Presencia del marcador lmp-1 del virus epstein-barr en linfomas de caninos / Presence of lmp-1 protein of epstein-barr virus in lymphomas of canine origin

RESUMEN El virus Epstein-Barr (EBV) es un virus de alta prevalencia en humanos que se asocia con tumores de la línea linfoide B. En caninos se dispone de pocos reportes sobre la presencia del EBV y su rol en esta especie. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la presencia de la proteína latente de membrana del EBV (LMP-1) en tejidos obtenidos de 20 linfomas de caninos cuyo diagnóstico se había realizado durante un periodo de 10 años, entre 2004 y 2014. Los linfomas se reclasificaron mediante las nuevas clasificaciones histopatológicas para linfomas y se sometieron a inmunohistoquímica (IHQ) con los anticuerpos anti-CD79a, anti-CD3, anticuerpos específicos para linfocitos B y T, además de un anti-LMP-1 como marcador de la presencia del EBV. Se encontró que el linfoma más común fue el linfoma nodal de zona T con un 75% de los casos. Al realizar la inmunomarcación se encontraron 18 casos positivos a CD3, 2 casos positivos a CD79a y 6 casos positivos a LMP-1, lo que representa el 30% de positividad del EBV en linfomas. El análisis Ji cuadrado demostró significancia estadística entre la presencia del virus y la presencia del linfoma lo que sugiere, no solamente que el virus está circulando en la población canina, sino que además puede tener relación con la ocurrencia de esta neoplasia. Con relación a las variables demográficas, sólo en la raza Golden Retriever se demostró relación con la presencia del linfoma, pero no con la presencia del virus.

ABSTRACT Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a human high prevalent virus associated with lymphoid B cells tumors development. In canines, few reports have been published regarding the presence of the virus in dogs but its role in this species remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of LMP-1 protein of EBV in 20 canine lymphomas tissues which were previously diagnosed in a period of time between 2004 -2014. Lymphomas were reclassified in accordance with the new histopathological classifications for lymphomas and were stained by IHQ with anti-CD79a, anti-CD3 and anti-LMP-1; in addition, specific antibodies for B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and EBV biomarker, respectively. It was found that the most common lymphoma was T-zone lymphoma in 75% of the cases of the study. The distribution of the cases regarding the immunostaining was: 18 positive cases with anti-CD3, 2 positive cases with anti-CD79a and 6 positive cases with anti- LMP-1. Positive cases of LMP-1 as a biomarker of the presence of EBV corresponded to the 30% of the cases of the study. Chi-square test showed statistical significance between the presence of the virus and the presence of lymphomas, which suggests not only that the virus is circulating in the canine population but also that could have implications in the development of the disease. Regarding demographic parameters, only the Golden Retriever breed showed a relationship with the presence of lymphoma, but not with the presence of the virus.

ANÁLISIS DEL ESTADO ACTUAL DE LA INGENIERÍA CLÍNICA EN LAS INSTITUCIONES HOSPITALARIAS DE CALI / ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF CLINICAL ENGINEERING IN HOSPITALS IN CALI / A ANÁLISE DO ESTADO ATUAL DA ENGENHARIA CLÍNICA EM HOSPITAIS DE CALI

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos tras analizar la información recolectada en once instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud (IPS) en la ciudad de Cali y municipios aledaños, sobre tres elementos clave para la buena práctica de la Ingeniería Clínica: adquisición de tecnología, gestión de mantenimiento y formación del personal. Se realizó una comparación entre las prácticas actuales de IC en las IPS encuestadas y las prácticas propuestas en la literatura existente. Se propone además una serie de aspectos a tomar en cuenta con miras a mejorar el desempeño de los departamentos de IC tanto en la ciudad como en el país.

This paper summarizes the results obtained after analyzing the information gathered in eleven institutions providing health services (IPS, in Colombia) in the city of Cali and surrounding municipalities, three key elements for good clinical engineering practice are presented: Acquisition technology, management, maintenance and staff training. A comparison between current practices in the surveyed IC at IPS and practices proposed in the literature was conducted. It also proposes a number of aspects to consider in order to improve performance of both IC departments in the city and in the country.

Este artigo apresenta os resultados obtidos depois de analisar as informações coletadas em onze instituições prestadoras de serviços de saúde (IPS), na cidade de Cali e municípios vizinhos, sobre três elementos-chave para a boa prática de engenharia clínica: aquisição de tecnologia, gestão de manutenção e treinamento de pessoal. Uma comparação foi feita entre as práticas atuais nas IPS e práticas propostos na literatura atual. Ele também propõe uma série de aspectos a considerar, a fim de melhorar o desempenho dos departamentos IC tanto na cidade quanto no país.

Role of Hsp72 and norepinephrine in the moderate exercise-induced stimulation of neutrophils' microbicide capacity.

The influence of a single session of moderate exercise (45 min at 55% of VO(2 )max) performed by young sedentary men (23-25 years old) on the microbicidal capacity of neutrophils was compared by using both direct (killing of phagocytosed Candida albicans) and indirect (superoxide anion production measured by NBT reduction) techniques. In addition, the role of norepinephrine and heat shock protein (Hsp) 72 in the modulation of microbicide capacity of neutrophils was evaluated during the protocol of exercise and recovery period (24 h). No significant changes were found in the superoxide production after exercise. However, immediately after exercise there was an increase in the destruction of C. albicans, which remained higher than basal values 1 day later. This behaviour was similar to the changes found in the serum extracellular Hsp72 concentrations (an increase after exercise that remained higher than basal values 24 h later). In vitro, the raised physiological concentration of Hsp72 after exercise also increased the microbicide capacity of neutrophils with respect to controls and the values induced by the basal concentration of the protein. This indicates that Hsp72 is participating as a "stress mediator" of the stimulated microbicide activity during moderate exercise. However, norepinephrine is not mediating the increased killing of C. albicans during exercise.

[Evaluation of the combination of psychosocial and pharmacological treatment in schizophrenic patients]. / Evaluación de la combianación de los tratamientos psicosocial y farmacológico en pacientes con esquizofrenia.

INTRODUCTION: The present treatment of schizophrenia should initially focus on bringing psychotic symptoms under control with the use of antipsychotic medication, but it also should include the psychosocial management of the illness, with the implementation of psychosocial treatment. The purpose of the present study is to describe the results of the comparison of two groups (experimental and control) of schizophrenic out-patients of The National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente in Mexico City. The experimental group received a combination of psychosocial and pharmacological treatment, while the control group received the pharmacological treatment alone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental design which included the two groups under study, experimental (n=25) and control group (n=22), was used. Both groups were assessed at the beginning and at the end of a one-year interventions considering variables such as: symptomatology, psychosocial functioning, global functioning, compliance with antipsychotic medication, relapses, rehospitalizations, therapeutic non-compliance, and adherence. RESULTS: Experimental patients, in comparison with control patients, improved their symptomatology, psychosocial functioning and global functioning considerably. They also presented the following: lower relapse frequency - 12% versus 31,8% of the controls as well as low rehospitalizacion rate - 0% versus 13.6% of the control patients, higher antipsychotic medication compliance (90%) when compared with patients under the control condition (80%), a reduced rate of therapeutic non-compliace (19.3%) and a higher degree of adherence (80.7%). On the other hand, control patients remained stabilized in their symptomatology, but did not improved in any of the psychosocial variables. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the combination of psychosocial and pharmacological therapy is a more effective form of treatment in comparison with the other approach of pharmacotherapy alone. It may be concluded that there is sound evidence that indicates that combined psychosocial and pharmacological therapy combined report beneficial effects for the patients; therefore, it should be considered as an important therapeutic alternative in the treatment of schizophrenic patients.

Evaluación de la combinación de los tratamientos psicosocial y farmacológico en pacientes con esquizofrenia / Evaluation of the combination of psychosocial and pharmacological treatment in schizophrenic patients

Introducción. El manejo actual de la esquizofrenia tiene que ver con el control de la sintomatología psicótica, a través de la aplicación de los medicamentos antipsicóticos, así como el abordaje de las incapacidades psicosociales de la enfermedad por medio del tratamiento psicosocial. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en informar de los resultados obtenidos en un grupo (experimental) de pacientes que recibió la combinación del tratamiento farmacológico y psicosocial, en comparación con otro grupo (control) que recibió únicamente el tratamiento farmacológico. Participaron pacientes con esquizofrenia, que asistían a la Consulta Externa del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, en México, D.F.Material y métodos. Se utilizó un diseño cuasiexperimental, conformando dos grupos de pacientes: el experimental (n=25) y el control (n=22). Ambos grupos fueron evaluados antes y después de las dos modalidades de intervención que tuvieron un año de duración. Para evaluar los tratamientos se tomaron en cuenta variables como: la sintomatología, el funcionamiento psicosocial, la actividad global, el cumplimiento con el uso de los medicamentos antipsicóticos, las recaídas, las rehospitalizaciones, el abandono al tratamiento y la adherencia terapéutica.Resultados. Los pacientes experimentales mejoraron significativamente en cuanto a la sintomatología psicótica, el funcionamiento psicosocial y la actividad global. Tuvieron un menor índice de recaídas (12 per cent) frente al grupo control (31,8 per cent) así como un bajo nivel de rehospitalizaciones (0 per cent) en comparación con el de control (13 per cent), un mayor cumplimiento en el uso de los medicamentos antipsicóticos (90 per cent) a diferencia del grupo control (80 per cent), un reducido porcentaje de abandono del tratamiento psicosocial (19,3 per cent) y un alto grado de adherencia terapéutica (80,7 per cent). Los pacientes controles mantuvieron estable su sintomatología, pero no mejoraron en ninguno de los aspectos psicosociales.Conclusiones. La combinación de los tratamientos psicosocial y farmacológico demostró ser más efectiva que la utilización exclusiva del tratamiento farmacológico, por lo que se recomienda esta modalidad como una alternativa importante y de beneficios terapéuticos considerables en pacientes con esquizofrenia (AU)

Seasonal variation in haematological parameters in male and female Tinca tinca.

This study was designed to investigate any seasonal (spring, summer, autumn and winter) changes in haematological parameters in the blood of Tinca tinca measuring the number of red blood cells (RBC), haematocrit, white blood cells, and total plasma proteins. The results show significant changes in RBC and haematocrit in males comparing spring and summer with autumn and winter, whereas in females the RBC remained constant for all 4 seasons but the haematocrit decreased in autumn and winter compared to spring and summer. The white blood cells of male and female animals were significantly lower in spring and winter compared to summer and autumn. In male fish total protein contents significantly decreased in autumn and winter compared to spring and summer, whereas in females protein output significantly decreased in winter compared to the other seasons. The results indicate marked seasonal variation in the blood of male and female Tinca tinca. This variation may play a important protective role for the survival of the animals.

Influence of the temperature upon the proliferative response of lymphocytes of tench (Tinca tinca) during winter and summer.

The influence of incubation temperature upon proliferation of Tinca tinca lymphocytes induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and E. coli lipopolisaccharide (LPS) mitogens was studied during the summer and the winter. The cultures were performed in vitro at 22 degrees C in both summer and winter, and at 12 and 30 degrees C in winter and summer respectively. The proliferative response at 22 degrees C was higher than that at 12 degrees C during the winter, and a small increase was observed at 30 degrees C respective to 22 degrees C in summer. These results indicate that in vitro lymphocyte proliferation requires temperatures higher than those in the fish environment.

Seasonal variations in the immune system of the cyprinid Tinca tinca. Phagocytic function.

Seasonal variations in the in vitro phagocytic process of blood granulocytes from the tench Tinca tinca were examined. Different stages of the phagocytic process: mobility rate, attachment, ingestion and killing of Candida albicans were evaluated. Tench were kept in natural ponds in ambient water temperature, and the in vitro assays were performed at both 22 degrees C and the relative ambient temperature. Results between the seasonal samples were then compared. In vitro induced mobility, attachment, ingestion and killing of C. albicans showed strong seasonal variations, furthermore, the phagocytic process at 22 degrees C varied significantly according to season. Phagocytic activity from samples taken during the spring demonstrated the highest activity at 22 degrees C, whilst greatest activity at seasonal temperature, in terms of mobility rate, phagocytic index and microbicide capacity, occurred during the winter. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that phagocytosis in fish is resistant to low temperatures.

Effect of high summer temperatures upon granulocyte phagocytic function of the tench (Tinca tinca, L.).

Phagocytic activity and NBT reduction by blood granulocytes was evaluated in tench during the summer, when water temperature was high (30 degrees C). In vitro assays were performed at two temperatures, 30 degrees C, the temperature of the natural habitat in summer, and 22 degrees C, a commonly used temperature within the optimum range of warm-water fish. The results indicate that blood granulocytes from tench possess a lower capacity to ingest inert particles at 30 degrees C than at 22 degrees C, particularly during long periods of incubation (60 min). The lower capacity for ingesting inert particles at 30 degrees C is due to a decreased effectiveness of phagocytosis at this temperature, but not to a lower number of granulocytes with phagocytic capacity. The decline in inert particle ingestion capacity does not correspond to a lower production of superoxide anion at 30 degrees C, which is similar at both temperatures during phagocytosis, thus indicating a similar capacity for destruction of the antigen at 30 and 22 degrees C.

Effects of physical exercise and aging on ascorbic acid and superoxide anion levels in peritoneal macrophages from mice and guinea pigs.

The relationship of physical activity and aging, two processes with a high production of oxygen-free radicals to the ascorbate and superoxide anion (O2-) contents of peritoneal macrophages was studied in two animals species: guinea-pig (in which ascorbic acid is a vitamin) and mouse (in which ascorbic acid is not a vitamin). The effects of exhaustive exercise were examined in young and old animals. The results show that macrophages from old animals have a lower ascorbate content than those from young ones, whereas with exercise the ascorbate content increased in both old and young animals. This increase was higher in young than in old animals, and more evident in mice than in guinea-pigs. Aging also resulted in an increase in the O2- levels of macrophages. With exercise these levels decreased in young mice but increased in young guinea-pigs. In old animals the exhaustive exercise did not change the O2- levels. The results suggest in general a lack of correlation between the intracellular ascorbate and O2- levels in relation to both physical exercise and aging.

[18-month follow-up of patients with schizophrenia]. / Dieciocho meses de seguimiento en pacientes con esquizofrenia.

This article presents the latest results of a 18 months follow-up study with schizophrenic patients, with the purpose to assess psychosocial functioning in the community after being discharged from a psychiatric hospital. The patients reported a satisfactory level of psychosocial and global functioning: mean = 2.4 at discharge; mean = 2.8 at six months (p < 0.05) and mean = 2.7 at 18 months follow-up. The use of medication was reduced from 62 per cent at six months to 59 per cent at 18 months by the patients, and the level of rehospitalization increased from 10 per cent at six months to 40 per cent at 18 months. Patients with no medication (t-test = p .001) and also rehospitalized patients (t-test = p .05) reported lower levels of satisfactory psychosocial functioning in comparison with patients under medication and also without rehospitalization. These results might contribute to a better psychosocial handling of schizophrenic patients in the community. The need for longitudinal follow-up research in Mexican schizophrenic patients is noted.

Effect of age on adherence and chemotaxis capacities of peritoneal macrophages. Influence of physical activity stress.

The aim of the present research was to study the effects of age on the adherence and chemotaxis capacities of macrophages. Macrophages were obtained from the peritoneum of young and old mice (young, 12 +/- 4 weeks; old, 68 +/- 6 weeks) and young and mature guinea pigs (young, 12 +/- 1 weeks; mature, 108 +/- 2 weeks). Adherence of macrophages was evaluated with a plastic adherence technique, and chemotaxis in a Boyden chamber. The macrophages from old animals showed a higher adherence capacity (studied at 10, 40 and 60 min of incubation), and lower chemotaxis capacity in both mice and guinea pigs. The effect of physical activity stress (swimming until exhaustion) was also studied, both with and without a previous training program, on the adherence and chemotaxis of macrophages from young and old mice. While the physical activity stress (detected by the increase of the serum corticosterone concentration) did not induce changes in adherence or chemotaxis of peritoneal macrophages from young mice, in the old mice, there was a decrease in adherence and an increase in chemotaxis.

Stimulation of the phagocytic function of neutrophils in sedentary men after acute moderate exercise.

All the different stages of phagocytic function in blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils of sedentary (untrained) young men before, immediately after, and 15 min after being subjected to submaximal acute moderate exercise (50% maximal oxygen uptake) on a cycle ergometer were studied. No statistically significant differences were found in adherence or microbicide capacity against Candida albicans immediately after physical exercise. However, spontaneous mobility, chemotaxis and attachment and phagocytosis of Candida albicans at 15 min of incubation were significantly stimulated. Fifteen minutes after exercise spontaneous mobility, chemotaxis, and attachment of Candida albicans had returned to basal values, while phagocytosis of Candida albicans remained higher than basal values. One can, therefore, conclude that acute moderate exercise stimulates the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils in sedentary young men. In addition, no differences were found in the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration after exercise. However, immediately after exercise there was a decrease in the serum cortisol concentration, which had returned to basal 15 min later.

In vitro study of the phagocytic processes in splenic granulocytes of the tench (Tinca tinca, L.).

The different stages of the phagocytic process by splenic granulocytes of Tinca tinca were studied. Adherence capacity to both endothelium and tissue substrate, mobility rate, the phagocytosis capacity for both cells (Candida albicans) and inert particles (latex beads), candidicide power, and capacity of digestion measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction were evaluated in splenic granulocytes of healthy adult tench. The capacity of adherence to nylon fiber was possessed by 51% of the granulocytes. The percentage capable of adherence to smooth plastic surfaces rose with incubation time. Casein, an effective chemoattractant, increased the random mobility of the granulocytes. Phagocytosis was greater for opsonized C. albicans than for nonopsonized. However, the number of phagocytosed yeast cells destroyed by the granulocytes did not depend on whether or not the C. albicans had been previously opsonized. The phagocytosis indices and the percent phagocytosis of latex beads were greater than those obtained for the phagocytosis of C. albicans in the absence of serum. Finally, the metabolic activity in these cells following the digestion of ingested material showed a 148 +/- 31% stimulation. The results show that splenic cells of tench have the capacity to make a phagocytic response against both cells (C. albicans) and inert particles (latex beads).

Effect of physical activity stress on the phagocytic process of peritoneal macrophages from old guinea pigs.

The different stages of the phagocytic function in peritoneal macrophages from old guinea pigs (27 +/- 3-months-old) were studied before, immediately after and 24 h after being subjected to physical activity stress (swimming until exhaustion) which raised the blood levels of corticosterone. The phagocytosis of opsonized Candida albicans was stimulated immediately after physical activity. No modifications in adherence, chemotaxis, ingestion of inert particles, or microbicide capacity, measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, were found. At 24 h, when no stress could be shown by corticosterone analysis, the phagocytosis of opsonized C. albicans remained stimulated and chemotaxis was increased while ingestion of inert particles and microbicide capacity remained unchanged. The adherence, however, was at a smaller level. No correlations were found between the corticosterone levels and the status of the phagocytic process of peritoneal macrophages.

Phagocytosis of latex beads by alveolar macrophages from mice exposed to cigarette smoke.

Cigarette smoking is known to alter the numerical presence and function of alveolar macrophages. It has been speculated that these cigarette-smoke-induced alterations contribute to the depressed pulmonary defence mechanism commonly demonstrated in smokers. Studies of the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of alveolar macrophages from smokers and non-smokers have yielded conflicting results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phagocytic capacity of alveolar macrophages from mice exposed to cigarette smoke in relation to the ability to ingest inert particles (latex beads). Measurements were made before (basal values), immediately after, and 1, 12 or 24 h after exposure. Significant decreases were observed in the number of latex beads ingested by 100 macrophages (phagocytic index) and in the phagocytic efficiency for ingesting latex (mean number of latex beads ingested per activated macrophages) immediately after and 1 h after exposure, and in the number of activated macrophages (those with phagocytic activity) immediately after exposure.

Stimulation of the phagocytic function in guinea pig peritoneal macrophages by physical activity stress.

A study was made of all the different stages of the phagocytic function in peritoneal macrophages from male guinea pigs [3 (SD 1) months old] before, immediately after, and 24 h after being subjected to stress from physical activity (swimming until exhaustion). The early (10 min) and late (40 min) adherence to tissue substrates, chemotaxis, attachment and phagocytosis of Candida albicans, ingestion of inert particles (latex beads), and basal oxidative metabolism [measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction] were significantly stimulated by the physical activity. After 24 h, late adherence, attachment capacities, and basal oxidative metabolism returned to basal values, whereas early adherence, chemotaxis, phagocytosis of cells and inert particles, and microbicidal capacity (production of superoxide anion measured by NBT reduction in presence of ingested material) remained significantly increased. The stress produced by physical activity, reflected in increased serum corticosterone values, led to a global stimulation of the phagocytic function.

Effect of age, culture medium and lymphocyte presence on ascorbate content of peritoneal macrophages from mice and guinea pigs during phagocytosis.

Changes in ascorbate content have been measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in peritoneal macrophages from mice and guinea pigs stimulated by latex particles, in the presence and absence of peritoneal lymphocytes. There was a significant decrease in ascorbate content in murine macrophages 5 min after stimulation that did not occur in controls. The rate of ascorbate consumption was nearly identical with murine macrophages incubated in three different ascorbate-free culture media (phosphate-buffered saline, Hanks' solution and RPMI) studied, as well as with macrophages from young and old mice. In contrast to mice, both control and stimulated peritoneal macrophages from guinea pigs showed significant decreased contents of ascorbate in the absence of lymphocytes compared with those in the presence of lymphocytes. Moreover, stimulated macrophages showed significantly decreased ascorbate contents with respect to controls. These results indicate that ascorbic acid plays an important role in macrophages and that peritoneal lymphocytes also seem to play a significant role in the maintenance of ascorbate content in macrophages during phagocytosis in guinea pigs.