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Purpose: Despite the call to increase the number of radiation oncologists in Latin America, the quality, similarity, and number of residency training programs are unknown. We seek to describe the current state of residency programs in radiation oncology in Latin America. Methods and Materials: Latin American Residents in Radiation Oncology performed a cross-sectional analysis of universities and training centers for radiation oncologists in Latin America. Latin American Residents in Radiation Oncology members identified and contacted current residents and specialists at each center to obtain information and documents that described their training curricula. Results: As of 2020, 13 of 23 (56.5%) Latin American countries have radiation oncology training. Seventy-three training centers were identified (59 active and 14 inactive), associated with 28 universities. On average, each active center trains 2.6 new residents per year, and in total, 156 residents are trained annually. The average length of training programs is 3.6 years. Brazil and Mexico comprise 31 (52.5%) and 7 (11.9%) of active programs, respectively, and 64 (41.8%) and 50 (32.7%) residents, respectively. Training is available in 38 cities in 13 countries, and outside Brazil and Mexico, only 13 cities in 11 countries (9 capitals and 4 noncapital cities). Individualized curriculum documents were provided by 20 (83.3%) of 24 non-Brazilian programs, while 1 standardized guideline was provided for Brazilian training programs. These demonstrated variation between subjects taught, their devoted time, outside specialty rotations, and experiences in modern techniques. Seventy-five percent include volumetric modulated arc therapy, 70% stereotactic radiosurgery, and 55% stereotactic body radiation therapy training. One-hundred percent include gynecologic brachytherapy education and <50% brachytherapy education in other disease sites. Conclusions: Training is highly centralized in capital cities. The number of trainees is insufficient to close the current human resource divide but is limited by available job openings. Over 50% of training programs now include technological training in stereotactic radiosurgery, stereotactic body radiation therapy, or volumetric modulated arc therapy; however, substantial variation still exists. The development of radiation oncology specialists must be improved and modernized to address the escalating demand for cancer care.
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Objetivos: Determinar los factores asociados al desarrollo de infecciones del tracto urinario causadas por Escherichia coli productora de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Material y métodos: Estudio caso y control, realizado en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia. Se incluyeron 150 casos y 150 controles, definiéndose como caso al paciente con urocultivo positivo para E. coli BLEE y como control al paciente con urocultivo positivo para E. coli no BLEE. Se realizó un análisis bivariado y regresión logística binaria para aquellos factores que resultaron significativos en el análisis bivariado. Resultados: Después de la regresión logística binaria, los factores asociados a la presentación de infecciones urinarias por E. coli BLEE encontrados en el estudio fueron sexo masculino (OR 5,13 - IC 95% 2,37 - 11,07), edad mayor a 45 años (OR 2,65 - IC 95% 1,61 - 4,38) y hospitalización previa (OR 2,57 - IC 95% 1,39-4,75). Conclusiones: Los pacientes varones, mayores de 45 años y con antecedente de hospitalización en el último año estuvieron más propensos a presentar infecciones urinarias por E. coli BLEE, lo cual se debe tomar en cuenta para el manejo empírico de esta clase de pacientes. (AU)
Objectives: To determine factors associated with urinary tract infections caused by extended spectrum betalactamase producing strains (ESBL) of Escherichia coli. Methods: Case-control study performed at Hospital Cayetano Heredia; 150 cases (patients with positive urine cultures for an ESBL producing strain of E. coli) and 150 controls (patients with positive urine culture to a non-ESBL producing strain of E. coli) were included. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. Results: Factors associated with having an infection by an ESBL producing strain of E. coli in the multivariate analysis were male sex (OR 5.13 - CI 95% 2.37 - 11.07), age above 45 years (OR 2.65 - CI 95% 1.61 - 4.38) and previous hospitalization (OR 2.57 - CI 95% 1.39-4.75). Conclusions: Empirical treatment for ESBL producing strains of E. coli should be targeted to male patients older than 45 years of age, and in those with a previous hospitalization. (AU)
