Projected changes in ultraviolet index and UV doses over the twenty-first century: impacts of ozone and aerosols from CMIP6.

This study evaluated the health-related weighted ultraviolet radiation (UVR) due to the total ozone content (TOC) and the aerosol optical depth (AOD) changes. Clear-sky Ultraviolet Index (UVI), daily doses, and exposure times for erythema induction (Dery and Tery) and vitamin D synthesis (DvitD and TvitD) were computed by a radiative transfer estimator. TOC and AOD data were provided by six Earth System Models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). For projections, we consider four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios-SSPs (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5)-and two time-slices (near: 2041-2060 and far future: 2081-2100). UVR projections showed pronounced changes for the summer hemispheres in the far future. TOC increases in mid- and high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere caused decreases in UVR at the summer solstice. However, projections did not indicate sun-safe exposure conditions in South America, Australia, and Southern Africa. On the contrary, exposure around solar noon from 10 to 20 min will still be sufficient to induce erythema in skin type III individuals throughout this century. In southern Argentina and Chile, the UVR insufficiency for vitamin D synthesis at solar noon in skin type III remains the same during this century at the winter solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere, UVI and Dery at the summer solstice should remain high (UVI ≥ 8; Dery ~ 7.0 kJ m-2) in highly populated locations. Above 45 °N, UVR levels cannot be enough to synthesize vitamin D in skin type III during the boreal winter. Our results show that climate change will affect human health through excess or lack of solar UVR availability.

Seasonal variation of vitamin D among healthy adult men in a subtropical region.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate seasonal variation of 25(OH)vitamin D [25(OH)D3] levels, and factors associated with it, in healthy adult men, who exercised outdoors for 50 min., at least twice a week, from 10AM to 4PM, in a Brazilian semitropical region. METHODS: Blood samples were collected at the end of each season for 25(OH)D3, measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Ultraviolet irradiation was estimated by radiometer, calculating the daily photobiological response to vitamin D synthesis in human skin (D-VitD). The prevalence of 25(OH)D3 <20ng/mL changed with the seasons (p=0.000): 8.7% (n=6/69), 1.5% (n=1/66), 0 (n=0/64), and 21.7% (n=13/60), respectively, at the end of winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The prevalence, adjusted for multiple comparisons, was higher in winter than summer (p=0.026), and in autumn than spring (p=0.001) and summer (p=0.000). There were no associations of 25(OH) D3 levels with BMI (p=0.207), body fat (p=0.064), and phototype (p=0.485), in univariate analysis. It was associated with D-VitD in the 30 days before blood sampling (p=0.000), after adjustment to body fat. The prevalence of 25(OH)D3 <30ng/mL varied seasonally (p=0.000): 69.6% (n=48/69), 68.2% (n=45/66), 43.8% (n=28/64), and 88.4% (n=53/60), respectively, in winter, spring, summer, and autumn. CONCLUSIONS: In a Brazilian subtropical region, a seasonal variation in 25(OH)D3 was observed in healthy adult males, although they spent at least 50 min outdoors twice a week, wearing shorts and T-shirts. 25(OH)D3 <20ng/mL was 21.7% in autumn; D-vitD 30 days prior to blood sampling was the only factor independently associated with 25(OH)D3 levels.

Seasonal variation of vitamin D among healthy adult men in a subtropical region

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate seasonal variation of 25(OH)vitamin D [25(OH)D3] levels, and factors associated with it, in healthy adult men, who exercised outdoors for 50 min., at least twice a week, from 10AM to 4PM, in a Brazilian semitropical region. METHODS: Blood samples were collected at the end of each season for 25(OH)D3, measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Ultraviolet irradiation was estimated by radiometer, calculating the daily photobiological response to vitamin D synthesis in human skin (D-VitD). The prevalence of 25(OH)D3 <20ng/mL changed with the seasons (p=0.000): 8.7% (n=6/69), 1.5% (n=1/66), 0 (n=0/64), and 21.7% (n=13/60), respectively, at the end of winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The prevalence, adjusted for multiple comparisons, was higher in winter than summer (p=0.026), and in autumn than spring (p=0.001) and summer (p=0.000). There were no associations of 25(OH) D3 levels with BMI (p=0.207), body fat (p=0.064), and phototype (p=0.485), in univariate analysis. It was associated with D-VitD in the 30 days before blood sampling (p=0.000), after adjustment to body fat. The prevalence of 25(OH)D3 <30ng/mL varied seasonally (p=0.000): 69.6% (n=48/69), 68.2% (n=45/66), 43.8% (n=28/64), and 88.4% (n=53/60), respectively, in winter, spring, summer, and autumn. CONCLUSIONS: In a Brazilian subtropical region, a seasonal variation in 25(OH)D3 was observed in healthy adult males, although they spent at least 50 min outdoors twice a week, wearing shorts and T-shirts. 25(OH)D3 <20ng/mL was 21.7% in autumn; D-vitD 30 days prior to blood sampling was the only factor independently associated with 25(OH)D3 levels.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a sazonalidade da 25(OH)vitamina D3 [25(OH)D3] e fatores associados em homens adultos saudáveis, que se exercitavam ao ar livre pelo menos 50 min duas vezes por semana, das 10 às 16h, em uma região subtropical. MÉTODOS: Sangue foi colhido no fim das estações para medir 25(OH)D3, por cromatografia líquida em tandem com espectroscopia de massas. A radiação ultravioleta foi estimada por radiômetro, calculando diariamente a resposta fotobiológica para sintetizar vitamina D na pele humana (D-VitD). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de 25(OH)D3 <20ng/mL foi sazonal (p=0.000): 8.7% (n=6/69), 1.5% (n=1/66), 0% (n= 0/64), e 21.7% (n=13/60), respectivamente, no final do inverno, primavera, verão e outono. A prevalência, ajustada para comparações múltiplas, foi maior no inverno do que no verão (p=0.026) e no outono do que na primavera (p=0.001) e verão (p=0.000). A 25(OH)D3 não se associou com o índice de massa corporal (p=0.207), gordura corporal (p=0.064) ou fototipo (p=0.485), na análise univariada. Associou-se à D-VitD nos 30 dias antes da coleta de sangue (p=0.000), ajustada para gordura corporal. Houve sazonalidade na prevalência de 25(OH)D3 <30ng/mL (p=0.000): 69.6% (n=48/69), 68.2% (n=45/66), 43.8% (n=28/64), e 88.4% (n=53/60), respectivamente, no inverno, primavera, verão e outono. CONCLUSÕES: Em uma região subtropical, houve sazonalidade na 25(OH)D3 em homens adultos, saudáveis, embora se exercitassem ao ar livre pelo menos 50 minutos duas vezes por semana, usando shorts e camiseta. 25(OH)D3 <20ng/mL foi 21.7% no outono e a D-vitD 30 dias antes da coleta do sangue foi o único fator associado de modo independente à 25(OH)D3.

Solar ultraviolet radiation: properties, characteristics and amounts observed in Brazil and South America.

The beneficial and harmful effects of human exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) are topics that arouse great interest not only among physicians and scientists, but also the general public and the media. Currently, discussions on vitamin D synthesis (beneficial effect) are confronted with the high and growing number of new cases of non-melanoma skin cancer and other diseases of the skin and eyes (harmful effect) diagnosed each year in Brazil. However, the lack of scientific knowledge on the UV-R in Brazil and South America leads to adoption of protective measures based on studies conducted in Europe and USA, where the amounts of UV-R available at surface and the sun-exposure habits and characteristics of the population are significantly different from those observed in Brazil. In order to circumvent this problem, the Brazilian Society of Dermatology recently published the Brazilian Consensus of Photoprotection based on recent studies performed locally. The main goal of this article is to provide detailed educational information on the main properties and characteristics of UV-R and UV index in a simple language. It also provides: a) a summary of UV-R measurements recently performed in Brazil; b) a comparison with those performed in Europe; and, c) an evaluation to further clarify the assessment of potential harm and health effects owing to chronic exposures.

Solar ultraviolet radiation: properties, characteristics and amounts observed in Brazil and South America

Abstract The beneficial and harmful effects of human exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) are topics that arouse great interest not only among physicians and scientists, but also the general public and the media. Currently, discussions on vitamin D synthesis (beneficial effect) are confronted with the high and growing number of new cases of non-melanoma skin cancer and other diseases of the skin and eyes (harmful effect) diagnosed each year in Brazil. However, the lack of scientific knowledge on the UV-R in Brazil and South America leads to adoption of protective measures based on studies conducted in Europe and USA, where the amounts of UV-R available at surface and the sun-exposure habits and characteristics of the population are significantly different from those observed in Brazil. In order to circumvent this problem, the Brazilian Society of Dermatology recently published the Brazilian Consensus of Photoprotection based on recent studies performed locally. The main goal of this article is to provide detailed educational information on the main properties and characteristics of UV-R and UV index in a simple language. It also provides: a) a summary of UV-R measurements recently performed in Brazil; b) a comparison with those performed in Europe; and, c) an evaluation to further clarify the assessment of potential harm and health effects owing to chronic exposures.

Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates and massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Earth axial tilt to the south certainly makes Brazil one of the countries of the world with greater extent of land in proximity to the sun. The Brazilian coastline, where most of its population lives, is more than 8,500 km long. Due to geographic characteristics and cultural trends, Brazilians are among the peoples with the highest annual exposure to the sun. Epidemiological data show a continuing increase in the incidence of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Photoprotection can be understood as a set of measures aimed at reducing sun exposure and at preventing the development of acute and chronic actinic damage. Due to the peculiarities of Brazilian territory and culture, it would not be advisable to replicate the concepts of photoprotection from other developed countries, places with completely different climates and populations. Thus the Brazilian Society of Dermatology has developed the Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection, the first official document on photoprotection developed in Brazil for Brazilians, with recommendations on matters involving photoprotection.

Brazilian consensus on photoprotection.

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates and massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Earth axial tilt to the south certainly makes Brazil one of the countries of the world with greater extent of land in proximity to the sun. The Brazilian coastline, where most of its population lives, is more than 8,500 km long. Due to geographic characteristics and cultural trends, Brazilians are among the peoples with the highest annual exposure to the sun. Epidemiological data show a continuing increase in the incidence of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Photoprotection can be understood as a set of measures aimed at reducing sun exposure and at preventing the development of acute and chronic actinic damage. Due to the peculiarities of Brazilian territory and culture, it would not be advisable to replicate the concepts of photoprotection from other developed countries, places with completely different climates and populations. Thus the Brazilian Society of Dermatology has developed the Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection, the first official document on photoprotection developed in Brazil for Brazilians, with recommendations on matters involving photoprotection.

Projected changes in clear-sky erythemal and vitamin D effective UV doses for Europe over the period 2006 to 2100.

The benefits and the harmful effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure have been well discussed. Most studies show concern for the solar overexposure in the tropics and low latitude sites and its scarcity at higher latitudes. Both cases are of concern, the first for diseases such as skin cancer and the second for the lack of vitamin D production in the skin. In this study, we evaluate the influence of climate change scenarios on the total ozone content (TOC) and typical aerosol properties, such as the optical depth (AOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA), over Europe. From these parameters, we estimate the erythemal and the vitamin D effective UVR doses from 2006 to 2100. Our results indicate a small reduction of the UVR daily doses caused by the ozone layer recovery and partially compensated by an AOD diminution through this century. The attenuation will be larger at high latitudes, during the springtime and for more polluted scenarios during this century. However, this diminution should not be sufficient to provide a protection condition for erythema. On the other hand, at higher latitudes, it possibly contributes to a relevant increase in the exposure time necessary for the synthesis of vitamin D, mainly during autumn and spring seasons.

Seasonal variation in the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of young and elderly active and inactive adults in São Paulo, Brazil: The São PAulo Vitamin D Evaluation Study (SPADES).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in individuals in the city of São Paulo belonging to different age groups and exhibiting specific behavioral characteristics and to correlate the 25(OH)D concentration with the level of UV radiation (UVR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 591 individuals were included, distributed as follows: 177 were living in institutions (NURSING, 76.2 ± 9.0 y old), 243 were part of the community elderly (COMMUNITY, 79.6 ± 5.3 y old), 99 were enrolled in a physical activity program targeting the elderly (ACTIVE, 67.6 ± 5.4 y old) and 72 were young (YOUNG, 23.9 ± 2.8 y old). Blood samples from all individuals were collected throughout the year. UVR measurements were taken by an official meteorology institution. RESULTS: The UVR values varied throughout the year, following a sinusoidal-like pattern. Because of the Earth's orbit, we hypothesized that there would be cyclic patterns for the 25(OH)D and UVR values that repeat every 12 mo. The general formula is represented by the equation P1+P2⋅sin(-2⋅π12⋅(t-P3)) The mean 25(OH)D concentration and the amplitude of the variation were significantly higher for the YOUNG and ACTIVE groups than for the COMMUNITY and NURSING groups. The nadir for UVR was in June, whereas the nadir for the 25(OH)D concentration was in the spring, corresponding to a delay of one season. CONCLUSIONS: There was seasonal variation in the 25(OH)D concentration for all the groups studied; however, the amplitude of the variation was higher for the groups of young and physically active people, possibly due to the higher level of sunlight exposure for these groups. The lowest 25(OH)D concentration was detected in the spring.

Comparison between UV index measurements performed by research-grade and consumer-products instruments.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, skin cancer and other related diseases are not just subjects of scientific literature. Nowadays, these themes are also discussed on television, newspapers and magazines for the general public. Consequently, the interest in prevention of sun overexposure is increasing, as the knowledge of photoprotection methods and UVR levels. The ultraviolet index (UVI) is a well-known tool recommended by the World Health Organization to avoid harmful effects of UV sunlight. UVI forecasts are provided by many national meteorological services, but local UVI measurements can provide a more realistic and appropriate evaluation of UVR levels. Indeed, as scientific instruments are very expensive and difficult to manipulate, several manufacturers and retail shops offer cheap and simple non-scientific instruments for UVI measurements, sometimes included in objects of everyday life, such as watches, outfits and hand-held instruments. In this work, we compare measurements provided by several commercial non-scientific instruments with data provided by a Bentham spectrometer, a very accurate sensor used for UV measurements. Results show that only a few of the instruments analyzed provide trustworthy UVI measurements.

An estimate of the cost of treating melanoma disease in the state of Sao Paulo - Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the direct cost of diagnosing and treating melanoma disease in Sao Paulo (Brazil) between the years 2000 and 2007. METHODS: The project Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology was used, adapted to the proceedings of SOBECCan Foundation. The estimated costs were based on the values of the medical treatment paid by the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) and private healthcare insurance companies (PHIC) in 2007. RESULTS: The total cost was estimated in R$33,012,725.1 (SUS) and R$76,133,662.8 (PHIC). Stages 0, I and II comprised about 4.2% (SUS) and 1.3% (PHIC) of the total cost; stages III and IV amounted to 95.8% and 98.7% of the total cost, respectively. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of malignant melanoma in its initial stages reduces treatment costs generating considerable savings of resources for both National Health System and private healthcare insurance companies.

Estimativa do custo do tratamento de câncer de pele tipo melanoma no Estado de São Paulo - Brasil / An estimate of the cost of treating mlanoma disease in the state of Sao Paulo - Brazil

FUNDAMENTOS: O impacto econômico do diagnóstico e do tratamento do melanoma cutâneo não tem sido analisado no Brasil. Uma vez que crescem tanto a incidência do câncer de pele quanto a preocupação com ele, é importante que isto seja avaliado. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o custo direto de diagnosticar e tratar em seus diversos estádios o melanoma cutâneo em número de casos ocorridos no Estado de São Paulo, entre 2000 e 2007. MÉTODOS: Como modelo de procedimento, foi utilizado o projeto diretriz (Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology), editado pelo National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) e adequado aos procedimentos da Fundação SobecCan - Hospital do Câncer de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Os custos estimados se baseiam nos valores do tratamento médico pagos pelo setor público (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) e pelo setor privado (convênios) em 2007. Houve 2.740 casos diagnosticados e estadiados no Estado de São Paulo no período estudado. RESULTADOS: O custo total de tratamento dos melanomas malignos diagnosticados no estádio inicial, em valores de 2007, foi estimado em R$ 33.012.725,10 para o SUS e R$ 76.133.662,80 para os convênios.Os estádios iniciais 0, I e II da doença compreendem aproximadamente 4,2 por cento (SUS) e 1, 3 por cento (convênios) do custo total; os estádios III e IV consomem 95,8 por cento e 98,7 por cento do custo total, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados apresentados reforçam o argumento de que o diagnóstico do melanoma cutâneo em seus estádios iniciais reduz os custos de tratamento, gerando considerável economia tanto para o sistema público de saúde (SUS) quanto para o sistema privado (convênios).

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the direct cost of diagnosing and treating melanoma disease in Sao Paulo (Brazil) between the years 2000 and 2007. METHODS: The project Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology was used, adapted to the proceedings of SOBECCan Foundation. The estimated costs were based on the values of the medical treatment paid by the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) and private healthcare insurance companies (PHIC) in 2007. RESULTS: The total cost was estimated in R$33,012,725.1 (SUS) and R$76,133,662.8 (PHIC). Stages 0, I and II comprised about 4.2 percent (SUS) and 1.3 percent (PHIC) of the total cost; stages III and IV amounted to 95.8 percent and 98.7 percent of the total cost, respectively. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of malignant melanoma in its initial stages reduces treatment costs generating considerable savings of resources for both National Health System and private healthcare insurance companies.