From trenches to technology: a narrative review of sleep medicine in the military.

Diagnoses of military-relevant sleep disorders have increased substantially since the terrorist attacks of 9-11. The cause of this increase appears to be complicated and multifactorial, with military and civilian populations clearly differing with respect to both the nature and distribution of sleep disorders diagnoses. In part, these differences may be attributable to the fact that a majority of service members (SMs) are chronically sleep restricted - an unavoidable consequence of continuous and sustained military operations that 'set the stage' for development of specific sleep disorders. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the military relevance of several common sleep disorders, assess the extent to which these disorders currently constitute a burden on the military healthcare system, and suggest strategies to alleviate that burden. The military healthcare system does not have enough sleep providers to address the immediate and long-term consequences of sleep disorders in military personnel. Digital technologies and education packages can be leveraged to improve access to care.

Thromboprophylaxis in Patients With COVID-19: A Brief Update to the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report.

BACKGROUND: Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 often exhibit markers of a hypercoagulable state and have an increased incidence of VTE. In response, CHEST issued rapid clinical guidance regarding prevention of VTE. Over the past 18 months the quality of the evidence has improved. We thus sought to incorporate this evidence and update our recommendations as necessary. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This update focuses on the optimal approach to thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients. The original questions were used to guide the search, using MEDLINE via PubMed. Eight randomized controlled trials and one observational study were included. Meta-analysis, using a random effects model, was performed. The panel created summaries using the GRADE Evidence-to-Decision framework. Updated guidance statements were drafted, and a modified Delphi approach was used to obtain consensus. RESULTS: We provide separate guidance statements for VTE prevention for hospitalized patients with acute (moderate) illness and critically ill patients in the ICU. However, we divided each original question and resulting recommendation into two questions: standard prophylaxis vs therapeutic (or escalated dose) prophylaxis and standard prophylaxis vs intermediate dose prophylaxis. This led to a change in one recommendation, and an upgrading of three additional recommendations based upon higher quality evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Advances in care for patients with COVID-19 have improved overall outcomes. Despite this, rates of VTE in these patients remain elevated. Critically ill patients should receive standard thromboprophylaxis for VTE, and moderately ill patients with a low bleeding risk might benefit from therapeutic heparin. We see no role for intermediate dose thromboprophylaxis in either setting.

Obstructive sleep apnea among survivors of combat-related traumatic injury: a retrospective cohort study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea is prevalent among military members despite fewer traditional risk factors. We sought to determine the incidence and longitudinal predictors of obstructive sleep apnea in a large population of survivors of combat-related traumatic injury and a matched control group. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of military service members deployed to conflict zones from 2002-2016 with longitudinal follow-up in the Veterans Affairs and Military Health Systems. Two cohorts of service members were developed: (1) those who sustained combat injuries and (2) matched, uninjured participants. RESULTS: 17,570 service members were retrospectively analyzed for a median of 8.4 years. After adjustment, traumatic brain injury (hazard ratio [HR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-1.60), posttraumatic stress disorder (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05-1.46), depression (HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.30-1.79), anxiety (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.21-1.62), insomnia (HR 1.71, 95% CI 1.44-2.02), and obesity (HR 2.40, 95% CI 2.09-2.74) were associated with development of obstructive sleep apnea. While combat injury was associated with obstructive sleep apnea in the univariate analysis (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.17-1.33), the direction of this association was reversed in the multivariable model (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.65-0.84). In a nested analysis, this was determined to be due to the effect of mental health diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of obstructive sleep apnea is higher among injured service members (29.1 per 1,000 person-years) compared to uninjured service members (23.9 per 1,000 person-years). This association appears to be driven by traumatic brain injury and the long-term mental health sequelae of injury. CITATION: Haynes ZA, Stewart IJ, Poltavskiy EA, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea among survivors of combat-related traumatic injury: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(1):171-179.

Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis: Novel Sequelae of the Current Pandemic.

Since the initial identification of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As effective vaccines and treatments begin to emerge, it will become increasingly important to identify and proactively manage the long-term respiratory complications of severe disease. The patterns of imaging abnormalities coupled with data from prior coronavirus outbreaks suggest that patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia are likely at an increased risk of progression to interstitial lung disease (ILD) and chronic pulmonary vascular disease. In this paper, we briefly review the definition, classification, and underlying pathophysiology of interstitial lung disease (ILD). We then review the current literature on the proposed mechanisms of lung injury in severe COVID-19 infection, and outline potential viral- and immune-mediated processes implicated in the development of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PCPF). Finally, we address patient-specific and iatrogenic risk factors that could lead to PCPF and discuss strategies for reducing risk of pulmonary complications/sequelae.

Improving sleep medicine education among health professions trainees.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Despite increasing recognition of its importance, sleep medicine education remains limited during medical training. We sought to assess the baseline knowledge of a group of health professions trainees and to determine whether an educational sleep medicine "boot camp" led to improvement in sleep medicine knowledge. METHODS: Participants attended a 2-day introduction to sleep medicine course designed for new sleep medicine fellows in July 2017 and 2018. Participants completed 2 validated sleep knowledge questionnaires (The Assessment of Sleep Knowledge in Medical Education and The Dartmouth Sleep Knowledge and Attitude Survey) prior to and at the conclusion of the course. RESULTS: A total of 21 health professions trainees including 14 sleep medicine fellows completed both presurveys and postsurveys. Baseline Assessment of Sleep Knowledge in Medical Education Survey score was 21.4 ± 3.4 out of 30 (71.4% ± 11.4%) and baseline Dartmouth Sleep Knowledge and Attitude Survey score was 16.1 ± 2.4 out of 24 (67.3% ± 9.9%). There was no difference in baseline scores between sleep medicine fellows and other health professions trainees. There was a statistically significant improvement in the Assessment of Sleep Knowledge in Medical Education Survey (2.9 ± 2.1 points, P = .004) and Dartmouth Sleep Knowledge and Attitude Survey (2.5 ± 3.0 points, P = .001) scores among all participants after the course, without a difference in degree of improvement among sleep medicine fellows compared to other health professions trainees. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that baseline sleep medicine knowledge is higher than previously reported among health professions trainees. An educational sleep medicine boot camp improved knowledge even in a group of learners with high baseline knowledge and interest in sleep medicine, including new sleep medicine fellows. CITATION: Wappel SR, Scharf SM, Cohen L, et al. Improving sleep medicine education among health profession trainees. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(12):2461-2466.

Risk factors of persistent insomnia among survivors of traumatic injury: a retrospective cohort study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Insomnia is a diagnosis with broad health and economic implications that has been increasingly recognized in military service members. This trend was concurrent with an increase in traumatic wartime injuries. Accordingly, we sought to determine longitudinal predictors of persistent insomnia in combat veterans who sustained traumatic injuries. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of service members deployed to conflict zones from 2002 to 2016, with longitudinal follow-up in the Veterans Affairs and Military Health Systems. Two cohorts were derived: (1) service members who sustained traumatic injuries and (2) an age-, sex-, and service component-matched cohort of uninjured service members who deployed to a combat zone. Insomnia was defined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision or International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision-Clinical Modification codes. RESULTS: The final population of 17,374 service members was followed from date of injury (or date of matched participant's injury) for a median of 8.4 (interquartile range, 5.3-10.7) years. Service members with traumatic injury were at significantly greater risk of developing insomnia than uninjured service members (hazard ratio = 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-1.58) after adjustment. Traumatic brain injury was associated with insomnia compared with patients without traumatic brain injury in the multivariable model: mild/unclassified traumatic brain injury (hazard ratio = 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.82-2.35) and moderate/severe/ penetrating traumatic brain injury (hazard ratio = 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 2.06-2.86). Additionally, burn injury (hazard ratio = 1.95; 95% confidence interval, 1.47-2.59) and amputation (hazard ratio = 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-2.06) significantly increased the risk of a diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Traumatic injuries significantly predicted a diagnosis of insomnia after controlling for mental health disorders. Our findings strongly suggest the need for long-term surveillance of sleep disorders in trauma survivors. CITATION: Haynes ZA, Collen JF, Poltavskiy EA, et al. Risk factors of persistent insomnia among survivors of traumatic injury: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(9):1831-1840.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Is Associated With a Decrease in Anaerobic Threshold, Oxygen Pulse, and Maximal Oxygen Uptake.

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked to respiratory symptoms and functional limitations, but the mechanisms leading to this association are poorly defined. RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the relationship between PTSD, lung function, and the cardiopulmonary response to exercise in combat veterans presenting with chronic respiratory symptoms? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study prospectively enrolled military service members with respiratory symptoms following deployment to southwest Asia. All participants underwent a comprehensive evaluation that included pulmonary function testing and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Pulmonary function test variables and cardiopulmonary response to exercise were compared in subjects with and without PTSD by using multivariable linear regression to adjust for confounders. RESULTS: A total of 303 participants were included (PTSD, n = 70; non-PTSD, n = 233). Those with PTSD had a greater frequency of current respiratory symptoms. There were no differences in measures for airway disease or lung volumes, but patients with PTSD had a reduction in diffusing capacity that was eliminated following adjustment for differences in hemoglobin levels. Participants with PTSD had a lower anaerobic threshold (23.9 vs 26.4 cc/kg per minute; P = .004), peak oxygen pulse (19.7 vs 18.5 cc/beat; P = .03), and peak oxygen uptake (34.5 vs 38.8 cc/kg per minute; P < .001). No significant difference was observed in gas exchange, respiratory reserve, or effort at peak exercise between participants with and without PTSD. INTERPRETATION: A diagnosis of PTSD was associated with a reduced anaerobic threshold, oxygen pulse, and peak oxygen uptake. This objective reduction in cardiopulmonary work is independent of baseline lung function, was not associated with abnormalities in gas exchange or respiratory reserve, and may be related to deconditioning.

A rare presentation of sexsomnia in a military service member.

NONE: Sexsomnias are unconscious sexual behaviors during sleep (parasomnias) that are garnering more attention as they become increasingly evident in forensic cases. Presentations of sexsomnia in active duty service members are seldom described, and often evaluation is clouded by intoxication with substances such as alcohol, sleep deprivation, untreated sleep disturbances, or criminal behavior masquerading as a medical disorder. We present a case of a 40-year-old male soldier evaluated in our sleep clinic for multiple episodes of sleep masturbation occurring over a period of 2 years. The patient was concerned about his suitability for deployment to a combat zone and participation in field training exercises (both require sleeping in groups in an open environment). Video polysomnography confirmed moderate obstructive sleep apnea, and the patient showed improvement with continuous positive airway pressure therapy. The authors also discuss the relevance of this case compared with previously reported sexsomnia cases and expand on parasomnia topics that are more common in military populations.

Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: CHEST guideline and expert panel report

Emerging evidence shows that severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be complicated by a significant coagulopathy, that likely manifests in the form of both microthrombosis and VTE. This recognition has led to the urgent need for practical guidance regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE. A group of approved panelists developed key clinical questions by using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) format that addressed urgent clinical questions regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE in patients with COVID-19. MEDLINE (via PubMed or Ovid), Embase, and Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials were systematically searched for relevant literature, and references were screened for inclusion. Validated evaluation tools were used to grade the level of evidence to support each recommendation. When evidence did not exist, guidance was developed based on consensus using the modified Delphi process. The systematic review and critical analysis of the literature based on 13 Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome questions resulted in 22 statements. Very little evidence exists in the COVID-19 population. The panel thus used expert consensus and existing evidence-based guidelines to craft the guidance statements. The evidence on the optimal strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat VTE in patients with COVID-19 is sparse but rapidly evolving.

Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of VTE in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence shows that severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be complicated by a significant coagulopathy, that likely manifests in the form of both microthrombosis and VTE. This recognition has led to the urgent need for practical guidance regarding prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE. METHODS: A group of approved panelists developed key clinical questions by using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) format that addressed urgent clinical questions regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE in patients with COVID-19. MEDLINE (via PubMed or Ovid), Embase, and Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials were systematically searched for relevant literature, and references were screened for inclusion. Validated evaluation tools were used to grade the level of evidence to support each recommendation. When evidence did not exist, guidance was developed based on consensus using the modified Delphi process. RESULTS: The systematic review and critical analysis of the literature based on 13 Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome questions resulted in 22 statements. Very little evidence exists in the COVID-19 population. The panel thus used expert consensus and existing evidence-based guidelines to craft the guidance statements. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence on the optimal strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat VTE in patients with COVID-19 is sparse but rapidly evolving.

Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Achieving Adherence to Positive Airway Pressure Treatment and Dealing with Complications.

Obstructive sleep apnea is a common and treatable condition, but therapeutic adherence is limited by numerous factors. Despite advances in positive airway pressure (PAP) technology and a multitude of effective pharmacologic and behavioral therapeutic interventions to overcome the most common barriers to PAP, adherence has not increased significantly over the past 30 years. This review aims to identify the most important factors that impact adherence, common barriers to treatment, and evidence-based treatment strategies to maximize the effectiveness of PAP treatment. Complications of PAP treatment and mitigation techniques are also discussed.

Isolated Small Airway Dysfunction and Ventilatory Response to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing.

BACKGROUND: The effect of isolated small airway dysfunction (SAD) on exercise remains incompletely characterized. We sought to quantify the relationship between isolated SAD, identified with lung testing, and the respiratory response to exercise. METHODS: We conducted a prospective evaluation of service members with new-onset dyspnea. All subjects underwent plethysmography, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO), impulse oscillometry, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). In subjects with normal basic spirometry, DLCO, and HRCT, SAD measures were analyzed for associations with ventilatory parameters at submaximal exercise and at maximal exercise during CPET. RESULTS: We enrolled 121 subjects with normal basic spirometry (ie, FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC), DLCO, and HRCT. Mean age and body mass index were 37.4 ± 8.8 y and 28.4 ± 3.8 kg/m2, respectively, and 110 (90.9%) subjects were male. The prevalence of SAD varied from 2.5% to 28.8% depending on whether FEV3/FVC, FEF25-75%, residual volume/total lung capacity, and R5-R20 were used to identify SAD. Agreement on abnormal SAD across tests was poor (kappa = -0.03 to 0.07). R5-R20 abnormalities were related to higher minute ventilation ([Formula: see text]) and higher [Formula: see text]/maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) during submaximal exercise and to lower [Formula: see text] during maximal exercise. After adjustment for differences at baseline, there remained a trend toward a relationship between R5-R20 and an elevated [Formula: see text]/MVV during submaximal exercise (ß = 0.04, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.09, P = .10), but there was no significant association with [Formula: see text] during submaximal exercise or with [Formula: see text] during maximal exercise. No other SAD measures showed a relationship with ventilatory parameters. CONCLUSIONS: In 121 subjects with normal basic spirometry, DLCO, and HRCT, we found poor agreement across tests used to detect SAD. Among young, healthy service members with postdeployment dyspnea, SAD as identified by lung function testing does not predict changes in the ventilatory response to exercise.