Eliminación y prevención de la deficiencia de yodo en mujeres gestantes de Perú / Elimination and prevention of iodine deficiency in pregnant women from Peru

RESUMEN La deficiencia de yodo (DI) causa daño a través de todos los ciclos de la vida, la vulnerabilidad es mayor durante la gestación y la infancia. La yodación universal de la sal (IUS) para consumo humano es la estrategia más costo-efectiva y sostenible para su control. Perú ha logrado la eliminación sostenida de los desórdenes por deficiencia de yodo (DDI) desde 1994. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del programa nacional de control de los DDI y la estrategia IUS para satisfacer el mayor requerimiento de yodo y asegurar la nutrición óptima de yodo de las mujeres embarazadas de la sierra, una región con severa deficiencia natural de yodo. Material y Métodos: El estudio ha incluido a 489 mujeres embarazadas de la sierra, seleccionadas entre las asistentes a control pre natal en los centros asistenciales. En cada sujeto se verificó el consumo de sal yodada y se colectó una muestra casual de orina para el análisis de la concentración de yodo y creatinina. Resultados: Según la encuesta de admisión el 99.6 % de los hogares consumen sal yodada. La mediana global de la concentración urinaria de yodo (CUI) 209 µg/L está dentro del rango adecuado para gestantes y demuestra un estado nutricional de yodo normal. La concentración de creatinina en la orina es normal. Conclusión: Estos resultados confirman la eficiencia y el éxito del programa nacional para la eliminación sostenida de los DDI, garantizando la nutrición normal de yodo durante la gestación y, por lo tanto, previniendo el riesgo de daño cerebral de los recién nacidos cada año en la sierra.

ABSTRACT Iodine is an essential element for synthesizing thyroid hormones, it is also essential for cell metabolism and tissue development, especially in the brain. Iodine requirements are higher during pregnancy and lactation. Iodine deficiency (ID) is a widespread condition all over the world; it is frequent in Peruvian highlands and rainforest. ID causes damage in all life periods, and vulnerability for this is greater during pregnancy and infancy. Universal salt iodination (USI) for human use is the most cost-effective and sustainable strategy for controlling ID. Peru has achieved the sustained elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) since 1994. Objective. To determine the effectiveness of the national program for controlling IDDs and the USI strategy for complying with the increased iodine requirement and to assure optimal iodine nutrition in pregnant women from the Peruvian highlands, a region with severe natural iodine deficiency. Material and Methods. The study included 489 pregnant women from the highlands, who were selected from those attending prenatal assessment in healthcare centers. Iodinated salty consumption was verified in each subject and a casual urine sample was collected for measuring iodine and creatinine concentration. Results. According to the admission survey, 99.6% of household use iodinated salt. The overall mean of iodine urine concentration (IUC) was 209 µg/L, which is well within the adequate range for pregnant women, and it shows a normal iodine nutrition status. The creatinine urinary concentration was normal. Conclusion. These results confirm the efficiency and success of the national program for the sustained elimination of IDDs, assuring normal iodine nutritional supply during pregnancy; and, therefore, preventing the risk for brain damage in newborns every year in the highlands.

Incidence of eclampsia with HELLP syndrome and associated mortality in Latin America.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the maternal outcome among women with eclampsia with and without HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of women with eclampsia was undertaken in 14 maternity units in Latin America between January 1 and December 31, 2012. Outcomes were compared between women with and without concomitant HELLP syndrome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors of maternal mortality. RESULTS: There were 196 eclampsia cases among 115 038 deliveries; 142 (72.4%) women had eclampsia alone and 54 (27.6%) women had concomitant HELLP syndrome. Severe systolic hypertension (≥160 mm Hg), severe diastolic hypertension (≥110 mm Hg), and hypertensive encephalopathy were significantly more common among women with HELLP than among those with eclampsia alone (P=0.01 for all). There were 8 (4.1%) maternal deaths, all in the group with HELLP syndrome, and 18 (9.1%) perinatal deaths. In a multivariate regression model, maternal mortality was significantly associated with low platelet count and severe systolic hypertension (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Eclampsia with HELLP syndrome is a dangerous complication associated with pregnancy. Low platelet count secondary to HELLP syndrome and severe systolic hypertension were independently associated with maternal mortality from eclampsia.

The Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery Lung Cancer Cooperative Group-II registry. A descriptive study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The seventh edition of the TNM classification, together with undeniable advantages, has limitations. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) Staging Committee has designed an international prospective study to improve this classification. A group of thoracic surgeons and pulmonologists was established in the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR) Oncology area, and created a registry of new lung cancer (LC) cases to participate in this project. The aim of this paper is to describe the main characteristics of the patients included. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective, observational, multicentre, multiregional data collection (epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and, especially, anatomical extension) study, according to the IASLC protocol, to analyse its prognostic value. RESULTS: Two thousand, four hundred and nineteen patients (83.6% men) from 28 hospitals were included. Ninety-six percent of the men and 54% of the women were smokers or ex-smokers. Chest/abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning was performed in over 90% and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scanning in 51.5% of cases. Among the 1035 patients who underwent surgery, 77% had early stages (ia to iib), and 61.6% of those treated using other methods had stage iv. Respiratory comorbidity was higher in men (47.9% versus 21.4%). The most common histological subtype was adenocarcinoma (34%), especially in non-smoking women (69.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of women and adenocarcinomas, as well as those resected at an early stage, increased among LC cases in Spain.

[Chest wall surgery]. / Cirugía de la pared torácica.

Despite the numerous differences among the distinct diseases of the chest wall, the surgery of this area shows certain common features. Treatment has progressively changed in the last few years due to advances in diagnostic techniques, minimally invasive procedures and reconstruction materials, and especially due to the multidisciplinary management of many diseases. Nuss' minimally invasive correction of pectus excavatum has gained devotees, although open approaches are performed with increasingly small incisions, almost comparable to the lateral incisions in Nuss' technique. Surgeons supporting the open approach also cite the evident disadvantages of the need for a steel implant for 2 or 3 years and for a second intervention to remove this implant. En-bloc resections with reconstruction using materials, which are increasingly better and covered by myocutaneous grafts in collaboration with plastic surgery departments, constitute a major advance in the treatment of chest wall tumors. Trimodal therapy for Pancoast tumors, consisting of induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy and subsequent surgical treatment of the tumor, currently provides the best results in terms of resectability and survival.

Cirugía de la pared torácica / Chest wall surgery

La cirugía de la pared torácica, a pesar de las múltiples diferencias de las diferentes patologías que presenta,comparte aspectos comunes en su tratamiento quirúrgico. El tratamiento ha ido cambiando en el curso de losúltimos años gracias a los avances producidos en las técnicas diagnósticas, los procedimientos mínimamenteinvasivos y en los materiales de reconstrucción, pero sobre todo en el manejo interdisciplinario de muchas delas patologías.La corrección mínimamente invasiva de Nuss ha ido ganando adeptos en el tratamiento del pectus, aunque losabordajes abiertos cada vez se realizan a través de incisiones más pequeñas, casi comparables a las incisioneslaterales en la técnica de Nuss. Los partidarios del abordaje abierto hacen referencia también a las desventajasevidentes de la necesidad de portar un implante de acero durante 2 o 3 años y de una segunda intervenciónpara retirar dicho implante.Las técnicas de resección en bloque con reconstrucción mediante materiales, cada vez mejores y cubiertos porinjertos miocutáneos en colaboración con los servicios de cirugía plástica, han supuesto un notable avance enel tratamiento de los tumores de pared.El tratamiento trimodal del tumor de Pancoast, consistente en una inducción con quimioterapia y radioterapiay posteriormente tratamiento quirúrgico del tumor, es en la actualidad el que mejores resultados ofreceen términos de resecabilidad y supervivencia(AU)

Despite the numerous differences among the distinct diseases of the chest wall, the surgery of this area showscertain common features. Treatment has progressively changed in the last few years due to advances indiagnostic techniques, minimally invasive procedures and reconstruction materials, and especially due to themultidisciplinary management of many diseases.Nuss’ minimally invasive correction of pectus excavatum has gained devotees, although open approaches areperformed with increasingly small incisions, almost comparable to the lateral incisions in Nuss’ technique.Surgeons supporting the open approach also cite the evident disadvantages of the need for a steel implant for2 or 3 years and for a second intervention to remove this implant.En-bloc resections with reconstruction using materials, which are increasingly better and covered bymyocutaneous grafts in collaboration with plastic surgery departments, constitute a major advance in thetreatment of chest wall tumors.Trimodal therapy for Pancoast tumors, consisting of induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy andsubsequent surgical treatment of the tumor, currently provides the best results in terms of resectability andsurvival(AU)

Evaluación rápida del desempeño de la red pública de servicios de salud de Suba en el logro de los atributos de la atención primaria de salud - APS / Avaliação rápida do desempenho da rede pública de serviços de saúde de Suba no alcance dos atributos da atençãoprimária de saúde - APS / Quick assessment on the performance of the public network of health services in Suba, within the achievements of the primary health services - APS

Se analiza el desempeño de la red del Hospital de Suba II Nivel ESE en el cumplimiento de los atributos de la APS. Se realizó una evaluación rápida que adapta la metodología propuesta por Starfield y validada por Macinko en Brasil, la cual comprende encuestas a los usuarios, profesionales, coordinadores y decisores de los servicios. Los atributos estudiados son comparados con las percepciones de los actores de instituciones ambulatorias similares del sector privado. Se encontró diferencia significativa del principio de integralidad a favor del sector público y, además, que la percepción de salud de los usuarios adultos está asociada significativamente con la evaluación positiva de la prestadora de servicios de salud y el carácter público de la misma. No obstante, existe una baja calificación del enfoque familiar y orientación comunitaria, aspectos entre otros que requieren correctivos que permitan al Hospital contribuir a mejorar la salud y la equidad en salud en esta localidad.

This study evaluated the performance of a primary health care (PHC) strategy implemented by a public health care network lead by Suba Hospital. The study was based on a rapid assessment approach that adapted Starfield’s methodology and was validated by Macinko in Brazil. It included surveys for patients, professionals, coordinators and decision-makers. Their perceptions are compared with those of actors in private outpatient settings. This study demonstrated significant perceived gains in comprehensiveness in the public sector, and also found that users’perceptions of health are significantly associated with the positive assessment of the institution providing primary health care services and with the public nature of the institution. However, findings also indicated poor performance with regards to family and community orientation and particular elements of other important attributes of CPHC. Strategies must be oriented to address these problems in order to allow Suba Hospital to improve its contribution to population health and equity in health.

O estudo analisa o desempenho da rede do hospital de Suba II Nível ESE no cumprimento dos atributos da APS. Realizou-se uma avaliação rápida que adapta a metodologia proposta por Starfield e validada por Mocinko no Brasil, a qual compreende pesquisas dos usuários, profissionais, coordenadores e decisórios do serviço. Os atributos estudados são comparados com as percepções dos atores de instituições ambulatórias similares do setor privado. Encontrou-se uma diferença significativa do principio da integralidade a favor do setor público, como também, que a percepção da saúde dos usuários adultos está associada significativamente com a avaliação positiva da prestadora de serviços de saúde e o caráter público da mesma. Não obstante, existe uma baixa qualificação do enfoque familiar e orientação comunitária, aspectos entre outros que requerem corretivos que permitam ao hospital contribuir para melhorar a saúde e a igualdade na saúde nesta localidade.