Genetic and Congenital Anomalies in Infants With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) may have underlying conditions predisposing them to hypoxic-ischemic injury during labor and delivery. It is unclear how genetic and congenital anomalies impact outcomes of HIE. METHODS: Infants with HIE enrolled in a phase III trial underwent genetic testing when clinically indicated. Infants with known genetic or congenital anomalies were excluded. The primary outcome, i.e., death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI), was determined at age two years by a standardized neurological examination, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Third Edition (BSID-III), and the Gross Motor Function Classification Scales. Secondary outcomes included cerebral palsy and BSID-III motor, cognitive, and language scores at age two years. RESULTS: Of 500 infants with HIE, 24 (5%, 95% confidence interval 3% to 7%) were diagnosed with a genetic (n = 15) or congenital (n = 14) anomaly. Infants with and without genetic or congenital anomalies had similar rates of severe encephalopathy and findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging. However, infants with genetic or congenital anomalies were more likely to have death or NDI (75% vs 50%, P = 0.02). Among survivors, those with a genetic or congenital anomaly were more likely to be diagnosed with cerebral palsy (32% vs 13%, P = 0.02), and had lower BSID-III scores in all three domains than HIE survivors without such anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Among infants with HIE, 5% were diagnosed with a genetic or congenital anomaly. Despite similar clinical markers of HIE severity, infants with HIE and a genetic or congenital anomaly had worse neurodevelopmental outcomes than infants with HIE alone.

Relationship of Neonatal Seizure Burden Before Treatment and Response to Initial Antiseizure Medication.

OBJECTIVE: To assess among a cohort of neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) the association of pretreatment maximal hourly seizure burden and total seizure duration with successful response to initial antiseizure medication (ASM). STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective review of data collected from infants enrolled in the HEAL Trial (NCT02811263) between January 25, 2017, and October 9, 2019. We evaluated a cohort of neonates born at ≥36 weeks of gestation with moderate-to-severe HIE who underwent continuous electroencephalogram monitoring and had acute symptomatic seizures. Poisson regression analyzed associations between (1) pretreatment maximal hourly seizure burden, (2) pretreatment total seizure duration, (3) time from first seizure to initial ASM, and (4) successful response to initial ASM. RESULTS: Among 39 neonates meeting inclusion criteria, greater pretreatment maximal hourly seizure burden was associated with lower chance of successful response to initial ASM (adjusted relative risk for each 5-minute increase in seizure burden 0.83, 95% CI 0.69-0.99). There was no association between pretreatment total seizure duration and chance of successful response. Shorter time-to-treatment was paradoxically associated with lower chance of successful response to treatment, although this difference was small in magnitude (relative risk 1.007, 95% CI 1.003-1.010). CONCLUSIONS: Maximal seizure burden may be more important than other, more commonly used measures in predicting response to acute seizure treatments.

Time to regain birthweight and association with neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm newborns.

OBJECTIVE: Determine association between time to regain birthweight and 2-year neurodevelopment among extremely preterm (EP) newborns. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary analysis of the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial evaluating time to regain birthweight, time from birth to weight nadir, time from nadir to regain birthweight, and cumulative weight loss with 2-year corrected Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd edition. RESULTS: Among n = 654 EP neonates, those with shorter nadir-to-regain had lower cognitive scores (≤1 day versus ≥8 days: -5.0 points, [CI -9.5, -0.6]) and lower motor scores (≤1 day versus ≥8 days: -4.6 points [CI -9.2, -0.03]) in adjusted stepwise forward regression modeling. Increasingly cumulative weight loss was associated with lower cognitive scores (≤-50 percent-days: -5.6, [CI -9.4, -1.8]), motor scores (≤-50 percent-days: -4.2, [CI -8.2, -0.2]); and language scores (≤-50 percent-days: -6.0, [CI -10.1, -1.9]). CONCLUSION: Faster nadir-to-regain and excessive cumulative weight loss are associated with adverse 2-year neurodevelopmental outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PENUT Trial Registration: NCT01378273. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01378273 . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is a post-hoc secondary analysis of pre-existing data from the PENUT Trial (NCT #01378273).

Contemporary definitions of infant growth failure and neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes in extremely premature infants at two years of age.

BACKGROUND: Associations of 2-year neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes with growth trajectories of preterm infants are unknown. METHODS: This secondary analysis of a preterm cohort examined in-hospital and discharge to 2-year changes in anthropometric z-scores. Two-year follow-up included Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III) and Child Behavior Checklist. RESULTS: Among 590 infants, adjusted in-hospital growth was not associated with any BSID-III subscale. Occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) growth failure (GF) in-hospital was associated with increased adjusted odds of attention problems (aOR 1.65 [1.03, 2.65]), aggressive behavior (aOR 2.34 [1.12, 4.89]), and attention-deficit-hyperactivity symptoms (aOR 1.86 [1.05, 3.30]). Infants with OFC GF at 2 years had lower adjusted BSID-III language scores (-4.0 [-8.0, -0.1]), increased odds of attention problems (aOR 2.29 [1.11, 4.74]), aggressive behavior (aOR 3.09 [1.00, 9.56]), and externalizing problems (aOR 3.01 [1.07, 8.45]) compared to normal OFC growth cohort. CONCLUSION: Infants with OFC GF are at risk for neurodevelopmental and behavioral impairment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is a secondary analysis of pre-existing data from the PENUT Trial Registration: NCT01378273.