Lysine requirements of finishing boars and gilts: A meta-analysis.

The expected increase in boar (pig entire male) production while societal concerns for castration increase requires good estimations of their nutrient requirements. In this work, a meta-analytical approach was used to overcome the inconsistent results between studies that compared lysine requirements of boars and gilts. For this meta-analysis, data from 14 different studies analysing the effect of increasing dietary lysine on growth performance of finishing pigs, 70-100 kg average body weight, were extracted from 11 publications. Those studies represented 128 different treatments (53 for boars and 75 for gilts). Diets were reformulated based on NRC (2012) ingredient values to calculate standardized ileal digestible lysine to net energy ratio (SID Lys:NE) and daily SID Lys intake using average daily feed intake (ADFI). As expected, no evidence for differences in ADFI (P = 0.303) was observed between boars and gilts. However, boars grew faster (P < 0.001) and had higher gain to feed (G:F; P < 0.001). The divergent effect of SID Lys:NE on average daily gain (ADG) and G:F was analysed in a quadratic polynomial model showing different parameters for each sex (P < 0.001). Although performance between sexes was similar at low SID Lys:NE, differences were greater at higher SID Lys:NE. Furthermore, broken-line linear, broken-line quadratic (BLQ) and quadratic polynomial (QP) models were fitted to each sex to determine SID Lys:NE and SID Lys daily intake requirements to maximize ADG and G:F. Overall, QP models showed the best fit, and reported that to reach maximum ADG 0.88 (95% CI:[0.82-0.94]) or 1.01 (95% CI:[0.91-1.11]) g SID Lys/MJ, NE was required for gilts and boars, respectively. However, boar ADG was best fitted by BLQ using SID Lys daily intake as independent variable, with the requirement for maximum ADG at 24.2 (95% CI:[21.3-27.2]) g SID Lys/day. The three models reported wide confidence intervals for the requirements at maximum performance, and consequently those were overlapped when comparing boars and gilts. Maximum boars' productive performance when dietary lysine was not limiting was 116% of gilts, and at those levels the amount of SID Lys intake required per kg gain was similar between both sexes. Thus, because ADFI and Lys efficiency of gain was similar, the requirement differences were driven by the increased growth rate and gain to feed ratio between boars and gilts. In conclusion, the present study confirmed a greater productive response of boars compared to gilts when increasing dietary lysine.

Anthropometric and fitness profile of high-level basketball, handball and volleyball players / Perfil antropométrico y de aptitud física de jugadores de alto nivel de baloncesto, balonmano y voleibol / Perfil antropométrico e de aptidão física de jogadores de alto rendimento de basquetebol, andebol e voleibol

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare several anthropometric and physiological variables between high-level basketball, handball and volleyball players. Method. Forty-six Spanish first division professional players took part in our study. Height, standing reach, body weight, body fat percentages (by using Jackson & Pollock equation), vertical jumps (assessed by Bosco tests), 4m×5m agility test and maximal power output in a bench press exercise were assessed. Results. A one-way ANOVA, showed that basketball players had significant higher average height and standing reach values (p<0.01) while volleyball players displayed the lowest body mass and handball players presented the highest body mass values. Body fat percentage was significantly lower (p<0.05) in basketball and volleyball. Jump levels were significantly better in volleyball for the countermovement (p<0.05) and the countermovement jump with arm swing (p<0.001). Results of the agility test were significantly better in basketball (p≤0.01). In the concentric actions of maximal power tests basketball players obtained a higher mean power output for all loads (p<0.05). In the eccentric phase volleyball players presented the lower outcome (p<0.001). Conclusions. There is evidence of anthropometric and physiological differences among the high-level team sports analyzed. Its assessment seems capital for the improvement of training strategies and accurate talent identification processes (AU)

Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar variables antropométricas y fisiológicas entre jugadores de baloncesto, balonmano y voleibol de alto nivel. Método. Cuarenta y seis deportistas profesionales de primera división de España fueron evaluados. Valores de altura, alcance, masa corporal, porcentaje graso (mediante ecuación de Jackson y Pollock), salto vertical (mediante test de Bosco), test de agilidad de 4×5m y potencia máxima de press banca fueron registrados. Resultados. El análisis mediante ANOVA mostró que los jugadores de baloncesto presentaban mayores alturas y alcances (p<0.01). Los jugadores de voleibol mostraban los valores más bajos de masa corporal y los de balonmano los más altos de la muestra. El porcentaje de grasa en baloncesto y voleibol fue el más bajo (p<0.05). Los valores de salto fueron mejores en voleibol para el salto con contra movimiento (p<0.05) y salto con contra movimiento y uso de brazos (p<0.001). Los resultados del test de agilidad fueron mejores en baloncesto (p≤0.01). En las acciones concéntricas del press banca, los baloncestistas obtuvieron mayor potencia media en todas las cargas (p<0.05). En la fase excéntrica los jugadores de voleibol presentaron los valores menores (p<0.001). Conclusiones. Se muestran diferencias antropométricas y fisiológicas entre deportes de equipo. Su evaluación parece clave para la mejora del entrenamiento y para conducir mejores procesos de selección de talentos (AU)

Objetivo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar variáveis antropométricas e fisiológicas entre jogadores de basquetebol, andebol e voleibol de alto rendimento. Método. Quarenta e seis jogadores profissionais da primeira divisão profissional da Espanha fizeram parte desse estudo. Valores de altura, alcance, massa corporal, percentual de gordura (utilizando equação de Jackson & Pollock), salto vertical (medido com o teste de Bosco), teste de agilidade 4×5 e potência máxima no exercício supino reto foram registrados. Resultados. Uma ANOVA one-way mostrou que os jogadores de basquetebol apresentavam uma média significativamente maior na altura e alcance (p<0.01), enquanto que os jogadores de voleibol apresentaram os valores mais baixos de massa corporal e os jogadores de andebol os valores mais altos da amostra. O percentual de gordura foi significativamente menor (p<0.05) nos jogadores de basquetebol e voleibol. Os valores de salto foram significativamente melhores no jogadores de voleibol para o salto com contramovimento (p<0.05) e no salto com contramovimento com utilização do balanço dos braços (p<0.001). Os resultados do teste de agilidade foram significativamente melhores no basquete (p≤0.01). Nas ações concêntricas dos testes de potência máxima os jogadores de basquetebol obtiveram uma média maior de potência para todas as cargas (p<0.05). Na fase excêntrica os jogadores de voleibol apresentaram o resultado mais baixo (p<0.001). Conclusões. Há diferenças antropométricas e fisiológicas entre as equipas de desportosde alto nível analisadas. A sua avaliação parece primordial para a melhoria das estratégias de treino e processos de identificação de talentos precisos (AU)

Growth performance and carcass quality of crossbreds pigs from two Pietrain sire lines fed isoproteic diets varying in energy concentration.

The effects of net energy (NE) content of isoproteic diets on growth performance and carcass and meat quality traits were studied in crossbreds from Landrace×Large White females and two Pietrain sire lines (PIC L62 vs. German Pietrain). Feed intake (FI) decreased (Lineal, P<0.001) and feed efficiency improved (Lineal, P<0.001) as the NE content of the diet increased. Crossbreds from PIC L62 had greater (P<0.001) FI and average daily gain (ADG) but were less efficient (P<0.01) than crossbreds from German Pietrain. German Pietrain crossbreds were leaner (P<0.001) and had higher shoulder yield (P<0.01) and less fat at m. Gluteus medius (P<0.001) than carcasses from PIC L62 crossbreds. In summary, an increase in the NE concentration of the diet improved feed efficiency but did not affect ADG. Crossbreeds from PIC L62 sires grew faster and had fatter carcasses than crossbreds from German Pietrain.

Increased sow nutrition during midgestation affects muscle fiber development and meat quality, with no consequences on growth performance.

Pregnant sow nutrition has potential effects on the muscle fiber development of progeny in utero. A total of 199 Landrace x Large White sows from parities 0 to 6 and their offspring were used to evaluate the effects of increasing the feeding amount during midpregnancy on the muscle tissue, growth performance, and meat quality of the progeny. The experiment was divided into 2 study replicates, and in each replicate, sows were assigned to 1 of the 2 treatments: 1) sows in the control group (C sows) were fed 2.5 to 3.0 kg/d (feed: 12.1 MJ of ME/kg and 0.62% lysine) throughout gestation; and 2) sows in the high group (H sows) received an extra feed allowance of 1.5 kg/d for gilts and 2.0 kg/d for multiparous sows above the C amount from d 45 to 85 of gestation (period of secondary muscle fiber formation). Sow backfat was recorded on d 40 and 85 of gestation. Sow performance (litter size and piglet BW) at farrowing and on d 18 of lactation was measured. At weaning, pigs were divided into 5 BW groups/treatment, and progeny growth performance was measured during the nursery (n = 958) and the growing-finishing (n = 636) periods. At slaughter, carcass and meat quality traits (lean content, main cut weight, pH, Minolta color, and drip loss) were recorded from the second lightest group at weaning (BW group 4; n = 90), and samples from the longissimus thoracis muscle were taken to study muscle fiber characteristics (n = 70). The extra nutrition from d 45 to 85 of gestation did not lead to differences in litter size or piglet BW at farrowing and on d 18 of lactation. Pigs born to H mothers had fewer muscle fibers and fewer estimated primary and secondary fibers than did pigs born to C mothers (P < 0.05). However, postnatal growth performance was not consistently affected by the maternal treatment. The smaller number of muscle fibers found in the H group of pigs was associated with fewer type IIB fibers (P < 0.05) with greater cross-sectional areas (P < 0.10), which might be related to the significantly greater meat pH at 24 h postmortem and the smaller L* (lightness) values recorded in the H group of pigs. Results from the present study confirm the existence of effects of maternal nutrition on fetal development, at least in terms of muscle tissue development and meat quality, although with no beneficial effects were found for the postnatal growth performance of the progeny.

Lysine requirement of the lactating sow determined by using plasma urea nitrogen as a rapid response criterion.

The dietary lysine requirement of adult sows nursing 10 pigs was estimated by using plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration as a rapid response criterion. A preliminary experiment indicated that a 3-d feeding time is required to re-equilibrate PUN concentrations after a change in the dietary concentration of lysine. In the main experiment, 12 sows (BW = 219 +/- 5 kg; parity = 4.5 +/- .3; ultrasound backfat = 21.3 +/- .9 mm) were used in two 6 x 6 Latin squares. Treatments consisted of dietary lysine intakes (30.2, 36.9, 43.6, 50.3, 57.0, and 63.7 g/d) that were assigned to six 4-d periods and to six sows in each square. Diets provided adequate levels of all nutrients other than lysine. The treatment periods started on d 5 of lactation and ended on d 29. Plasma urea N concentrations were determined on the 3rd and 4th d of each of the six 4-d treatment periods. Plasma urea N concentrations decreased quadratically (P < .02) with, increasing dietary lysine intakes. A two-slope, broken-line regression model was used to estimate the dietary lysine intake that minimizes PUN concentrations. The results indicated that adult sows nursing 10-pig litters with an average growth of 2.22 kg/d required 55.3 g/d of dietary total lysine to minimize PUN concentrations and, therefore, presumably to minimize body protein mobilization.

Relationship of rate of lean tissue growth and other factors to concentration of urea in plasma of pigs.

The objectives of this study were 1) to investigate the relationship between plasma urea N concentrations (PUN) and lean tissue growth and 2) to compare the value of different variables, related to lean growth and renal function, to correct the relationship between dietary lysine concentration and PUN response for variation not related to amino acid adequacy. Forty-eight gilts (64.8 kg BW) were individually penned (blocks based on initial BW) for 50 d: a 10-d adjustment, a 35-d pretreatment, and a 5-d treatment period. During the pretreatment period, ADFI, urine specific gravity (SG), serum creatinine (SC), PUN, and daily fat-free carcass lean (DFFCL), empty body protein (DEBP), total carcass fat (DCF), and empty body lipid (DEBLI) depositions were measured. Partial correlation coefficients (ADFI effect removed) indicated a strong and inverse relationship between PUN and lean growth (DFFCL and DEBP) (r = -.88 and -.91, respectively, P < .01) and a positive relationship between PUN and fat deposition (DCF and DEBLI) (r = .66 and .54; respectively, P < .22). Treatments consisted of six dietary lysine concentrations (.475, .550, .625, .700, .775, and .850%). Initial and final BW in the treatment period were 103.3 and 107.7 kg, respectively. Pretreatment PUN (PUNO) was the pretreatment variable with the greatest R2 and the smallest MSE when used in the model describing the response of PUN (PUN1) to dietary lysine. The estimated lysine requirements from the PUN1 response corrected with either PUN0 or with the combination of PUN0, ADFI, DFFCL, DCF, SG, and SC were not (P > .05) different (.656 vs > 678%, respectively). We conclude that 1) PUN concentrations have a potential value as an indicator of the efficiency of lean tissue growth and 2) pretreatment PUN is a useful variable to correct treatment PUN for variation not related to amino acid adequacy.

Interactive effects of feed intake and stage of growth on the lysine requirement of pigs.

We studied the effect of reduced feed intake on the lysine requirement of pigs at the early growing (G) and finishing (F) phases. Two sets of 40 individually penned crossbred barrows averaging 27.1 +/- .2 (G) and 92.6 +/- 1.1 kg BW (F) were fed five dietary treatments (G; .75, .90, 1.05, 1.20, 1.35%; and F: .45, .60, .75, .90, 1.05% lysine) at two feeding levels (equivalents to 100 and 80% ad libitum intakes) for 15 d. In both stages pigs on the 80% feeding level had lower ADG (P < 0.01) and lower plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations (P < .10) than pigs on the 100% feeding level. In all instances, increasing dietary lysine caused ADG to increase (P < .05) and PUN to decrease (P < .10) linearly. A tendency for an interaction was detected between the effects of growth stage and the effects of feeding level on the lysine requirements estimated by ADG (P < .19) and PUN (P < .10). In the F stage, pigs on the 80% feeding level required a greater dietary lysine concentration to maximize ADG and minimize PUN (.85 and .87%, respectively) than pigs on the 100% feeding level (.61 and .68%, respectively). In the G stage, however, the dietary lysine concentrations required to maximize ADG (.97 to 1.01%) and minimize PUN (1.05 to 1.09%) were not different (P > .20) between feeding levels. We conclude that the effect of a reduction in feed intake on the lysine requirement depends on the stage of growth of the pigs.

Use of plasma urea nitrogen as a rapid response criterion to determine the lysine requirement of pigs.

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential use of plasma urea N (PUN) concentrations as a rapid response criterion to determine amino acid requirements. A preliminary experiment (Exp. 1) indicated that a 3-d feeding time was required to re-equilibrate PUN concentrations after a change in the dietary concentration of lysine. In Exp. 2, 3, and 4, PUN was used to estimate the lysine requirement of growing pigs at different specific BW. Thirty individually penned crossbred pigs weighing 32 and 44 kg in Exp. 2 and 3, respectively, were assigned to five dietary treatments (.60, .70, .80, .90, and 1.00% lysine) for 5 d. The PUN decreased quadratically (P < .05) to increasing dietary lysine. A two-slope, broken-line regression model estimated the requirement at .85% in Exp. 2 and at .76% in Exp. 3. In Exp. 4, 60 crossbred pigs (30 barrows and 30 gilts) weighing 70 kg were assigned to five dietary lysine concentrations: .50, .60, .70, .80, and .90% for 4 d. Increasing lysine caused PUN to decrease quadratically (P < .01). The estimated requirements were different (P < .05) between sexes: .69% for barrows and .75% for gilts. In Exp. 5, the validity of using PUN as a rapid response criterion was verified by comparing the estimated lysine requirement based on PUN with the requirement determined in a 7-d N balance. Twenty crossbred barrows averaging 19 kg were used. Dietary lysine concentrations were .60, .75, .90, 1.05, and 1.20%. A quadratic response was observed in PUN (P < .05) and N retention (NR) (P < .01) with increasing lysine. The estimated lysine concentrations that maximized rates of NR and minimized PUN (1.03 vs. 1.05) were not different (P > .10). Therefore, PUN concentrations can be used in short-term trials to accurately estimate the dietary lysine required to maximize total N utilization in pigs at a specific BW. In addition, the two-slope broken-line regression model had the highest R2 and the lowest mean square error compared with three other models as means for estimating lysine requirement from PUN concentrations.

Cocaine and rhabdomyolysis: report of a case and review of the literature.

Cocaine abuse is associated with a constellation of serious medical complications. An unrecognized and recently described complication of cocaine use is rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure. We describe the first patient identified in our institution with this entity, admitted to the medical services with oliguric acute renal failure. Three days prior to admission the patient had a cocaine snorting binge. He presented with bilateral flank pain, gross hematuria, vomiting and chills. No history of crush injury, prolonged immobilization and or seizures was reported. On admission the vital signs were normal, physical exam revealed periorbital edema and marked soft tissue neck swelling. Lab values: Bun 120 mgs%, Creat. 10.7 mgs%, Na 132 meq/lt, Co2 13mq/lt, Cl, 103meq/lt, Co2 13meq/lt, Ca 5.3 mgs%, CPK 30,800 U/L with a MM fraction of 98%, LDH 600 U/L, SGOT 300 U/L. The urine was dark red with a ph of 6.5 and 100 rbc/hpf. The anti-GBM antibody and blood cultures were negative. An abdominal sonogram was normal. He received peritoneal dialysis and was discharged on his 14th hospital day with a CPK of 2,800 U/L and decreasing azotemia. Cocaine associated rhabdomyolysis has only been recently described in the literature (AJM April, 88). Acute myoglobinuric renal failure needs to be added to the growing list of medical complications of cocaine use.