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1.
J Am Med Inform Assoc ; 30(10): 1747-1753, 2023 09 25.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37403330

RESUMEN

Health organizations and systems rely on increasingly sophisticated informatics infrastructure. Without anti-racist expertise, the field risks reifying and entrenching racism in information systems. We consider ways the informatics field can recognize institutional, systemic, and structural racism and propose the use of the Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) to mitigate and dismantle racism in digital forms. We enumerate guiding questions for stakeholders along with a PHCRP-Informatics framework. By focusing on (1) critical self-reflection, (2) following the expertise of well-established scholars of racism, (3) centering the voices of affected individuals and communities, and (4) critically evaluating practice resulting from informatics systems, stakeholders can work to minimize the impacts of racism. Informatics, informed and guided by this proposed framework, will help realize the vision of health systems that are more fair, just, and equitable.


Asunto(s)
Informática , Racismo , Humanos , Instituciones de Salud , Salud Pública
2.
Learn Health Syst ; 7(1): e10313, 2023 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36654809

RESUMEN

Background: The evidence based on the inclusion of patients and other stakeholders as partners in the clinical research process has grown substantially. However, little has been reported on how stakeholders are engaged in the governance of large-scale clinical research networks and the infrastructure used by research networks to support engagement in network-affiliated activities. Objectives: The objective was to document engagement activities and practices emerging from Clinical Research Networks (CRNs) participating in PCORnet, the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network, specifically regarding governance and engagement infrastructure. Methods: We conducted an environmental scan of PCORnet CRN engagement structures, assets, and services, focusing on network oversight structures for policy development and strategic decision-making. The scan included assets and services for supporting patient/stakeholder engagement. Data were collected by searching web-based literature and tool repositories, review of CRN Engagement Plans, analysis of previously collected key informant interviews, and CRN-based iterative review of structured worksheets. Results: We identified 87 discrete engagement structures, assets, and services across nine CRNs. All CRNs engage patients/stakeholders in their governance, maintain workgroups and/or staff dedicated to overseeing engagement strategies, and offer one or more services to non-CRN researchers to enhance conducting engaged clinical research. Conclusions: This work provides an important resource for the research community to explore engagement across peers, reflect on progress, consider opportunities to leverage existing infrastructure, and identify new collaborators. It also serves to highlight PCORnet as a resource for non-CRN researchers seeking to efficiently conduct engaged clinical research and a venue for advancing the science of engagement.

3.
Acad Pediatr ; 22(3S): S81-S91, 2022 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35339248

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Context is a critical determinant of the effectiveness of quality improvement programs. We assessed the role of contextual factors in influencing the efforts of 5 diverse quality improvement projects as part of the Pediatric Quality Measure Program (PQMP) directed by the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality. METHODS: We conducted a mixed methods study of 5 PQMP grantees involving semistructured interviews followed by structured worksheets to identify influential contextual factors. Semistructured interviews and worksheets were completed between August and October 2020. Participants were comprised of PQMP grantee teams (2-4 team members per team for a total of 15 participants). Coding and analysis was based on the Tailored Implementation for Chronic Diseases (TICD) framework. RESULTS: Despite heterogeneity in the process and outcome targets of the PQMP initiatives, professional interactions, incentives and resources, and capacity for organizational change were the domains most commonly identified as influential across the grantees. While social, political, and legal factors was not commonly referenced as an important domain, payer or funder policies (a factor within this domain) was highlighted as one of the most influential factors. Overall, the incentives and resources domain was identified as the most influential. CONCLUSIONS: We found that using a determinant framework, such as the TICD, is valuable in facilitating comparisons across heterogeneous projects, allowing us to identify key contextual factors influencing the implementation of pediatric quality measures across a diverse range of clinical topics and settings. Future quality improvement work should account for this and include resources to support infrastructure development in addition to program implementation.


Asunto(s)
Mejoramiento de la Calidad , Niño , Humanos , Innovación Organizacional
4.
Health Serv Res ; 53(3): 1430-1457, 2018 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28560726

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the Medicare dialysis payment reform on potential disparities in the selection of peritoneal dialysis (PD) for the treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DATA SOURCES: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) ESRD Medical Evidence Form, Medicare claims, and other CMS data for 2008-2013. STUDY DESIGN: We examined the association of patient age, race/ethnicity, urban/rural location, pre-ESRD care, comorbidities, insurance, and other factors with the selection of PD as initial dialysis modality across prereform (2008-2009), interim (2010), and postreform (2011-2013) time periods. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Selection of PD increased among diverse patient subgroups following the payment reform. However, the lower PD selection observed with older age, black race, Hispanic ethnicity, less pre-ESRD care, and Medicaid insurance before the reform largely remained in the initial postreform years. CONCLUSIONS: Despite recent growth in PD, there may be ongoing disparities in access to PD that have largely not been mitigated by the payment reform. There is potential for modifying provider financial incentives to achieve policy goals related to cost and quality of care. However, even with a substantial shift in financial incentives, separate initiatives to reduce existing disparities in care may be needed.


Asunto(s)
Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Medicare/estadística & datos numéricos , Sistema de Pago Prospectivo/estadística & datos numéricos , Diálisis Renal/economía , Diálisis Renal/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. , Comorbilidad , Etnicidad , Femenino , Gastos en Salud , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Revisión de Utilización de Seguros , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Diálisis Peritoneal/economía , Grupos Raciales , Características de la Residencia , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estados Unidos , Adulto Joven
6.
Popul Health Manag ; 20(3): 173-180, 2017 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27705094

RESUMEN

As Medicare and Medicaid increasingly shift to alternative payment models focused on population-based payments, there is an urgent need to develop measures of population health that can drive health improvement. In response, an assessment and design project established a framework for developing population health measures from a payer perspective, conducted environmental scans of existing measures and available data infrastructure, and conducted a gap analysis informing measure development and infrastructure needs. The work, summarized here, makes recommendations for creating a set of core measures, demonstrates some of the key challenges in applying a traditional quality measure development framework to population health, and complements recent efforts by the National Academy of Medicine and others with a focus on a payer perspective.


Asunto(s)
Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicaid/normas , Salud Poblacional , Calidad de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Humanos , Estados Unidos
7.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol ; 11(9): 1703-1712, 2016 09 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27197911

RESUMEN

Including target populations in the design and implementation of research trials has been one response to the growing health disparities endemic to our health care system, as well as an aid to study generalizability. One type of community-based participatory research is "Patient Centered-Research", in which patient perspectives on the germane research questions and methodologies are incorporated into the study. The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) has mandated that meaningful patient and stakeholder engagement be incorporated into all applications. As of March 2015, PCORI funded seven clinically-focused studies of patients with kidney disease. The goal of this paper is to synthesize the experiences of these studies to gain an understanding of how meaningful patient and stakeholder engagement can occur in clinical research of kidney diseases, and what the key barriers are to its implementation. Our collective experience suggests that successful implementation of a patient- and stakeholder-engaged research paradigm involves: (1) defining the roles and process for the incorporation of input; (2) identifying the particular patients and other stakeholders; (3) engaging patients and other stakeholders so they appreciate the value of their own participation and have personal investment in the research process; and (4) overcoming barriers and challenges that arise and threaten the productivity of the collaboration. It is our hope that the experiences of these studies will further interest and capacity for incorporating patient and stakeholder perspectives in research of kidney diseases.


Asunto(s)
Investigación Participativa Basada en la Comunidad , Enfermedades Renales , Evaluación del Resultado de la Atención al Paciente , Participación del Paciente , Participación de los Interesados , Humanos , Selección de Paciente
10.
J Am Soc Nephrol ; 26(3): 754-64, 2015 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25300289

RESUMEN

Implementation of the Medicare ESRD prospective payment system (PPS) and changes to dosing guidelines for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in 2011 appear to have influenced use of injectable medications among dialysis patients. Given historically higher ESA and vitamin D use among black patients, we assessed the effect of these policy changes on racial disparities in the management of anemia and mineral metabolism. Analyses used cross-sectional monthly cohorts for a period-prevalent sample of 7384 maintenance hemodialysis patients at 132 facilities from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) Practice Monitor. Linear splines with knots at each policy change were used in survey-weighted regressions to estimate time trends in hemoglobin (Hgb), erythropoietin (EPO) dose, intravenous (IV) iron dose, ferritin, transferrin saturation (TSAT) concentration, parathyroid hormone (PTH), IV vitamin D dose, cinacalcet use, and phosphate binder use. From August 2010 to December 2011, mean Hgb declined from 11.5 to 11.0 g/dl (P<0.001), mean EPO dose declined from 20,506 to 14,777 U/wk (P<0.001), and mean serum PTH increased from 340 to 435 pg/ml (P<0.001). No meaningful differences by race were observed regarding the rates of change of management practices or laboratory measures (all P>0.21). Mean EPO and vitamin D dose and serum PTH levels remained higher in blacks. Despite evidence that anemia and mineral metabolism management practices have changed significantly over time, there was no immediate indication of racial disparities resulting from implementation of the PPS or ESA label change. Further studies are needed to examine effects among patient and facility subgroups.


Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Disparidades en Atención de Salud , Fallo Renal Crónico/complicaciones , Sistema de Pago Prospectivo , Diálisis Renal/economía , Anciano , Anemia/etiología , Anemia/prevención & control , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Hematínicos/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Fallo Renal Crónico/economía , Fallo Renal Crónico/etnología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Racismo , Análisis de Regresión , Estados Unidos/epidemiología
11.
J Am Chem Soc ; 135(36): 13440-5, 2013 Sep 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23914725

RESUMEN

An abiotic formation of meso- and DL-tartrates in 80% yield via the cyanide-catalyzed dimerization of glyoxylate under alkaline conditions is demonstrated. A detailed mechanism for this conversion is proposed, supported by NMR evidence and (13)C-labeled reactions. Simple dehydration of tartrates to oxaloacetate and an ensuing decarboxylation to form pyruvate are known processes that provide a ready feedstock for entry into the citric acid cycle. While glyoxylate and high hydroxide concentration are atypical in the prebiotic literature, there is evidence for natural, abiotic availability of each. It is proposed that this availability, coupled with the remarkable efficiency of tartrate production from glyoxylate, merits consideration of an alternative prebiotic pathway for providing constituents of the citric acid cycle.


Asunto(s)
Ciclo del Ácido Cítrico , Cianuros/química , Glioxilatos/química , Tartratos/síntesis química , Dimerización , Estructura Molecular , Tartratos/química
12.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev ; 22(10): 1894-9, 2013 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23950212

RESUMEN

Interest in the relationship between one-carbon metabolism (OCM) and carcinogenesis is intensifying, leading to increased use of related biomarkers as measures of exposure. Little is known, however, about the intraindividual variation in these markers and whether or not the use of a single measure is appropriate for assessing exposure-disease relationships in epidemiologic studies. We evaluated the intraindividual variation in plasma concentrations of 19 OCM biomarkers in a sample of 147 African American and 68 non-Hispanic white participants from the Southern Community Cohort Study who donated blood samples and responded to questionnaires at two time points from 2005 to 2008. Weighted kappa coefficients (κ) were calculated to assess the agreement between quartile assignments based on the repeated measures. Adjusted intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were also used to assess the consistency of the two measurements. Most (16/19) OCM biomarkers showed a moderate or better agreement for quartile assignment at the two time points, with only methionine, methionine sulfoxide, and cystathionine having κ ≤ 0.40. The median-adjusted ICC across the 19 biomarkers was 0.60. Reproducibility was highest for flavin mononucleotide [ICC = 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.79-0.87] and lowest for methionine and its oxidative product methionine sulfoxide (ICC = 0.22, 95% CI 0.09-0.34; ICC = 0.20, 95% CI 0.07-0.32, respectively). Overall, the intraindividual variation in OCM biomarkers was similar for African Americans and whites and for males and females. Our results suggest that with the exception of methionine and methionine sulfoxide, OCM biomarkers generally have good intraindividual reproducibility and can be considered as reliable exposure measures in epidemiologic studies.


Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Carbono/metabolismo , Neoplasias/sangre , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/etnología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Población Blanca
13.
Am J Epidemiol ; 177(2): 171-9, 2013 Jan 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23125439

RESUMEN

The beneficial biologic effects attributed to vitamin D suggest a potential to influence overall mortality. Evidence addressing this hypothesis is limited, especially for African Americans who have a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency. The authors conducted a nested case-control study within the prospective Southern Community Cohort Study to relate baseline serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) with subsequent mortality. Cases were 1,852 participants who enrolled from 2002 to 2009 and died >12 months postenrollment. Controls (n = 1,852) were matched on race, sex, age, enrollment site, and blood collection date. The odds ratios for quartile 1 (<10.18 ng/mL) versus quartile 4 (>21.64 ng/mL) levels of 25(OH)D were 1.60 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20, 2.14) for African Americans and 2.11 (95% CI: 1.39, 3.21) for non-African Americans. The effects were strongest for circulatory disease death, where quartile 1 versus quartile 4 odds ratios were 2.53 (95% CI: 1.44, 4.46) and 3.25 (95% CI: 1.33, 7.93) for African Americans and non-African Americans, respectively. The estimated odds of total mortality were minimized in the 25(OH)D range of 35-40 ng/mL. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that vitamin D status may have an important influence on mortality for both African Americans and non-African Americans.


Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/mortalidad , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Causas de Muerte , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Estudios Prospectivos , Estaciones del Año , Sudeste de Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/etnología
14.
Am J Epidemiol ; 176(5): 431-42, 2012 Sep 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22822174

RESUMEN

In recent pooled analyses among whites and Asians, mortality was shown to rise markedly with increasing body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)), but much less is known about this association among blacks. This study prospectively examined all-cause mortality in relation to BMI among 22,014 black males, 9,343 white males, 30,810 black females, and 14,447 white females, aged 40-79 years, from the Southern Community Cohort Study, an epidemiologic cohort of largely low-income participants in 12 southeastern US states. Participants enrolled in the cohort from 2002 to 2009 and were followed up to 8.9 years. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for mortality were obtained from sex- and race-stratified Cox proportional hazards models in association with BMI at cohort entry, adjusting for age, education, income, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. Elevated BMI was associated with increased mortality among whites (hazard ratios for BMI >40 vs. 20-24.9 = 1.37 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.84) and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.89) for white males and white females, respectively) but not significantly among blacks (hazard ratios = 1.13 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.43) and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.04) for black males and black females, respectively). In this large cohort, obesity in mid-to-late adulthood among blacks was not associated with the same excess mortality risk seen among whites.


Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano , Obesidad/mortalidad , Población Blanca , Adulto , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Causas de Muerte , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/etnología , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estudios Prospectivos , Autoinforme , Sudeste de Estados Unidos/epidemiología
15.
Geospat Health ; 6(2): 273-84, 2012 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22639129

RESUMEN

To enable spatial analyses within a large, prospective cohort study of nearly 86,000 adults enrolled in a 12-state area in the southeastern United States of America from 2002-2009, a multi-stage geocoding protocol was developed to efficiently maximize the proportion of participants assigned an address level geographic coordinate. Addresses were parsed, cleaned and standardized before applying a combination of automated and interactive geocoding tools. Our full protocol increased the non-Post Office (PO) Box match rate from 74.5% to 97.6%. Overall, we geocoded 99.96% of participant addresses, with only 5.2% at the ZIP code centroid level (2.8% PO Box and 2.3% non-PO Box addresses). One key to reducing the need for interactive geocoding was the use of multiple base maps. Still, addresses in areas with population density <44 persons/km2 were much more likely to require resource-intensive interactive geocoding than those in areas with >920 persons/km2 (odds ratio (OR) = 5.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.23, 6.49), as were addresses collected from participants during in-person interviews compared with mailed questionnaires (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.59, 2.11). This study demonstrates that population density and address ascertainment method can influence automated geocoding results and that high success in address level geocoding is achievable for large-scale studies covering wide geographical areas.


Asunto(s)
Métodos Epidemiológicos , Sistemas de Información Geográfica , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Intervalos de Confianza , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Oportunidad Relativa , Densidad de Población , Estudios Prospectivos , Estados Unidos
16.
J Org Chem ; 76(7): 2180-6, 2011 Apr 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21384805

RESUMEN

Electrospray ionization of methanolic solutions of p-hydroxyphenacyl derivatives HO-C(6)H(4)-C(O)-CH(2)-X (X = leaving group) provides abundant signals for the deprotonated species which are assigned to the corresponding phenolate anions (-)O-C(6)H(4)-C(O)-CH(2)-X. Upon collisional activation in the gas phase, these anions inter alia undergo loss of a neutral "C(8)H(6)O(2)" species concomitant with formation of the corresponding anions X(-). The energies required for the loss of the neutral roughly correlate with the gas phase acidities of the conjugate acids (HX). Extensive theoretical studies performed for X = CF(3)COO in order to reveal the energetically most favorable pathway for the formation of neutral "C(8)H(6)O(2)" suggest three different routes of similar energy demands, involving a spirocyclopropanone, epoxide formation, and a diradical, respectively.


Asunto(s)
Acetofenonas/química , Aniones/química , Ciclopropanos/química , Compuestos Epoxi/química , Gases Nobles/química , Compuestos de Espiro/química , Modelos Teóricos , Estructura Molecular , Soluciones/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray
17.
J Phys Condens Matter ; 22(12): 125401, 2010 Mar 31.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21389486

RESUMEN

We address the question of whether the structural disorder in the high-temperature ß-cristobalite phase of silica can be explained on the basis of domain models using a new technique of phonon-based computer simulations of the pair distribution function. None of the domain models give as good an agreement to experimental data as previously reported atomic configurations derived from a reverse Monte Carlo analysis that are consistent with the rigid unit mode model.

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