RESUMEN
The authors introduce and define ethnocultural allodynia as an abnormally increased sensitivity to relatively innocuous or neutral stimuli resulting from previous exposure to painful culturally based situations. Ethnocultural, gender-specific, and cognitive-behavioral techniques are used in clinical vignettes to illustrate the pervasive ethnic, racial, and gender effects of ethnocultural allodynia in the lives of people of color. Therapy components for the treatment of ethnocultural allodynia are described, including psychoeducation regarding racism and its sequelae, racial socialization, inoculation, and racial stress management.
Asunto(s)
Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , Etnicidad/psicología , Percepción , Prejuicio , Características Culturales , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
This essay identifies and categorizes terms used to designate the Hispanic/Latino population in the United States. It provides an analysis framing the process of ethnic self-designation within an ethnopolitical and psychosocial context. The analysis concludes by presenting mestizaje and transculturation as processes involved in the evolution of Latino identity.
Asunto(s)
Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Identificación Social , Terminología como Asunto , Humanos , Semántica , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
North Americans have been expected to abdicate their ethnic backgrounds and blend into a single homogeneous identity. However, the United States President's Initiative on Race (1998) concluded that the greatest challenge facing North Americans is to accept and take pride in defining themselves as a multiracial democracy. With an ethnopolitical approach, the author studies effects of oppression, racism, and political repression on individuals, groups, and societies. She concludes that psychologists can help ameliorate racism in society by taking an antiracist stance, promoting a safe society where racial-social equity and justice prevail, and helping to formulate a collective identity that affords freedom to all members of society.
Asunto(s)
Diversidad Cultural , Etnicidad/psicología , Prejuicio , Justicia Social , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Donepezil is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor marketed for treatment of memory loss and behavioral deterioration associated with the acetylcholine deficit of Alzheimer's disease. We investigated the utility and tolerability of donepezil in nongeriatric affective illness for treatment of psychotropic-induced memory loss, dry mouth, and constipation. METHOD: Nondemented outpatients with stabilized DSM-IV affective illness took 5 mg/day of donepezil for 3 weeks and then increased to 10 mg/day in open trials. Self-rating scales of target symptoms were completed by patients before and 3 to 4 weeks after starting each dose condition. Patients who chose to continue donepezil therapy returned for clinical monitoring every 4 to 8 weeks. RESULTS: Eleven women and 11 men (mean +/- SD age = 45.4+/-8.5 years) completed donepezil trials. Nineteen patients with memory loss rated improvement while taking 5 mg/day of donepezil (p<.001); subsequently, 6 rated further improvement with 10 mg/day (p = .057). Donepezil, 5 mg/day, also reduced ratings of dry mouth (N = 16; p<.001) and constipation (N = 11; p<.05). Side effects included insomnia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; surprisingly, 2 bipolar patients became manic within hours of starting donepezil. Sixteen patients (72%) continued donepezil for an average of 7 months. Consideration of family histories suggested that donepezil response in affective illness may be an early indicator of vulnerability to dementia of the Alzheimer's type. CONCLUSION: (1) Donepezil can reduce memory loss, dry mouth, and constipation in nongeriatric affective patients, but may trigger mania; and (2) long-term follow-up will reveal the predictive value for dementia of donepezil's memory restoration in nongeriatric subjects.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/uso terapéutico , Trastorno Depresivo/tratamiento farmacológico , Indanos/uso terapéutico , Trastornos de la Memoria/inducido químicamente , Trastornos de la Memoria/tratamiento farmacológico , Piperidinas/uso terapéutico , Psicotrópicos/efectos adversos , Adulto , Atención Ambulatoria , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/efectos adversos , Estreñimiento/inducido químicamente , Estreñimiento/prevención & control , Diarrea/inducido químicamente , Mareo/inducido químicamente , Donepezilo , Esquema de Medicación , Femenino , Humanos , Indanos/administración & dosificación , Indanos/efectos adversos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Piperidinas/administración & dosificación , Piperidinas/efectos adversos , Psicotrópicos/uso terapéutico , Trastornos del Inicio y del Mantenimiento del Sueño/inducido químicamente , Xerostomía/inducido químicamente , Xerostomía/prevención & controlAsunto(s)
Etnopsicología , Grupos Minoritarios , Edición/normas , Autoimagen , Diversidad Cultural , Cultura , HumanosAsunto(s)
Salud Mental , Moral , Política , Relaciones Raciales , Revelación de la Verdad , Pesar , Humanos , Poder Psicológico , Sudáfrica , ViolenciaRESUMEN
The therapist of color and White patient dyad often involves contradictions and recognitions which are acknowledged through the specific processes and dynamics permeating this dyad. The relationship between self and other is frequently mediated through projection and identification. This article examines this unique interracial and interethnic therapeutic dyad emphasizing its clinical implications through the attribution of otherness, the use of colored screen projection, and the significance of power reversal. Special emphasis is given to the prevalent transferential and countertransferential reactions aided by clinical material. It is concluded that this therapeutic dyad provides a model for cross-cultural encounters where the resolution of contradictions can lead to the recognition of paradoxes, the acknowledgment of ambivalence, and the acceptance of disparate parts of the self.
Asunto(s)
Relaciones Profesional-Paciente , Psicoterapia , Grupos Raciales , Contratransferencia , Cultura , Humanos , Transferencia Psicológica , Recursos HumanosRESUMEN
The relevance and validity of ethnocultural factors in transference and countertransference reactions are proposed. Some of those prevalent in dyadic psychotherapy are described, focusing on intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic dyads. Case vignettes are presented to illustrate the ways in which ethnocultural factors serve as catalysts for such major therapeutic issues as trust, ambivalence, anger, and acceptance of disparate parts of the self.
Asunto(s)
Contratransferencia , Características Culturales , Etnicidad/psicología , Relaciones Profesional-Paciente , Psicoterapia/métodos , Transferencia Psicológica , Adulto , Mecanismos de Defensa , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Teoría Psicoanalítica , Terapia Psicoanalítica/métodosRESUMEN
The countertransferential reactions of psychotherapists working in a threatening environment with victims of political repression are described. Via case studies based on clinical consultation and direct testimony, this paper examines the effects on Chilean therapists living and working in that country. It is suggested that these clinical observations may have application to therapeutic work with victims in other stressful settings.
Asunto(s)
Contratransferencia , Comparación Transcultural , Política , Psicoterapia/métodos , Represión Psicológica , Tortura , Adulto , Chile , Miedo , Femenino , Humanos , Identificación Psicológica , MasculinoRESUMEN
Ethnoculturally translocated individuals, members of minority groups, and patients in cross-cultural psychotherapy frequently experience disturbances of their ethnocultural identities. During psychotherapy these patients often attribute ethnocultural qualities to their therapists in a process called ethnocultural identification. This process may be used to foster a therapeutic identification in which the therapist reflects pieces of the patient's conflicted ethnocultural identity. Cases are presented here illustrating the use of ethnocultural identification as an auxiliary therapeutic tool to facilitate coping with changing cultural values and transitional experiences, and to promote the integration of the ethnocultural self into a consolidated sense of identity.