Understanding the Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Older Adults in Latin America: An Expert Perspective on Knowledge Gaps.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant global health concern and major cause of hospitalization, particularly among infants and older adults. The clinical impact of RSV is well characterized in infants; however, in many countries, the burden and risk of RSV in older populations are overlooked. In Latin America, there are limited data on RSV epidemiology and disease management in older adults. Therefore, the impact of RSV in this region needs to be addressed. Here, current insights on RSV infections in older populations in Latin America, including those with underlying health conditions, are discussed. We also outline the key challenges limiting our understanding of the burden of RSV in Latin America in a worldwide context and propose an expert consensus to improve our understanding of the burden of RSV in the region. By so doing, we aim to ultimately improve disease management and outcomes of those at risk and to alleviate the impact on healthcare systems.A graphical plain language summary is available with this article.

Factors associated with pulmonary infection in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the etiology of and factors associated with pulmonary infection in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. METHODS: This was a single-center case-control study conducted between December of 2017 and March of 2020 at a referral center for kidney transplantation in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The case:control ratio was 1:1.8. Cases included kidney or kidney-pancreas transplant recipients hospitalized with pulmonary infection. Controls included kidney or kidney-pancreas transplant recipients without pulmonary infection and matched to cases for sex, age group, and donor type (living or deceased). RESULTS: A total of 197 patients were included in the study. Of those, 70 were cases and 127 were controls. The mean age was 55 years (for cases) and 53 years (for controls), with a predominance of males. Corticosteroid use, bronchiectasis, and being overweight were associated with pulmonary infection risk in the multivariate logistic regression model. The most common etiologic agent of infection was cytomegalovirus (in 14.3% of the cases), followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (in 10%), Histoplasma capsulatum (in 7.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in 7.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Corticosteroid use, bronchiectasis, and being overweight appear to be risk factors for pulmonary infection in kidney/kidney-pancreas transplant recipients, endemic mycoses being prevalent in this population. Appropriate planning and follow-up play an important role in identifying kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients at risk of pulmonary infection.

Accuracy of Transthoracic Echocardiogram as a Screening Method in the Clinical Practice of Pulmonary Hypertension Investigation. / Acurácia do Ecocardiograma Transtorácico como Método de Triagem na Prática Clínica da Investigação da Hipertensão Pulmonar.

BACKGROUND: The transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) plays a screening role in the diagnostic algorithm of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Studies have shown a significant disagreement between TTE measurements of the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and right atrial pressure (RAP) and those obtained by right heart catheterization (RHC). OBJECTIVE: To compare TTE measurements of sPAP and RAP with those obtained by RHC in patients being investigated for PH. METHODS: Patients referred to a PH reference center with a high or intermediate TTE probability of PH upon admission were submitted to RHC. The agreement between sPAP and RAP from both procedures was assessed through the Bland-Altman test. Differences of up to 10 mmHg for sPAP and 5 mmHg for RAP were considered within the variability of the test. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to determine the most accurate sPAP and Tricuspid regurgitation maximal velocity (TRV)values associated with the diagnosis of PH by RHC. The adopted level of statistical significance was 5%. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients were included. The Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias of 8.03 mmHg (95% CI:-34.9-50.9) for sPAP and -3.30 mmHg (95% CI:-15.9-9.3) for RAP. AUC for sPAP and TRV measured by TTE for discrimination of probable PH were 0.936 (95% CI: 0.836-1.0) and 0.919 (95% CI: 0.837-1.0), respectively. However, only 33.4% of the echocardiographic estimate of sPAP and 55.1% of RAP were accurate, as compared to the measurements obtained by RHC. CONCLUSION: TTE has a high discriminatory power as a screening diagnostic method for PH despite presenting disagreements between sPAP and RAP absolute values when compared to RHC measurements.

FUNDAMENTO: O ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) tem um papel de triagem no algoritmo diagnóstico da hipertensão pulmonar (HP). Estudos demonstraram uma discordância significativa entre as medições do ETT da pressão arterial pulmonar sistólica (PAPs) e da pressão atrial direita (PAD) e as obtidas pelo cateterismo do coração direito (CCD). OBJETIVO: Comparar as medições do ETT da PAPs e da PAD com as obtidas pelo CCD em pacientes com suspeita de HP. MÉTODOS: Pacientes encaminhados a um centro de referência com probabilidade alta ou intermediária de PH ao ETT na admissão hospitalar passaram por CCD. A concordância entre a PAPs e a PAD em ambos os procedimentos foi avaliada pelo teste de Bland-Altman. Diferenças de até 10 mmHg na PAPs e de até 5 mmHg na PAD foram consideradas dentro da variabilidade do teste. A curva de característica de operação do receptor (ROC) foi construída para determinar os valores mais precisos de PAPs e VRT associados ao diagnóstico de HP pelo CCD. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi 5%. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos noventa e cinco pacientes. A análise de Bland-Altman análise revelou um viés de 8,03 mmHg (IC 95%: -34,9 a 50,9) na PAPs e -3,30 mmHg (IC 95%: -15,9 a 9,3) na PAD. AUC da PAPs e VRT medidas pelo ETT para a discriminação de provável HP foram de 0,936 (IC 95%: 0,836 a 1,0) e 0,919 (IC 95%: 0,837 a 1,0), respectivamente. Entretanto, apenas 33,4% da estimativa ecocardiográfica da PAPs e 55,1% da PAD foram precisas, em comparação às medições obtidas pelo CCD. CONCLUSÃO: O ETT tem um alto poder discriminatório como método diagnóstico de triagem para HP, apesar de apresentar discordâncias entre os valores absolutos de PAPs e PAD, em comparação às medições por CCD.

Factors associated with pulmonary infection in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients: a case-control study / Fatores associados a infecção pulmonar em pacientes que receberam transplante de rim ou rim-pâncreas: estudo de caso-controle

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the etiology of and factors associated with pulmonary infection in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. Methods: This was a single-center case-control study conducted between December of 2017 and March of 2020 at a referral center for kidney transplantation in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The case:control ratio was 1:1.8. Cases included kidney or kidney-pancreas transplant recipients hospitalized with pulmonary infection. Controls included kidney or kidney-pancreas transplant recipients without pulmonary infection and matched to cases for sex, age group, and donor type (living or deceased). Results: A total of 197 patients were included in the study. Of those, 70 were cases and 127 were controls. The mean age was 55 years (for cases) and 53 years (for controls), with a predominance of males. Corticosteroid use, bronchiectasis, and being overweight were associated with pulmonary infection risk in the multivariate logistic regression model. The most common etiologic agent of infection was cytomegalovirus (in 14.3% of the cases), followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (in 10%), Histoplasma capsulatum (in 7.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in 7.1%). Conclusions: Corticosteroid use, bronchiectasis, and being overweight appear to be risk factors for pulmonary infection in kidney/kidney-pancreas transplant recipients, endemic mycoses being prevalent in this population. Appropriate planning and follow-up play an important role in identifying kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients at risk of pulmonary infection.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a etiologia da infecção pulmonar e os fatores a ela associados em pacientes que receberam transplante de rim ou rim-pâncreas. Métodos: Estudo unicêntrico de caso-controle realizado entre dezembro de 2017 e março de 2020 em um centro de referência em transplantes de rim em Belo Horizonte (MG). A proporção caso:controle foi de 1:1,8. Os casos foram pacientes que haviam recebido transplante de rim ou rim-pâncreas e que foram hospitalizados em virtude de infecção pulmonar. Os controles foram pacientes que haviam recebido transplante de rim ou rim-pâncreas e que não apresentaram infecção pulmonar, emparelhados com os casos pelo sexo, faixa etária e tipo de doador (vivo ou falecido). Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 197 pacientes. Destes, 70 eram casos e 127 eram controles. A média de idade foi de 55 anos (casos) e 53 anos (controles), com predomínio de pacientes do sexo masculino. O uso de corticosteroides, bronquiectasias e sobrepeso relacionaram-se com risco de infecção pulmonar no modelo de regressão logística multivariada. O agente etiológico de infecção mais comum foi o citomegalovírus (em 14,3% dos casos), seguido de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (em 10%), Histoplasma capsulatum (em 7,1%) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (em 7,1%). Conclusões: O uso de corticosteroides, bronquiectasias e sobrepeso parecem ser fatores de risco de infecção pulmonar em pacientes que receberam transplante de rim ou rim-pâncreas, e as micoses endêmicas são prevalentes nessa população. O planejamento e acompanhamento adequados desempenham um papel importante na identificação de pacientes transplantados de rim/rim-pâncreas nos quais haja risco de infecção pulmonar.

Acurácia do Ecocardiograma Transtorácico como Método de Triagem na Prática Clínica da Investigação da Hipertensão Pulmonar / Accuracy of Transthoracic Echocardiogram as a Screening Method in the Clinical Practice of Pulmonary Hypertension Investigation

Resumo Fundamento O ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) tem um papel de triagem no algoritmo diagnóstico da hipertensão pulmonar (HP). Estudos demonstraram uma discordância significativa entre as medições do ETT da pressão arterial pulmonar sistólica (PAPs) e da pressão atrial direita (PAD) e as obtidas pelo cateterismo do coração direito (CCD). Objetivo Comparar as medições do ETT da PAPs e da PAD com as obtidas pelo CCD em pacientes com suspeita de HP. Métodos Pacientes encaminhados a um centro de referência com probabilidade alta ou intermediária de PH ao ETT na admissão hospitalar passaram por CCD. A concordância entre a PAPs e a PAD em ambos os procedimentos foi avaliada pelo teste de Bland-Altman. Diferenças de até 10 mmHg na PAPs e de até 5 mmHg na PAD foram consideradas dentro da variabilidade do teste. A curva de característica de operação do receptor (ROC) foi construída para determinar os valores mais precisos de PAPs e VRT associados ao diagnóstico de HP pelo CCD. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi 5%. Resultados Foram incluídos noventa e cinco pacientes. A análise de Bland-Altman análise revelou um viés de 8,03 mmHg (IC 95%: -34,9 a 50,9) na PAPs e -3,30 mmHg (IC 95%: -15,9 a 9,3) na PAD. AUC da PAPs e VRT medidas pelo ETT para a discriminação de provável HP foram de 0,936 (IC 95%: 0,836 a 1,0) e 0,919 (IC 95%: 0,837 a 1,0), respectivamente. Entretanto, apenas 33,4% da estimativa ecocardiográfica da PAPs e 55,1% da PAD foram precisas, em comparação às medições obtidas pelo CCD. Conclusão O ETT tem um alto poder discriminatório como método diagnóstico de triagem para HP, apesar de apresentar discordâncias entre os valores absolutos de PAPs e PAD, em comparação às medições por CCD.

Abstract Background The transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) plays a screening role in the diagnostic algorithm of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Studies have shown a significant disagreement between TTE measurements of the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and right atrial pressure (RAP) and those obtained by right heart catheterization (RHC). Objective To compare TTE measurements of sPAP and RAP with those obtained by RHC in patients being investigated for PH. Methods Patients referred to a PH reference center with a high or intermediate TTE probability of PH upon admission were submitted to RHC. The agreement between sPAP and RAP from both procedures was assessed through the Bland-Altman test. Differences of up to 10 mmHg for sPAP and 5 mmHg for RAP were considered within the variability of the test. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to determine the most accurate sPAP and Tricuspid regurgitation maximal velocity (TRV)values associated with the diagnosis of PH by RHC. The adopted level of statistical significance was 5%. Results Ninety-five patients were included. The Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias of 8.03 mmHg (95% CI:-34.9-50.9) for sPAP and -3.30 mmHg (95% CI:-15.9-9.3) for RAP. AUC for sPAP and TRV measured by TTE for discrimination of probable PH were 0.936 (95% CI: 0.836-1.0) and 0.919 (95% CI: 0.837-1.0), respectively. However, only 33.4% of the echocardiographic estimate of sPAP and 55.1% of RAP were accurate, as compared to the measurements obtained by RHC. Conclusion TTE has a high discriminatory power as a screening diagnostic method for PH despite presenting disagreements between sPAP and RAP absolute values when compared to RHC measurements.

Practical approach lung health-global alliance against chronic respiratory diseases (PAL-GARD) initiative in Brazil.

Background: To evaluate the impact of training primary care physicians (PCPs) in the use of the practical approach lung health-global alliance against chronic respiratory diseases (PAL-GARD) upon their diagnostic skills. Methods: In this real-life three-phase study, PCPs were allocated to a PAL-GARD training or control group. Patients who sought a primary care health facility due to cough, dyspnea and/or wheezing were eligible. The clinical diagnoses made by PCPs during the baseline and post-intervention phase were audited by a panel of pulmonologists. Kappa inter-rater statistics was used to compare agreement between PCPs and pulmonologists. Results: Thirty PCPs evaluated 536 patients, 358 in the intervention and 178 in the control group. According to Kappa, there was an increase in the agreement in the diagnosis of asthma (from 0.546 to 0.638), tuberculosis (from 0.393 to 0.655) and acute respiratory infections (ARI) (from 0.577 to 0.584) was observed in the PAL-GARD group, but there was a reduction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (from 0.430 to 0.284). Conclusions: In this setting, PAL-GARD-based guide and training improved the clinical diagnosis of common respiratory diseases with the exception of COPD.

Schistosomiasis Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease of the lung blood vessels that results in right heart failure. PAH is thought to occur in about 5% to 10% of patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, particularly due to S. mansoni. The lung blood vessel injury may result from a combination of embolization of eggs through portocaval shunts into the lungs causing localized Type 2 inflammatory response and vessel remodeling, triggering of autonomous pathology that becomes independent of the antigen, and high cardiac output as seen in portopulmonary hypertension. The condition is likely underdiagnosed as there is little systematic screening, and risk factors for developing PAH are not known. Screening is done by echocardiography, and formal diagnosis requires invasive right heart catheterization. Patients with Schistosoma-associated PAH show reduced functional capacity and can be treated with pulmonary vasodilators, which improves symptoms and may improve survival. There are animal models of this disease that might help in understanding disease pathogenesis and identify novel targets to screen and treatment. Pathogenic mechanisms include Type 2 immunity and activation and signaling in the TGF-ß pathway. There are still major uncertainties regarding Schistosoma-associated PAH development, course and treatment.

Adaptation and validation of the quality of life assessment of the Cambridge pulmonary hypertension outcome review (CAMPHOR) for Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) impacts negatively on patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The Cambridge Pulmonary Hypertension Outcome Review (CAMPHOR) was the first PH-specific and validated instrument for use in different languages worldwide. This report describes the adaptation and psychometric validation of the CAMPHOR into Brazilian Portuguese language. METHODS: The translation and validation process included a bilingual and lay panel translation; cognitive debriefing interviews; psychometric testing in two repeated times assessing internal consistency, reproducibility and validity of the questionnaire. The Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) questionnaire was used as a comparator to test for convergent validity. RESULTS: The translation captured the same concepts as the English questionnaire and produced a comprehensive instrument in a Brazilian-Portuguese version expressing common, natural language. The psychometric evaluation involved 102 patients (48.8 ± 14.5 years, 80,4% female]. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were above 0.9 on all three CAMPHOR scales. There was excellent test-retest reliability (coefficients above 0.85 on all scales). CAMPHOR Symptoms scale and Activities scale correlated highly with Physical Mobility section and CAMPHOR QoL scale was strongly associated with the Emotional Reactions and Social Isolation sections of NHP. There was a significant association between gender and perceived general health (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in CAMPHOR scale scores between patients who differed according to their perceived disease severity and general health. CONCLUSIONS: The present CAMPHOR version demonstrated good psychometric properties and provides a reliable instrument for assessing HRQL and QoL in Brazilian PH patients, addressing patients' perspective of their illness in a comprehensive way.

Assessment of the performance of the Brazilian Portuguese Nottingham Health Profile in adult growth hormone deficiency and pulmonary hypertension.

Background: The Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) is a generic measure of perceived distress that has been used widely as an outcome measure in clinical practice and trials. The availability of two Brazilian datasets provided the opportunity to assess the psychometric performance of the NHP in different populations - adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH). The purpose of the study was to see how valuable the NHP could be in assessing outcomes in diseases where no disease-specific measures are available. Methods: Secondary analyses were performed with NHP data. Patients diagnosed with adult GHD or PH were administered the NHP during clinic visits on two occasions, two weeks apart. A disease-specific measure of quality of life (QoL) was also administered to the relevant sample of patients on each occasion. Results: The psychometric properties of the NHP were good for both disease groups. As expected, both samples reported high scores on energy level, the PH sample scored high on physical functioning and the GHD sample on emotional reactions. For both samples, most of the NHP sections were able to distinguish between groups of respondents with different ratings of perceived general health. While most sections of the NHP were relatively highly correlated with the QoL measures, pain and sleep did not seem to be important predictors of QoL in either of the samples. Conclusions: The use of the NHP in adult GHD and PH populations in Brazil is not recommended as there are high-quality disease-specific measures available for each disease. However, where no disease-specific measures are available, the NHP can provide good descriptive information of the impact of disease on different patient populations.