Comparison of two audit and feedback approaches: descriptive analysis of personal and contextual dynamics.

INTRODUCTION: Audit and feedback (A&F) is a systematic intervention that can be used to improve the quality of health care. The EASY-NET Network Project proposes an innovative A&F model. AIM: This study aimed to describe the newly proposed A&F model. An analysis was conducted, examining the participants' attitudes and their individual and interpersonal mechanisms to understand how they influence the work context and vice versa. METHODS: Two A&F models were compared, involving emergency and rehabilitation health workers, who were divided into two groups. The classic A&F model was compared with a new model, using a desk audit followed by interactive feedback. Communication training was provided to the audit team by psychologists before commencement of the project. The experimental group underwent psychological screening using two standardized tools (COPE-NVI and ProQoL) to evaluate personal and relational dynamics using the context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) paradigm. RESULTS: The exchange of ideas among health professionals is more effective when using face-to-face feedback than written feedback. The COPE-NVI and ProQoL questionnaires highlighted the difficulties experienced by health care professionals in implementing effective coping strategies to deal with stressful events. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying signs of stress in health care workers is essential for improvement strategies to be implemented and for establishing new, optimal conditions. Remote feedback makes it possible to overcome logistical barriers and, in the future, this method can be used for inter-organizational collaboration. SPANISH ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/IJEBH/A203.

Cognitive, behavioral and psychiatric symptoms in patients with spinal cord injury: a scoping review.

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a condition where the spinal cord is damaged and experiences partial or complete loss of motor and/or sensory function, which is typically less than normal. After SCI, patients may exhibit more severe psychiatric symptoms and experience cognitive impairments, including reduced speed and attention processing capacity, as well as difficulties with executive function and episodic memory retention. Among the behavioral and psychiatric symptoms, depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder are the most common. This review aims to investigate the cognitive, behavioral, or psychiatric symptoms of the patient with SCI and their influence on the rehabilitation process. Studies were identified from an online search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases. Studies published between 2013-2023 were selected. This review has been registered on OSF (n) 3KB2U. We have found that patients with SCI are at high risk of cognitive impairment and experience a wide range of difficulties, including tasks based on processing speed and executive function. This clinical population may experience adjustment disorders with depression and anxiety, as well as other psychiatric symptoms such as fatigue, stress, and suicidal ideation. This review has demonstrated that SCI patients may experience psychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairments that affect their functioning. At the same time, these patients may be more prone to various adjustment and mood disorders. Moreover, these two aspects may interact with each other, causing a range of symptoms, increasing the risk of hospitalization, and delaying the rehabilitation process.

A systematic review about the importance of neuropsychological features in heart failure: is at heart the only failure?

Heart failure can lead to cognitive impairment that is estimated to be present in over a quarter of patients. It is important to intervene at a cognitive level to promote brain plasticity through cognitive training programs. Interventions transformed by technology offer the promise of improved cognitive health for heart failure patients. This review was conducted on studies evaluating the role of cognitive rehabilitation in patients with heart failure. We examined clinical trials involving patients with heart failure. Our search was performed on Pubmed, Web of Science and Cochrane library databases. Of the initial 256 studies, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. Cognitive rehabilitation training has important implications for the treatment and prevention of cognitive decline in heart failure patients with significant recovery for delayed recall memory and a significant time effect for total recall memory and delayed, psychomotor speed and IADL performance. It is important to include the assessment of cognitive functioning in the routine clinical examinations of patients with heart failure, discover the relationship between cognitive function and heart failure, and target cognitive rehabilitation programs that promote brain plasticity.

The Quality of Life in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: Assessment and Rehabilitation.

Background and Objectives: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) develops when the spinal cord is damaged and leads to partial or complete loss of motor and/or sensory function, usually below the level of injury. Medical advances in the last few decades have enabled SCI patients to survive after their initial injury and extend their life expectancy. As a result, the need for outcome measures to assess health and Quality of Life (QoL) after rehabilitation is increasing. All QoL assessment measures include implicit or explicit reactions and evaluations of a person's life characteristics. This review aims to investigate QoL and its assessment in patients with SCI and how the instruments that are used may influence rehabilitation. Materials and Methods: Studies were identified from an online search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. Studies published between 2013 and 2023 were selected. This review has been registered on OSF (n) 892NY. Results: We found that different psychological and physical aspects can positively or negatively influence the QoL of SCI patients, and the measurement of this aspect, despite the number of tools, is limited due to the lack of a universal definition of this theme and the greater prevalence of quantitative rather than qualitative tools. Conclusions: This review has demonstrated that clinicians and psychologists involved in SCI rehabilitation should consider tools that use high-quality standardized outcome measures to detect and compare potential differences and outcomes of interventions related to HRQoL and their relationship with the personality and functional status of the patient.

Brain Plasticity in Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Systematic Review.

A spinal cord injury (SCI) causes changes in brain structure and brain function due to the direct effects of nerve damage, secondary mechanisms, and long-term effects of the injury, such as paralysis and neuropathic pain (NP). Recovery takes place over weeks to months, which is a time frame well beyond the duration of spinal shock and is the phase in which the spinal cord remains unstimulated below the level of injury and is associated with adaptations occurring throughout the nervous system, often referred to as neuronal plasticity. Such changes occur at different anatomical sites and also at different physiological and molecular biological levels. This review aims to investigate brain plasticity in patients with SCIs and its influence on the rehabilitation process. Studies were identified from an online search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Studies published between 2013 and 2023 were selected. This review has been registered on OSF under (n) 9QP45. We found that neuroplasticity can affect the sensory-motor network, and different protocols or rehabilitation interventions can activate this process in different ways. Exercise rehabilitation training in humans with SCIs can elicit white matter plasticity in the form of increased myelin water content. This review has demonstrated that SCI patients may experience plastic changes either spontaneously or as a result of specific neurorehabilitation training, which may lead to positive outcomes in functional recovery. Clinical and experimental evidence convincingly displays that plasticity occurs in the adult CNS through a variety of events following traumatic or non-traumatic SCI. Furthermore, efficacy-based, pharmacological, and genetic approaches, alone or in combination, are increasingly effective in promoting plasticity.

A Set of Possible Markers for Monitoring Heart Failure and Cognitive Impairment Associated: A Review of Literature from the Past 5 Years.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure is an epidemiologically relevant disease because of the aging population and widespread lifestyles that promote it. In addition to the acute event, it is possible for the disease to become chronic with periodic flare-ups. It is essential to study pathology from a diagnostic and prognostic point of view and to identify parameters for effective monitoring. In addition, heart failure is associated with multiple comorbidities, including cognitive impairment, which is monitored clinically but not through specific biomarkers in these patients. The purpose of this review is to gather the most recent scientific evidence on a few possible biomarkers previously identified for monitoring heart failure and associated cognitive impairment. METHODS: We surveyed studies inherent to a set of previously identified markers, evaluating English-language articles from the past five years conducted in adult heart failure patient populations. We used the databases PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Cochrane Library for search studies, and we considered articles published in journals with an impact factor greater than five in the publication year. RESULTS: Among the biomarkers evaluated, a concordant indication for serial measurements for heart failure monitoring emerged only for interleukin-6. For the other markers, there is still little evidence available, which is interesting but sometimes conflicting. Interesting studies have also emerged for biomarkers of cognitive decline assessed in patients with heart failure, confirming the hypotheses of the increasingly studied heart-brain correlation. CONCLUSION: Certainly, further studies in large populations are needed to identify effective biomarkers for monitoring heart failure and associated cognitive impairment.

Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuromodulation Techniques in Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a condition in which an external force, usually a violent blow to the head, causes functional impairment in the brain. Neuromodulation techniques are thought to restore altered function in the brain, resulting in improved function and reduced symptoms. Brain stimulation can alter the firing of neurons, boost synaptic strength, alter neurotransmitters and excitotoxicity, and modify the connections in their neural networks. All these are potential effects on brain activity. Accordingly, this is a promising therapy for TBI. These techniques are flexible because they can target different brain areas and vary in frequency and amplitude. This review aims to investigate the recent literature about neuromodulation techniques used in the rehabilitation of TBI patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The identification of studies was made possible by conducting online searches on PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus databases. Studies published between 2013 and 2023 were selected. This review has been registered on OSF (JEP3S). RESULTS: We have found that neuromodulation techniques can improve the rehabilitation process for TBI patients in several ways. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) can improve cognitive functions such as recall ability, neural substrates, and overall improved performance on neuropsychological tests. Repetitive TMS has the potential to increase neural connections in many TBI patients but not in all patients, such as those with chronic diffuse axonal damage. CONCLUSIONS: This review has demonstrated that neuromodulation techniques are promising instruments in the rehabilitation field, including those affected by TBI. The efficacy of neuromodulation can have a significant impact on their lives and improve functional outcomes for TBI patients.

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Cognitive Functions in Parkinson's Patients: A Systematic Review.

Sleep disorders, such as REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and excessive daytime sleepiness, are among the most common non-motor symptoms in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD). Sleep disorders have a major negative impact on the quality of life of patients and their caregivers. In addition, REM sleep behavior disorder is an important risk factor for cognitive impairment in PD. This systematic review was conducted on studies investigating the influence of RBD on cognitive performance in PD subjects. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases, screened the references of the studies included, and reviewed articles for additional citations. From the first 244 publications, we included only 11 studies that met the search criteria. The results showed that sleep disorders in PD were associated with impaired executive functions, visual-constructive abilities, reduced attention, and episodic verbal memory, and could predict the possible risk of developing dementia.

Neurophysiological and Psychometric Outcomes in Minimal Consciousness State after Advanced Audio-Video Emotional Stimulation: A Retrospective Study.

In the last ten years, technological innovations have led to the development of new, advanced sensory stimulation (SS) tools, such as PC-based rehabilitative programs or virtual reality training. These are meant to stimulate residual cognitive abilities and, at the same time, assess cognition and awareness, also in patients with a minimally conscious state (MCS). Our purpose was to evaluate the clinical and neurophysiological effects of multi-sensory and emotional stimulation provided by Neurowave in patients with MCS, as compared to a conventional SS treatment. The psychological status of their caregivers was also monitored. In this retrospective study, we have included forty-two MCS patients and their caregivers. Each MCS subject was included in either the control group (CG), receiving a conventional SS, or the experimental group (EG), who was submitted to the experimental training with the Neurowave. They were assessed before (T0) and after the training (T1) through a specific clinical battery, including both motor and cognitive outcomes. Moreover, in the EG, we also monitored the brain electrophysiological activity (EEG and P300). In both study groups (EG and CG), the psychological caregiver's aspects, including anxiety levels, were measured using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). The intra-group analysis (T0-T1) of the EG showed statistical significances in all patients' outcome measures, while in the CG, we found statistical significances in consciousness and awareness outcomes. The inter-group analysis between the EG and the CG showed no statistical differences, except for global communication skills. In conclusion, the multi-sensory stimulation approach through Neurowave was found to be an innovative rehabilitation treatment, also allowing the registration of brain activity during treatment.

Use of Virtual Reality in Patients with Acquired Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: ABI is found in all societies as the most severe, disabling neurological disorder. A cognitive rehabilitation program is essential for the clinical recovery of these patients, improving functional outcomes and quality of life. Modern technologies such as virtual reality (VR) offer several advantages over traditional therapies, including the ability to engage people in simulated performance of functional tasks. This review will examine the studies in which virtual reality has been used as an aid, technique, or intervention in patients with acquired brain injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies were identified from an online search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. RESULTS: We found that TBI patients responded positively to VR treatment depending on the damaged or impaired cognitive and motor functions they acquired. It is now a tool that is available in the rehabilitation of these patients and supports the recovery of various motor and cognitive functions. CONCLUSIONS: This review has shown that VR is an intervention technique that increasingly exists in clinical rehabilitation practice for ABI patients. The device uses advanced technologies that can cause general changes in cognitive, motor, and psychological aspects and create a simulated environment that can partially restore these functions and behaviors, as well as the behaviors of everyday life.

Psychological symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis and the role of marital status: results from a retrospective single-center study.

BACKGROUND: Married people have, on average, better mental health than no married people. Psychological symptoms as anxiety and depression occur frequently in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), increasing the severity of neurologic disability. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between functional disability and psychological symptoms differentiating by marital status. METHODS: In this study 150 MS outpatients without a history of psychological disorders were selected from the hospital database. The outpatient procedure for all patients includes the administration of the Expanded Disability Status Scale and the questionnaire Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) a multidimensional self-report inventory, consisting of 90 items covering nine clinical dimensions: somatization (SOM), obsessive-compulsive (OC), interpersonal sensitivity (IS), depression (DEP), anxiety (ANX), hostility (HOS), phobic anxiety (PHOB), paranoid ideation (PAR), psychoticism (PSY), and three global indices of distress: global severity index (GSI), positive symptoms total (PST) and positive symptom distress index (PSDI). According to marital status, subjects were subdivided in single, married (including cohabitants), and divorced (including separated). A nonparametric group comparisons analysis was performed, as well as multivariate analysis which included generalized linear regression models. RESULTS: Regression results showed that functional disability was a significant predictor for all SCL- 90-R subscales. Moreover, it would seem that the single condition might be a protective factor for the development of psychological symptoms in SM patients. Notably, findings showed that younger subjects were predominantly single and had less psychological symptoms, whereas patients with greater psychological alterations were older in a stable affective couple relationship, presenting an elevation in depression, anxiety, somatization and compulsive, and obsessive scales. CONCLUSION: Numerous factors contribute to the onset of psychological disorders in multiple sclerosis. Marriage does not represent a protective factor for the development of psychological symptoms in SM patients. Future investigation is needed to ascertain the prevalence and underlying causes of psychological symptoms.

Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: A Narrative Review of Types and Characteristics of Therapeutic Interventions.

The diagnosis of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) was added to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) just 10 years ago. This disorder consists of the failure to meet one's nutritional and/or energy needs, which may result in significant weight loss, significant nutritional deficit or functioning dependent on enteral nutrition or oral supplements. In children with this disorder, development is often problematic, and there is also marked interference with psychosocial functioning at all ages. The causes leading to food avoidance in these patients may be related to a lack of interest, to the sensory properties of the food or to the possible adverse consequences associated with it. Given the multitude of aspects involved in this disorder and the impact it has especially on younger patients, more and more studies are addressing treatments and related benefits and/or complications. A narrative review of currently published studies was performed for articles published before 5 March 2023 on therapeutic interventions in patients with ARFID. Because of the large number of results obtained, this review was conducted only via PubMed in order to analyze and discuss children and adolescent ARFID treatments reported in literature. The treatments most often referred to in the literature are cognitive behavioral therapy, family-based therapy and pharmacological treatment. All the data on these treatments are promising. However, due to the recent introduction of this disorder and the limited data still available, a multidisciplinary approach seems to be the best option.

Feasibility and Effectiveness of Speech Intervention Implemented with a Virtual Reality System in Children with Developmental Language Disorders: A Pilot Randomized Control Trial.

Language disorders are characterized by impairments in verbal expression/understanding, including difficulties with one or more language components. The Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System (VRRS) is a bioelectromedical device equipped with exercise sections aimed at improving cognitive and language deficits. It also increases patient motivation and engagement. The aim of our study was to test the feasibility and efficacy of VRRS intervention to improve speech therapy treatment for children with speech disorders. Thirty-two patients were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to the experimental (EG) or control group (CG). The CG underwent conventional speech therapy, while EG underwent VRRS-implemented speech therapy. Both groups were evaluated before (T0) and after (T1) the intervention using the Language Assessment Test. The results showed improvements in both groups. However, the EG group showed greater improvement in various areas, including comprehension of total words, repetition, naming of body parts, naming of everyday objects, total naming, morphosyntactic accuracy, sentence construction, average length of utterance, and spontaneous word production. This study demonstrated that VRRS can be a valuable tool for implementing effective speech rehabilitation. Further studies are needed, as the use of VRRS is still in its early stages, requiring larger samples sizes and long-term follow-up.

Coping and Quality of Life Differences between Emergency and Rehabilitation Healthcare Workers.

Audit and Feedback (A&F) is a systematic process involving the collection of data, which are subsequently compared with the established reference standards and then subsequently disseminated to healthcare providers through feedback meetings. This allows continuous improvement to be ensured in the quality of care processes. Often, the parameters taken into account concern only the patient and the treatment processes, neglecting other variables. Quality of life in the workplace and coping skills are determining variables for the clinical performance of all healthcare professionals. For this reason, in this study, these variables were investigated and differences were highlighted in two different role categories and context: cardiovascular emergency and neurological rehabilitation. A psychological screening was carried out by sending the computerized Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced-Nuova Versione Italiana (COPE-NVI) and Professional Quality of Life Scale-5 (ProQoL) questionnaires to all healthcare workers involved. Ninety-five healthcare providers (mean ± SD age: 47 ± 10.4 years; 37.9% male) answered the questionnaire and were assigned into two groups (G1 and G2) based on the ward in which they worked. These were further divided into two subgroups (R1 and R2) based on their role. The obtained results show that avoidance strategies are used more by health professionals working in rehabilitation (G2) wards than in intensive-care units (G1). Moreover, in G1 nurses, physical therapists and speech therapists (R2) obtained higher scores in terms of turning to religion (TR) and compassion satisfaction (CS), while physicians and psychologists (R1) obtained higher scores on the burnout scale (BO). The TR score for R2 was found to be higher, even in G2. The response trend of the two groups in the different departments was analyzed and commented on.

Traumatic Brain Injury and Related Antisocial Behavioral Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

Background and Objectives: Higher level of aggression and antisocial behavior have been found in the period following head trauma. These changes are attributable to specific brain alterations that generally involved frontal lobe, insula and limbic system. A descriptive review was conducted on the specificity of aggressive behavior in relation to traumatic brain injury by evaluating numerous variables, focusing on age at the time of trauma and neuroimaging studies. Materials and Methods: We searched on PubMed and the Web of Science databases to screen references of included studies and review articles for additional citations. From an initial 738 publications, only 27 met the search criteria of describing the relationship between aggression, brain alterations and traumatic brain injury. Results: These findings showed that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is related to changes in behavior, personality and mood. Conclusions: The development of aggressive and criminal behavior is associated with multiple factors, including the etiology of injury, environmental, psychosocial and personality factors and age at the time of trauma.

Improving Knowledge of Audit and Feedback among Health Care Professionals in Sicily.

Audit and Feedback (A&F) is considered one of the most significant tools for implementing continuous Quality Improvement (QI) in the healthcare field. The audit process is a structured inspection of professional practice against known standards or targets. The results of this inspection are subsequently feedback from professionals in order to implement an improvement process. The Italian Ministry of Health has recently funded the network project EASY-NET, with the main objective of evaluating the effectiveness of A&F strategies to improve healthcare practice and equity in various clinical and organizational settings in seven Italian regions. The Sicily region is represented within the EASY-NET project by the IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo of Messina as the Work Package 7 (WP7). One of the objectives of the WP7 is to assess mechanisms and tools to enhance the effectiveness of A&F strategies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence that training interventions can have on improving knowledge of A&F strategies among healthcare professionals. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest evaluation strategy. The participants' initial knowledge of A&F strategies was evaluated through a baseline survey. Subsequently, the participants attended an online training workshop led by A&F experts, and a follow-up survey consisting of the same set of questions was conducted at the end of the process. Results showed statistically significant positive changes in the level of knowledge of A&F among participants following the training intervention. Furthermore, dividing the participants into two subgroups based on their professional background revealed significant differences in the level of knowledge of A&F methodologies between the observed categories of healthcare professionals. In conclusion, the study revealed that training interventions can be facilitators to implementing effective A&F programs.

Development of a Set of Indicators for Measuring and Improving Quality of Rehabilitation Care after Ischemic Stroke.

Stroke is the leading global cause of permanent disability and the second leading cause of dementia within the first year of the event. Systematic quality improvement interventions such as Audit & Feedback (A&F) can monitor and improve the performance of post-stroke care in conjunction with the use of quality indicators (QIs). The scientific literature shows limited studies on quality improvement and QIs design for poststroke rehabilitation. In Italy, the National Outcomes Evaluation Programme (PNE) annually provides several QIs concerning the acute wards. On the contrary, indicators for quality assessment of post-acute stroke rehabilitation are not available nationwide. In recent years, the Italian Ministry of Health has funded a national network project, the aim of which is to provide and evaluate the effectiveness of A&F strategies in healthcare improvement. Part of this project is the development of a set of IQs for ischemic stroke rehabilitation used to conduct an A&F. In this study, we describe the design and development process of these QIs from administrative databases and report the results of the pilot test conducted on a small sample of Sicilian rehabilitation facilities, comparing them from 2019 to 2021. Feedback from the participating centers was mainly positive, and the quality indicators were found to be comprehensible and appreciated. However, the study highlighted the need for better adherence to indicators measuring processes of rehabilitation care. The set of quality indicators presented in this study, relevant to inpatient settings, could be considered a starting point on which to base quality improvement initiatives both nationally and internationally.

Body Image and Emotional Status in Patients with Acquired Brain Injury.

Emotional experiences can lead to a real or distorted self-representation. After brain damage, altered self-perception of one's own body image is frequent. This study evaluates the relationship of mood disorders and lesion sites on body image in a cohort of ABI patients. A total of 46 patients (26 men, 20 women) without severe physical impairments were found eligible for this study. Patients underwent Beck's Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety to assess mood disorders, whereas the Body Image Scale and Human Figure Drawing were used to evaluate body dissatisfaction and implicit body image. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment was used to assess patients' cognitive condition. We found a moderate correlation between depression and body image (r = 0.48), as well as between anxiety and body image (r = 0.52), and the regression model also reported the right lesion site as a predictive variable for body image score. In addition, the regression model built by Human Figure Drawing scores showed anxiety, cognitive functioning, and a marital status of single to be significant predictors. The study confirmed that participants with acquired brain injury have deficits in body representation associated with mood disorders, regardless of the side of the lesions. A neuropsychological intervention could be useful for these patients to improve their cognitive performance and learn to manage emotional dysfunction in order to increase their self-perception of body image and improve their quality of life.

The Relationship between Body Image, Disability and Mental Health in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis is a progressive degenerative disorder that frequently involves the development of physical and emotional changes, including loss of limb function or sensitivity, sexual dysfunction, and cognitive and mood alterations. It is likely that these alterations lead to changes in body aspects. However, knowledge about body image perception in multiple sclerosis is lacking. PURPOSE: The present study investigated the relationship between body image perception and its correlation with a disability, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and self-esteem. METHODS: A total of 100 outpatients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis underwent neurological assessment using the Expanded Disability Status Scale. Participants also completed the Body Image Scale (BIS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). RESULTS: We found a significant positive correlation between body image and disability (r = 0.21; p = 0.03), body image and self-esteem (r = -0.52; p < 0.001), body image and somatization (r = 0.44; p < 0.001), body image and depression (r = 0.57; p < 0.001), and body image and anxiety (r = 0.5; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The body is considered one of the main parts of a person's identity. Dissatisfaction with one's own body changes the general evaluation of the "self". The body image construct has important health outcomes and should be studied more in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Migraine Treatment Using Erenumab: Can Lead to a Cognitive and Psychological Qualitative Improvement?

Migraine is one of the most disabling disorders in the world, associated with poor quality of life. Migraine prevention strategies have increasingly evolved since monoclonal antibodies against the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), or its receptor, were identified. CGRP is the ideal target of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In particular, erenumab is the mAb that has shown good therapeutic efficacy in reducing pain intensity and having high tolerability. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of erenumab on both cognitive performance and psychological well-being. This was a pilot study with a retrospective design that included 14 subjects (2 males and 12 females), with a mean age of 52.29 ± 9.62, who attended the Headache and Migraine outpatient clinic of the IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo of Messina. The evaluation consisted of measuring cognitive and psychological functioning. Comparing clinical and psychometric test scores between baseline and follow-up, we found a significant improvement in both cognitive performance and quality of life. We also observed a decrease in migraine disability. Our findings have shown improvements in global cognitive performance and quality of life in migraine patients taking erenumab.