Production of prebiotic enriched maple syrup through enzymatic conversion of sucrose into fructo-oligosaccharides.

Maple syrup, a popular natural sweetener has a high content of sucrose, whose consumption is linked to different health issues such as obesity and diabetes. Hence, within this paper, the conversion of sucrose to prebiotics (fructo-oligosaccharides, FOS) was proposed as a promising approach to obtaining a healthier, value-added product. Enzymatic conversion was optimized with respect to key experimental factors, and thereafter derived immobilized preparation of fructosyltransferase (FTase) from Pectinex® Ultra SP-L (FTase-epoxy Purolite, 255 IU/g support) was successfully utilized to produce novel functional product in ten consecutive reaction cycles. The product, obtained under optimal conditions (60 °C, 7.65 IU/mL, 12 h), resulted in 56.0% FOS, 16.7% sucrose, and 27.3% monosaccharides of total carbohydrates, leading to a 1.6-fold reduction in caloric content. The obtained products` prebiotic potential toward the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum 299v was demonstrated. The changes in physico-chemical and sensorial characteristics were esteemed as negligible.

Prebiotic effect of galacto-oligosaccharides on the skin microbiota and determination of their diffusion properties.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, prebiotics are attracting plenty of attention in the field of skin care, since it is found that they are able to support the balance of beneficial and harmful microorganisms on the skin, and accordingly prevent several skin conditions associated with microbial imbalance. Topical application of prebiotics, although insufficiently investigated, holds great promise in improving skin health. The purpose of this research was to determine the prebiotic potential of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) for skin microbiota and suitability for incorporation in different topical formulations, and finally, provide insights into their diffusion properties. METHODS: The prebiotic effect of GOS was evaluated through the influence on the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, the most common resident and pathogenic bacterium of the skin microbiota, respectively. Also, with the future use of GOS in cosmetic products in mind, the diffusion of GOS molecules from two different topical formulations, hydrogel and oil-in-water (O/W) gel emulsion, was monitored employing Franz diffusion cell and two systems-with cellulose acetate membrane and transdermal diffusion test model, Strat-M® membrane. Course of fermentation and the amount of diffused GOS molecules were monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: The in vitro results revealed that GOS at a concentration of 5% (w/v) has a pronounced stimulatory effect on S. epidermidis, while simultaneously showing an inhibitory effect on S. aureus, both in nutrient broth and cosmetic formulations. GOS trisaccharide and tetrasaccharide diffusion coefficients from O/W gel emulsion were calculated to be 5.61·10-6  cm2  s-1 and 1.41·10-8  cm2  s-1 , respectively. The diffusion coefficient of GOS trisaccharides from hydrogel was 3.22·10-6  cm2  s-1 , while it was not determined for tetrasaccharides due to low diffused concentration. Transdermal diffusion tests revealed that GOS incorporated in two formulations stays at the surface of the skin even after 24 h. CONCLUSION: When applied in adequate concentration, GOS has the potential to be used as a skin prebiotic. Novel GOS enriched formulations, Aristoflex® AVC-based hydrogel and Heliogel™-based O/W gel emulsion, provided efficient diffusion and delivery of prebiotic GOS molecules to the skin surface.

OBJECTIF: Récemment, les prébiotiques attirent beaucoup d'attention dans le domaine des soins de la peau, car il a été constaté qu'ils sont capables de soutenir l'équilibre des micro-organismes bénéfiques et nocifs sur la peau et, par conséquent, de prévenir plusieurs affections cutanées associées à un déséquilibre microbien. L'application topique de prébiotiques, bien qu'insuffisamment étudiée, est très prometteuse pour améliorer la santé de la peau. Le but de cette recherche était de déterminer le potentiel prébiotique des galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) pour le microbiote cutané et leur aptitude à être incorporés dans différentes formulations topiques, et enfin, de fournir des informations sur leurs propriétés de diffusion. MÉTHODES: L'effet prébiotique du GOS a été évalué à travers l'influence sur la croissance de Staphylococcus epidermidis et de Staphylococcus aureus, les bactéries résidentes et pathogènes les plus courantes du microbiote cutané, respectivement. De plus, en gardant à l'esprit l'utilisation future du GOS dans les produits cosmétiques, la diffusion des molécules de GOS à partir de deux formulations topiques différentes, l'hydrogel et l'émulsion de gel huile-dans-eau (H/E), a été surveillée à l'aide d'une cellule de diffusion de Franz et de deux systèmes - avec de la cellulose membrane en acétate et modèle de test de diffusion transdermique, membrane Strat-M®. Le cours de la fermentation et la quantité de molécules de GOS diffusées ont été surveillés en utilisant la chromatographie liquide à haute performance (HPLC). RESULTATS: Les résultats in vitro ont révélé que le GOS à une concentration de 5% (p/v) a un effet stimulant prononcé sur S. epidermidis, tout en montrant simultanément un effet inhibiteur sur S. aureus, à la fois dans les bouillons nutritifs et les formulations cosmétiques. Les coefficients de diffusion GOS trisaccharide et tétrasaccharide de l'émulsion de gel H/E ont été calculés comme étant de 5,61·10−6 cm2 s−1 et 1,41·10-8 cm2 s−1 , respectivement. Le coefficient de diffusion des trisaccharides GOS à partir de l'hydrogel était de 3,22·10−6 cm2 s−1 , alors qu'il n'a pas été déterminé pour les tétrasaccharides en raison de la faible concentration diffusée. Des tests de diffusion transdermique ont révélé que le GOS incorporé dans deux formulations reste à la surface de la peau même après 24 h. CONCLUSION: Lorsqu'il est appliqué à une concentration adéquate, le GOS a le potentiel d'être utilisé comme prébiotique cutané. De nouvelles formulations enrichies en GOS, l'hydrogel à base d'Aristoflex® AVC et l'émulsion de gel H/E à base d'Heliogel™, ont permis une diffusion et une délivrance efficaces des molécules GOS prébiotiques à la surface de la peau.

Mixed-Methods Evaluation of a Patient Behaviour Risk Screening, Communication and Care Planning Intervention for Hospital Settings.

Workplace violence is a common safety concern for hospital staff. The Behaviour Safety Risk Communication and Care Planning program identifies, manages and cares for patients at risk of exhibiting unsafe behaviours. This paper reports on a mixed-methods evaluation consisting of staff surveys, focus groups and open forums, screening audits, patient interviews and assessment of effectiveness measures at five hospital sites. Staff perceptions about safety risk imposed by a patient's behaviour significantly improved after this program was implemented. Opportunities exist to improve staff adherence to screening processes and communication with patients. This study provides insight for teams implementing similar interventions.

An Evaluation of Cardiology Virtual Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

A survey evaluation was conducted in the division of cardiology at a tertiary care academic centre to assess barriers, facilitators, acceptability, and feasibility of virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Survey responses from 26 health care providers, 45 patients, and 2 caregivers showed that virtual visits (primarily by telephone) were feasible and generally acceptable to most respondents. Key opportunities for improvement included availability of easy-to-use video platforms, space and equipment in clinics, provision of information to patients before visits, and appropriate selection of patients for virtual visits. Results will inform optimization of virtual care during this pandemic and beyond.

Une enquête a été menée dans la division de cardiologie d'un centre universitaire de soins tertiaires pour évaluer les facteurs qui entravent ou facilitent les soins virtuels pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, ainsi que l'acceptabilité et la faisabilité de ces soins. Selon les réponses fournies par 26 dispensateurs de soins de santé, 45 patients et deux aidants sondés, les visites virtuelles (principalement par téléphone) sont réalisables et généralement acceptables pour la plupart des répondants. Les principales possibilités d'amélioration concernent l'offre de plateformes vidéo conviviales, l'espace et l'équipement dans les cliniques, la fourniture de renseignements aux patients avant les visites et la sélection appropriée des patients pour les visites virtuelles. Les résultats permettront d'optimiser les soins virtuels au cours de cette pandémie et par la suite.

Developing and Implementing a Patient Behaviour Risk Screening, Communication and Care Planning Intervention for Hospital Settings.

Workplace violence prevention of patient behaviours is a primary safety focus in hospital settings. In response to provincial mandates, a multi-site tertiary care hospital system developed the Behaviour Safety Risk Communication and Care Planning Program. Components include patient risk screening, communication tools and care plans that outline mitigation strategies. The program has been implemented at six sites using the following strategies: educational and planning meetings, formation of steering committees, identification of champions, educational materials/training, facilitation and consultation, and audit and feedback. Our paper can guide program development and implementation in similar contexts.

Amino-modified kraft lignin microspheres as a support for enzyme immobilization.

In this research, it has been demonstrated that amino-modified microspheres (A-LMS) based on bio-waste derived material, such as kraft lignin, have good prospects in usage as a support for enzyme immobilization, since active biocatalyst systems were prepared by immobilizing ß-galactosidase from A. oryzae and laccase from M. thermophila expressed in A. oryzae (Novozym® 51003) onto A-LMS. Two types of A-LMS were investigated, with different emulsifier concentrations (5 wt% and 10 wt%), and microspheres produced using 5 wt% of emulsifier (A-LMS_5) showed adequate pore shape, size and distribution for enzyme attachment. The type of interactions formed between enzymes (ß-galactosidase and laccase) and A-LMS_5 microspheres demonstrated that ß-galactosidase is predominantly attached via electrostatic interactions while attachment of laccase is equally governed by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, the A-LMS_5-ß-galactosidase exhibited specificity towards recognized prebiotics (galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)) synthesis with 1.5-times higher GOS production than glucose production, while for environmental pollutant lindane degradation, the immobilized laccase preparation exhibited high activity with a minimum remaining lindane concentration of 22.4% after 6 days. Thus, this novel enzyme immobilization support A-LMS_5 has potential for use in green biotechnologies.

Evaluation of ß-galactosidase from Lactobacillus acidophilus as biocatalyst for galacto-oligosaccharides synthesis: Product structural characterization and enzyme immobilization.

ß-Galactosidase is an important industrial enzyme that catalyzes reaction of lactose hydrolysis and recently more interesting reaction of transgalactosylation, yielding a highly valuable group of prebiotic compounds named galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS). In this paper, parameters for achieving high yields of tailor-made GOS using crude ß-galactosidase obtained from Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, probiotic bacteria regarded as safe for human consumption, were optimized. At the same time, detailed structural elucidation of obtained GOS was conducted, and it was concluded that ß-galactosidase from L. acidophilus shows a particular specificity towards the formation of ß-(1→6) glycosidic bonds. In order to develop more stable and economically cost-effective preparation, crude enzyme was successfully immobilized on a methacrylic polymer carrier Lifetech ECR8409, leading to its simultaneous 2-fold purification. This immobilized preparation showed unchanged specificity towards the transgalactosylation reaction, thus yielding 86 g/l GOS under the previously optimized conditions (lactose concentration 400 g/l in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.8 and temperature 50°C).

Immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B onto Purolite® MN102 and its application in solvent-free and organic media esterification.

The aim of this study was to develop simple and efficient method for immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B onto hydrophobic anion exchange resin Purolite® MN102 and to apply immobilized catalyst for the enzymatic synthesis of two valuable esters-isoamyl acetate and L-ascorbyl oleate. At optimized conditions (1 M phosphate buffer pH = 7, 7 h at 25 °C, and 18.75 mg of offered proteins g-1 of support), immobilized lipase with hydrolytic activity of 888.4 p-nitrophenyl butyrate units g-1 was obtained. Afterwards, preparation was applied for the solvent-free synthesis of isoamyl acetate from triacetin and isoamyl alcohol. At 75 °C, 1 M of isoamyl alcohol, and 6 mg ml-1 of enzyme 100 % yield was achieved in 6 h, while at prolonged reaction times, complete conversion was enabled even at lower temperatures, lower lipase loadings, and higher substrate concentrations. After 15 consecutive reuses (60 h), activity of catalyst dropped to 50 % of its initial value and total amount of 1.31 mol (170.55 g) of ester with 1 g of biocatalyst was produced. Even higher operational stability of lipase (25 % loss of activity in 200 h) was observed in the synthesis of L-ascorbyl oleate performed in organic solvent (t-butanol). Multiple use of one batch of immobilized biocatalyst in both cases led to a significant process cost reduction and substantial increment of corresponding productivities.