast Brazil, and their sex was determined. Thirteen per cent of the active-females and 90% of the active-males had testicular gland tissue in their ovotestis. This discovery led to additional research into the characteristics of the gland tissue and its relationship with gonadal maturation. Three patterns of testicular gland development were found in Brazilian basslet ovotestis. Both ova and sperm-producing gonad contained testicular gland tissue, and the appearance of this tissue seems to be the first modification of ovotestis tissue marking the beginning of the protogynous sex-change process in G. brasiliensis.

Resumo Diversos aspectos da troca de sexo em peixes recifais vem sendo estudados, incluindo comportamentos e organização social. Entretanto, a histologia das gônadas continua sendo a maneira mais robusta para se identificar padrões sexuais em peixes. Alguns tecidos incomuns, tais como as estruturas anexas a gônada encontradas em espécies da família Gobiidae e raras em outras espécies são pouco estudados. Este trabalho é a primeira descrição da glândula testicular em Gramma brasiliensis e para a família Grammatidae. Entre abril de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012, oitenta espécimes foram coletados durante quatro amostragens no recife de Taipus de Fora (13°5620S 38°5532W), Bahia, Brasil, e tiveram seus sexos determinados. Treze por cento das fêmeas ativas e noventa por cento dos machos ativos apresentaram tecido da glândula testicular em suas gônadas. Esta descoberta levou ao estudo da características dessa estrutura e sua relação com a maturação gonadal. Foram identificados três padrões de desenvolvimento da glândula testicular nas gônadas do Gramma brasiliensis. Tanto as gônadas produtoras de espermatozoides quanto as de oócitos apresentaram tecido da glândula testicular, e o surgimento desse tecido parece ser a primeira modificação gonadal do início da troca de sexo protogínica em G. brasiliensis.

Analysis of mRNA quality in freshly prepared and archival Papanicolaou samples.

OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of utilizing mRNA recovered from cytologic Papanicolaou (Pap) specimens as a resource for gene expression studies of normal and diseased cells. STUDY DESIGN: To assess the effects of fixation on mRNA recovery and analysis, fresh Pap samples were processed by three separate methods: (1) routine cytologic fixation (2) 70% ethanol fixation, and (3) air drying without fixation. One-week-old, 1-month-old, 1-year-old and 10-year-old samples were studied to determine the quality of mRNA in archival samples. mRNA quality was analyzed by RT-PCR for the HPRT gene, and by complete transcript amplification. Both heterogeneous (whole slide scrapes) and microdissected cell populations were studied. RESULTS: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosil transferase gene was positive in all fresh and archival samples and was not affected by fixative, processing methodology or microdissection. Complete transcript amplification followed by gel electrophoresis showed cDNA smears in all fresh samples with a maximum intensity between 1 and 2 kilobases (kb). Amplification of mRNA was not affected by fixation. Smaller cDNA smears were seen in archival specimens with a maximum intensity between 0.5 and 1.5 kb in both one-week-old and one-month-old samples. Smears of approximately 500 base pairs were observed in the 1-year-old and 10-year-old samples. Successful mRNA amplification was possible from microdissected cell populations. CONCLUSION: Messenger RNA recovery and analysis is possible from archival cytologic specimens, suggesting that they can serve as a useful template for RT-PCR analysis of individual genes as well as newly developing high-throughput gene expression methodologies, such as microarrays. Cytologic samples may be particularly useful for study of archival samples as well as diseases from which tissue samples amenable to mRNA-based studies are not available.