Nonneurologic Cavovarus Feet in Skeletally Immature Patients: Main Causes and Principles of Treatment.

The foot resembles a tripod. The 3 legs consist of (1) the tip of the heel, (2) the first metatarsal, and (3) the fifth metatarsal. This concept is useful to explain cavus or flat feet. When the tips of the tripod move closer, the arch becomes higher. The leg of the tripod that moves the most will determine the type of cavus feet, which can be hindfoot cavus, forefoot cavus, or first metatarsal cavus. Cavovarus foot denotes the presence of a three-dimensional deformity of the foot, but it is much more a descriptive feature than a diagnosis.

Republication of "Minimally Invasive Surgery Using the Circular External Fixator to Correct Neglected Severe Stiff Equinocavus Foot Deformities".

Background: Stiff equinocavus deformities of the foot are challenging to treat, often requiring extensive soft tissue dissection and bone removal. These procedures frequently yield suboptimal results and not infrequently amputation. Minimally invasive surgery using a circular external fixator potentially avoids the trauma to the soft tissue and may lead to improvement in outcomes and a lower amputation rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of minimally invasive surgery using a circular external fixator and limited soft tissue release to correct stiff equinocavus deformities. Methods: The treatment outcome of 29 patients (31 feet) with stiff equinocavus deformities of the foot and ankle treated with minimally invasive surgery and circular external fixation were reviewed after a mean follow-up period of 63 months. Patients' demographics and cause of the deformities were recorded. Weight bearing radiographs of the foot were compared pre and postoperatively. Results: Outcome was satisfactory (plantigrade foot with improvement/resolution of pain) in 21 of 31 extremities, fair in 6 of 31 extremities, and poor in 4 of 31 extremities. In the majority of patients, a significant improvement in the equinocavus deformities was achieved with a statistically significant improvement in calcaneus and navicular height. Two patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth and severely insensate feet had a poor outcome, resulting in transtibial amputation. Conclusion: Minimally invasive surgery with gradual correction of neglected stiff equinocavus deformities using a modular circular external fixator is a reliable initial limb salvage strategy. Minimally invasive surgery and gradual correction of neglected severe stiff equinocavus deformities using the modular circular external fixator to gradually correct neglected severe stiff equinocavus deformities, is a safe initial limb salvage strategy which may simplify secondary procedures such as arthrodesis. Level of evidence: IV.

Importance of computed tomography in posterior malleolar fractures: Added information to preoperative X-ray studies.

BACKGROUND: Ankle fractures are common lesions of the lower limbs. Approximately 40% of ankle fractures affect the posterior malleolus (PM). Historically, PM osteosynthesis was recommended when PM size in X-ray images was greater than 25% of the joint. Currently, computed tomography (CT) has been gaining traction in the preoperative evaluation of ankle fractures. AIM: To elucidate the similarity in dimensions and to correlate PM size in X-ray images with the articular surface of the affected tibial plafond in the axial view on CT (AXCT) of a PM fracture. METHODS: Eighty-one patients (mean age: 39.4 ± 13.5 years) were evaluated (54.3% were male). Two independent examiners measured PM size in profile X-ray images (PMXR) and sagittal CT (SAGCT) slices. The correlation of the measurements between the examiners and the difference in the PM fragment sizes between the two images were compared. Next, the PM size in PMXR was compared with the surface of the tibial plafond involved in the fracture in AXCT according to the Haraguchi classification. RESULTS: The correlation rates between the examiners were 0.93 and 0.94 for PMXR and SAGCT, respectively (P < 0.001). Fragments were 2.12% larger in SAGCT than in PMXR (P = 0.018). In PMXR, there were 56 cases < 25% and 25 cases ≥ 25%. When PMXR was < 25%, AXCT corresponded to 10.13% of the tibial plafond. When PMXR was ≥ 25%, AXCT was 24.52% (P < 0.001). According to the Haraguchi classification, fracture types I and II had similar PMXR measurements that were greater than those of type III. When analyzing AXCT, a significant difference was found between the three types, with II > I > III (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: PM fractures show different sizes using X-ray or CT images. CT showed a larger PM in the sagittal plane and allowed the visualization of the real dimensions of the tibial plafond surface.

Determination of multidrug-resistant populations and molecular characterization of complex Klebsiella spp. in wild animals by multilocus sequence typing.

Background and Aim: One of the most significant public health concerns is multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. Klebsiella spp. have been at the forefront of causing different types of infections such as bacteremia, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, enteritis, and sepsis in humans as well as animals. This study aimed to determine the genomic similarity between Klebsiella spp. isolated from wild animal samples and those described in the Institut Pasteur genomic database to verify the spread of resistant clones regionally in the state of Mato Grosso, and to compare the epidemiological data in different regions of Brazil and the world. Materials and Methods: Isolates from various sites of injury in wild animals were identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method to verify the resistance profile, and then, multilocus sequence typing was performed to verify the population structure and compare the isolates from other regions of Brazil and the world. Results: Twenty-three sequence types (STs) were observed; of these, 11 were new STs, as new alleles were detected. There was no predominant ST among the isolates. All isolates were MDR, with high rates of resistance to sulfonamides, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and nitrofurantoin and low resistance to meropenem, imipenem, and amikacin. Conclusion: Improving our understanding of the population structure of Klebsiella spp. in wild animals may help determine the source of infection during outbreaks in humans or animals, as the One Health concept emphasizes the interlinks between humans, animals, and environmental health.

Anterior tibial tendon transfer in idiopathic clubfoot: does the outcome differ with the initial treatment? Proposed classification to surgical indication.

PURPOSE: To establish parameters and propose a radiographic classification for foot adduction/supination deformities to assist the indication of Garceau procedure. Secondly, to investigate whether the outcome of Garceau surgery depends on the initial treatment used, peritalar release, or the Ponseti method, and verify the maintenance of correction until skeletal maturity. METHODS: Prospective cohort study, with follow-up evaluations in 2009 and 2019. Fifty-three consecutive patients (71 feet) with idiopathic congenital clubfoot (ICCF) were divided into two groups according to the initial treatment used: peritalar release (group I) or Ponseti method (group II). All patients underwent Garceau procedure. The patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically using the American Orthopedic Foot Association (AOFAS) score for ankle and hindfoot. A radiographic classification is proposed based on the adduction by talo-first metatarsal angle on dorsoplantar view and supination by the elevation of the head of the first metatarsal on lateral view, both weight-bearing. RESULTS: In the first clinical evaluation, the mean score on the AOFAS was 87 points in group I and 86 points in group II. In the second evaluation, group I had mean AOFAS of 92 points and group II of 94 points. No statistical differences were found between the two groups, neither between the first and the second evaluation. In the radiographic evaluation, the adduction deformity obtained an average correction of 4° in group I and 3.6° in group II; in supination deformity, the average depression of the first metatarsal head in relation to the ground was 6.7 mm in group I and 7.5 mm in group II, with no statistical difference between the two evaluations, indicating the correction was maintained until skeletal maturity. CONCLUSION: Garceau transfer is capable of correcting residual deformities in adduction/supination of mild and moderate degrees, regardless of the initial treatment, and maintaining the correction until skeletal maturity. The proposed radiographic classification might help to objectively indicate the surgical procedure.

Multidrug-resistant mcr-1 gene-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 causing urinary tract infection in a cat.

RESUMO: The Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) bacterium is responsible for many opportunistic infections such as sepsis, and a multidrug-resistant (MDR) clone sequence type (ST) 307 has recently begun to spread. The objective of this study was to report the first occurrence of this virulent genotype, which was found in the context of a urinary infection in a domestic feline in Brazil. The K. pneumoniae isolate was identified from the urine of a 6-month-old male crossbreed cat using 16S rRNA sequencing. It was then subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, followed by multilocus sequence typing analysis, and PCR detection of virulence and resistance genes. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile demonstrated that the isolate was MDR and associated with the presence of the colistin resistance gene (mcr-1). Genotyping allowed us to classify the isolate as K. pneumoniae ST307 with the presence of wabG, uge, and entB genes. MDR K. pneumoniae is important in human and veterinary medicine because it causes many types of infections. Clonal propagation of virulent or MDR genotypes such as K. pneumoniae ST307 is a global concern. This report of ST307 isolation from a urine sample in a domestic feline is the first in Brazil.

Clinical and functional evaluation of forefoot reconstruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis / Avaliação clínico-funcional da reconstrução do antepé nos pacientes portadores de artrite reumatoide

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the long-term results from reconstruction of the forefoot in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who underwent arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux, resection arthroplasty of the heads of the lateral metatarsals and correction of the deformities of the smaller toes through arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint or closed manipulation. METHODS: seventeen patients (27 feet) who underwent forefoot reconstruction surgery by means of arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, resection of the heads of the lateral metatarsals and correction of the deformities of the smaller toes, were studied retrospectively. The mean follow-up was 68 months (12-148 months); the mean age was 52 years (range: 20-75 months); and four patients were male and 13 were female. RESULTS: the results were classified as excellent in 17 feet, good in two, fair in four and poor in two. The mean score on the AOFAS scale was 70 points; 21 feet (78%) were found to be asymptomatic; and six feet (22%) presented some type of symptom. Three feet presented pseudarthrosis, and one of these successfully underwent revision of the arthrodesis. There was no significant difference in scoring on the AOFAS scale or in the consolidation rate, between using a plate and screws and using Kirschner wires for fixation of the arthrodesis. CONCLUSION: arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with resection arthroplasty on the heads of the lateral metatarsals and correction of the deformities of the smaller toes, which was used in forefoot reconstruction in rheumatoid patients, showed good long-term results with a high satisfaction rate among the patients and clinical-functional improvement...

OBJETIVO: avaliar os resultados em longo prazo da reconstrução do antepé nos pacientes com artrite reumatoide submetidos à artrodese da articulação metatarsofalângica (MTF) do hálux, artroplastia de ressecção das cabeças dos metatarsos laterais e correção das deformidades nos dedos menores por meio de artrodese da articulação interfalângica proximal (IFP) ou manipulação fechada. MÉTODOS: foram estudados retrospectivamente 17 pacientes (27 pés) submetidos à cirurgia de reconstrução do antepé com artrodese da primeira articulação MTF, ressecção das cabeças dos metatarsos laterais e correção das deformidades nos dedos menores. O seguimento médio foi de 68 meses (12 a 148), a média de idade foi de 52 anos (20 a 75 meses) e quatro pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 13 do feminino. RESULTADOS: os resultados foram classificados como excelente em 17 pés, bom em dois, regular em quatro e ruim em dois. A pontuação média da escala Aofas (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) foi de 70 pontos, 21 pés (78%) encontravam-se assintomáticos e seis (22%) apresentavam algum tipo de sintoma. Três pés apresentaram pseudoartrose. Um deles foi submetido à revisão da artrodese com sucesso. Não houve diferença significativa na pontuação da escala Aofas e nos índices de consolidação com o uso de placa e parafusos ou fios de Kirschner na fixação da artrodese. CONCLUSÃO: a artrodese da primeira articulação MTF com artroplastia de ressecção das cabeças dos metatarsos laterais e correção das deformidades nos dedos menores, usada na reconstrução do antepé dos pacientes reumatoides, demonstrou bons resultados em longo prazo, com elevado...

Clinical and functional evaluation of forefoot reconstruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the long-term results from reconstruction of the forefoot in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who underwent arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux, resection arthroplasty of the heads of the lateral metatarsals and correction of the deformities of the smaller toes through arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint or closed manipulation. METHODS: seventeen patients (27 feet) who underwent forefoot reconstruction surgery by means of arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, resection of the heads of the lateral metatarsals and correction of the deformities of the smaller toes, were studied retrospectively. The mean follow-up was 68 months (12-148 months); the mean age was 52 years (range: 20-75 months); and four patients were male and 13 were female. RESULTS: the results were classified as excellent in 17 feet, good in two, fair in four and poor in two. The mean score on the AOFAS scale was 70 points; 21 feet (78%) were found to be asymptomatic; and six feet (22%) presented some type of symptom. Three feet presented pseudarthrosis, and one of these successfully underwent revision of the arthrodesis. There was no significant difference in scoring on the AOFAS scale or in the consolidation rate, between using a plate and screws and using Kirschner wires for fixation of the arthrodesis. CONCLUSION: arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with resection arthroplasty on the heads of the lateral metatarsals and correction of the deformities of the smaller toes, which was used in forefoot reconstruction in rheumatoid patients, showed good long-term results with a high satisfaction rate among the patients and clinical-functional improvement.

OBJETIVO: avaliar os resultados em longo prazo da reconstrução do antepé nos pacientes com artrite reumatoide submetidos à artrodese da articulação metatarsofalângica (MTF) do hálux, artroplastia de ressecção das cabeças dos metatarsos laterais e correção das deformidades nos dedos menores por meio de artrodese da articulação interfalângica proximal (IFP) ou manipulação fechada. MÉTODOS: foram estudados retrospectivamente 17 pacientes (27 pés) submetidos à cirurgia de reconstrução do antepé com artrodese da primeira articulação MTF, ressecção das cabeças dos metatarsos laterais e correção das deformidades nos dedos menores. O seguimento médio foi de 68 meses (12 a 148), a média de idade foi de 52 anos (20 a 75 meses) e quatro pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 13 do feminino. RESULTADOS: os resultados foram classificados como excelente em 17 pés, bom em dois, regular em quatro e ruim em dois. A pontuação média da escala Aofas (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) foi de 70 pontos, 21 pés (78%) encontravam-se assintomáticos e seis (22%) apresentavam algum tipo de sintoma. Três pés apresentaram pseudoartrose. Um deles foi submetido à revisão da artrodese com sucesso. Não houve diferença significativa na pontuação da escala Aofas e nos índices de consolidação com o uso de placa e parafusos ou fios de Kirschner na fixação da artrodese. CONCLUSÃO: a artrodese da primeira articulação MTF com artroplastia de ressecção das cabeças dos metatarsos laterais e correção das deformidades nos dedos menores, usada na reconstrução do antepé dos pacientes reumatoides, demonstrou bons resultados em longo prazo, com elevado índice de satisfação dos pacientes e melhoria clínico-funcional.

Imersão em água fria (crioterapia) para prevenir e tratar a dor muscular após o exercício / Cold water immersion (cryotherapy) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise

Introdução: Muitas estratégias são utilizadas com a intenção de prevenir ou minimizar a dor muscular tardia e a fadiga após o exercício. Imersão em água fria com temperaturas inferiores a 15 °C é atualmente uma das estratégias mais populares utilizadas após o exercício.Objetivo: Determinar os efeitos da imersão em água fria no manejo da dor muscular após o exercício.Métodos de busca: Em fevereiro de 2010, os autores realizaram busca nas bases de dados Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library (2010, Edição 1), Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), British Nursing Index and archive (BNI)e Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Também buscaram nas listas de referência de artigos, fizeram busca manual em revistas e anais de conferências e contataram especialistas.Em novembro de 2011, os autores refizeram a busca na Central (2011, Edição 4), Medline (até semana 3 de novembro de 2011), Embase (até semana 46 de 2011) e CINAHL (até 28 de novembro de 2011) para verificar as publicações mais recentes.Critérios de seleção: Ensaios clínicos randomizados e quasi-randomizados que comparam o efeito da imersão em água fria após o exercício com: intervenção passiva (repouso/nãoi ntervenção), imersão de contraste, imersão em água quente, recuperação ativa, compressão, ou imersão em água fria com duração/esquema diferentes. Os principais desfechos foramdor (dor muscular) ou sensibilidade (dor à palpação), e recuperaçãosubjetiva (voltar às atividades anteriores sem sinais ou sintomas).Coleta e análise dos dados: Três autores, independentemente, avaliaram a qualidade do estudo e extraíram os dados. Alguns dos dados foram obtidos após correspondência com o autor ou extraídos a partir dos gráficos dos artigos dos estudos. Sempre que possível, os dados foram agrupados utilizando o modelo de efeito fixo.Principais resultados: Dezessete pequenos ensaios foram incluídos, envolvendo um total de 366 participantes. A qualidade dos estudos foi baixa. A temperatura, duração e frequência da imersão em água fria variaram entre os diferentes ensaios, bem como os exercícios e a situação clínica. A maioria dos estudos não realizou uma vigilância ativa pré-definida de eventos adversos. Quatorze estudos compararam imersão emágua fria com intervenção passiva. Resultados agrupados para dor muscular apresentaram efeitos estatisticamente significativos a favor da imersão em água fria após o exercício em 24 horas (diferença média padronizada [DMP] = -0,55; intervalo de confiança [IC 95%] = -0,84 a -0,27; 10 ensaios), 48 horas (DMP = -0,66; IC 95% = -0,97 a -0,35; oito ensaios), 72 horas (DMP = -0,93; IC 95% = -1,36 a -0,51; quatro ensaios) e 96horas (DMP = -0,58; IC 95% = -1,00 a -0,16; cinco ensaios). Estes resultados foram heterogêneos. Análise exploratória de subgrupos mostrou que estudos usando desenhos cross-over ou exercícios com corridas apresentaram efeitos significativamente maiores a favor da imersão em água fria. Resultados obtidos a partir de dois estudos encontraram que os grupos de imersão em água fria tiveram classificações significativamente mais baixas de fadiga (diferença média [DM] = - 1,70; IC 95% = -2,49 a -0,90; escala de 10 unidades, do melhor para o pior), e avaliações potencialmente melhores de recuperação física(DM = 0,97; IC 95% = -0,10 a 2,05, escala de 10 unidades, do pior para o melhor) imediatamente após o fim da imersão em água fria. Cinco estudos compararam imersão em água fria com imersão de contraste. Os dados obtidos para a dor não mostraram nenhuma evidência de diferenças entre os dois grupos em quatro tempos de acompanhamento (imediatamente,24, 48 e 72 horas após o tratamento). Achados similares foram encontrados para análise de dados agregados em 24, 48 e 72 horas de acompanhamento nos quatro estudos comparando imersão em água fria com imersão em água quente. Ensaios únicos compararam imersão em água fria com a recuperação ativa, compressão e uma segunda dose de imersão em água fria durante 24 horas.Conclusão dos autores: Há alguma evidência de que a imersão em água fria reduz a dor muscular de início tardio após o exercício em comparação com intervenções passivas envolvendo repouso ou nenhuma intervenção. Não há evidências suficientes para conclusões sobre outros desfechos ou sobre outras comparações. A maioria dos estudos não realizou vigilância ativa pré-definida de eventos adversos. Pesquisas de alta qualidade e bem relatadas nesta área são necessárias.

Artropatia de charcot do mediopé no paciente diabético: complicação de uma doença epidêmica / Mid-foot charcot arthropathy in diabetic patients: complication of an epidemic disease

OBJETIVOS: Traçar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes diabéticos portadores de artropatia de Charcot acometendo exclusivamente o mediopé ou estendendo-se do mediopé ao retropé. Avaliar, a médio prazo, o resultado do tratamento a que esses pacientes são submetidos seguindo um protocolo preestabelecido. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos, retrospectivamente, 88 pacientes (110 extremidades) portadores de artropatia de Charcot do mediopé, com seguimento mínimo de 12 meses. Incluímos os pacientes portadores de artropatia de Charcot acometendo as articulações tarsometatársicas, 45 pacientes (51%); as articulações talonavicular, calcaneocuboide e subtalar, 20 pacientes (23%); e aqueles com envolvimento do mediopé e retropé, 23 pacientes (26%), segundo Brodsky e Trepman. Definimos como sucesso a preservação de um pé funcional e insucesso como amputação do pé. RESULTADOS: O tratamento da artropatia de Charcot envolvendo primariamente o mediopé foram satisfatórios em 75 pacientes (85%) tratados seguindo nosso protocolo. Nos pacientes com lesões graves, acometendo tanto o mediopé quanto o retropé, foi necessário maior número de cirurgias complexas do tipo artrodese para se obter o mesmo índice global de resultados satisfatórios. A lesão osteoarticular originada no mediopé provavelmente estende-se progressivamente ao retropé devido à demora no diagnóstico no início do tratamento adequado. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível preservar uma extremidade funcional em 85% dos pacientes. Lesões graves envolvendo o mediopé e estendendo-se ao retropé necessitaram maior número de cirurgias para o tratamento.

OBJECTIVES: To outline the epidemiological profile of diabetic patients with Charcot arthropathy affecting the midfoot alone or extending from the midfoot to the hindfoot; To assess the results from the treatment that these patients undergo, according to a preestablished protocol, over the medium term. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 88 patients (110 extremities) with Charcot arthropathy of the midfoot. The minimum follow-up period was 12 months. We included 45 patients with Charcot arthropathy affecting the tarsal-metatarsal joints (51%); 20 patients in whom the talonavicular, calcaneocuboid and subtalar joints were affected (23%); and 23 patients in whom both the midfoot and hindfoot were affected (26%), as described by Brodsky and Trepman. We defined the treatment as successful when a functional foot was preserved; and unsuccessful when the foot was amputated. RESULTS: From treating Charcot arthropathy primarily involving the midfoot were satisfactory in the cases of 75 patients (85%) treated according to our protocol. For the patients with severe lesions affecting both the midfoot and the hindfoot, a greater number of complex operations (i.e. arthrodesis) were needed in order to obtain the same overall rate of satisfactory results. The osteoarticular lesions originating in the midfoot probably extended progressively to the hindfoot because of delayed diagnosis with inadequate early treatment. CONCLUSION: It was possible to preserve a functional extremity in 85% of the patients. Severe lesions involving the midfoot and extending to the hindfoot required a greater number of surgical procedures to treat them.

EVALUATION OF THE INTERMETATARSAL ANGLE AFTER THE ARTHRODESIS OF THE FIRST METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT FOR TREATMENT OF THE HALLUX VALGUS.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correction of the intermetatarsal angle after arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux. We believe that varus deformity of the first metatarsal can be corrected after arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, without the need for proximal osteotomy. METHODS: Forty-three feet of patients who had undergone arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint between May 1997 and October 2009 were retrospectively analyzed by means of radiographs. The mean length of follow-up was 58 months. Measurements on the metatarsophalangeal angle, intermetatarsal angle and sesamoid dislocation were made using radiographs made before, immediately after and later on after the operation. RESULTS: The mean metatarsophalangeal angle was 37.6 degrees preoperatively, 12.8 degrees immediately after the operation and 16.4 degrees later on after the operation. The mean intermetatarsal angle was 16 degrees preoperatively, 10 degrees immediately after the operation and 10.2 degrees later on after the operation. Regarding sesamoid dislocation, preoperative radiographs showed most feet to be classified as G3; immediately after the operation, most were classified as G2; and later on after the operation, most were G1. CONCLUSION: The intermetatarsal angle and sesamoid dislocation improved with arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, without the need for osteotomy at the base of the first metatarsal.

MIDFOOT CHARCOT ARTHROPATHY IN DIABETIC PATIENTS: COMPLICATION OF AN EPIDEMIC DISEASE.

OBJECTIVES: To outline the epidemiological profile of diabetic patients with Charcot arthropathy affecting the midfoot alone or extending from the midfoot to the hindfoot; To assess the results from the treatment that these patients undergo, according to a preestablished protocol, over the medium term. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 88 patients (110 extremities) with Charcot arthropathy of the midfoot. The minimum follow-up period was 12 months. We included 45 patients with Charcot arthropathy affecting the tarsal-metatarsal joints (51%); 20 patients in whom the talonavicular, calcaneocuboid and subtalar joints were affected (23%); and 23 patients in whom both the midfoot and hindfoot were affected (26%), as described by Brodsky and Trepman. We defined the treatment as successful when a functional foot was preserved; and unsuccessful when the foot was amputated. RESULTS: From treating Charcot arthropathy primarily involving the midfoot were satisfactory in the cases of 75 patients (85%) treated according to our protocol. For the patients with severe lesions affecting both the midfoot and the hindfoot, a greater number of complex operations (i.e. arthrodesis) were needed in order to obtain the same overall rate of satisfactory results. The osteoarticular lesions originating in the midfoot probably extended progressively to the hindfoot because of delayed diagnosis with inadequate early treatment. CONCLUSION: It was possible to preserve a functional extremity in 85% of the patients. Severe lesions involving the midfoot and extending to the hindfoot required a greater number of surgical procedures to treat them.

Avaliação do ângulo intermetatarsal após a artrodese da primeira articulação metatarsofalangeana para tratamento do hálux valgo / Evaluation of the intermetatarsal angle after the arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint for treatment of the hallux valgus

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correção do ângulo intermetatarsal após a artrodese da articulação metatarsofalangeana do hálux. Acreditamos que a deformidade em varo do primeiro metatarso pode ser corrigida após a artrodese da primeira articulação metatarsofalangeana, sem a necessidade da osteotomia proximal. MÉTODO: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, 43 pés de pacientes submetidos à artrodese da primeira articulação metatarsofalangeana no período de maio de 1997 a outubro de 2009 utilizando radiografias. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 58 meses. A mensuração dos ângulos metatarsofalangeano, intermetatarsal e a luxação dos sesamoides foram realizadas nas radiografias no pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato e pós-operatório tardio. RESULTADOS: O ângulo médio metatarsofalangeano foi de 37,6 graus no pré-operatório, 12,8 graus no pós-operatório imediato e 16,4 graus no pósoperatório tardio. O ângulo médio intermetatarsal foi de 16 graus no pré-operatório, 10 graus no pós-operatório imediato e 10,2 graus no pós-operatório tardio. Quanto à luxação dos sesamoides, nas radiografias pré-operatórias a maioria dos pés foram classificados como G3, no pós-operatório imediato foi classificada como G2 e no pós-operatório tardio como G1. CONCLUSÃO: O ângulo intermetatarsal e a luxação dos sesamoides melhoram com a artrodese da primeira articulação metatarsofalangeana sem a necessidade de uma osteotomia na base do primeiro metatarso.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correction of the intermetatarsal angle after arthrodesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux. We believe that varus deformity of the first metatarsal can be corrected after arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, without the need for proximal osteotomy. METHODS: Forty-three feet of patients who had undergone arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint between May 1997 and October 2009 were retrospectively analyzed by means of radiographs. The mean length of followup was 58 months. Measurements on the metatarsophalangeal angle, intermetatarsal angle and sesamoid dislocation were made using radiographs made before, immediately after and later on after the operation. RESULTS: The mean metatarsophalangeal angle was 37.6 degrees preoperatively, 12.8 degrees immediately after the operation and 16.4 degrees later on after the operation. The mean intermetatarsal angle was 16 degrees preoperatively, 10 degrees immediately after the operation and 10.2 degrees later on after the operation. Regarding sesamoid dislocation, preoperative radiographs showed most feet to be classified as G3; immediately after the operation, most were classified as G2; and later on after the operation, most were G1. CONCLUSION: The intermetatarsal angle and sesamoid dislocation improved with arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, without the need for osteotomy at the base of the first metatarsal.

Lesões agudas do tendão do calcâneo / Acute lesions of Achiles tendon

Objetivo: Apresentar o resultado do tratamento das lesões agudas do tendão do calcâneo tratadas no Grupo do Pé e Tornozelo da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo e suas complicações. Casuística e métodos: Reavaliamos 14 pacientes, 11 do sexo masculino e 3 do feminino, com média idade de 35 anos. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 63 meses. Avaliamos a amplitude de movimento do tornozelo e retropé, a hipotrofia da musculatura da perna, a força do tendão do calcâneo, a altura máxima atingida pelo calcâneo em relação ao solo e a capacidade de pular sobre o pé lesionado. Avaliamos também satisfação com o resultado obtido e a pontuação obtida na escala da ?American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society? ? AOFAS ? para o retropé. Resultados: Houve uma perda média de 4,8° na flexão plantar do tornozelo. Apresentavam hipotrofia muscular da perna sete pacientes, com perda média de 2,1 cm. Todos tinham grau V de força muscular e nenhum mostrava déficit na deambulação na ponta dos pés. A altura máxima entre o calcâneo e o solo no lado lesado foi de 8,5 cm em média e no lado contralateral foi de 9,2 cm. Dos pacientes, 92% apresentaram um resultado excelente na avaliação da capacidade de pular sobre o pé lesionado em apoio monopodal. Nos pacientes tratados cirurgicamente, encontramos cinco casos com complicações (35,7%). Todos estavam completamente satisfeitos com o resultado do tratamento e nenhum tinha incapacidade funcional no momento da reavaliação. Todos retornaram aos mesmos níveis de atividades laborativas de antes da lesão, sendo que 58,3% retornaram aos mesmos níveis de atividades esportivas de antes da lesão. A média do escore AOFAS para o retropé foi de 98 pontos. Conclusão: O número de complicações nos pacientes tratados pelo método cirúrgico foi elevado. No entanto, estes pacientes apresentaram bons resultados clínico-funcionais, assim como aqueles tratados pelo método conservador. Acreditamos que a controvérsia quanto ao melhor método permaneça, e novos estudos prospectivos e randomizados sejam necessários para elucidar esta questão.

Correção do hálux valgo leve ou moderado utilizando as osteotomias de Akin e em chevron combinadas / Correction of mild or moderate hallux valgus deformity using Akin and chevron osteotomies combined

Objetivo: Analisar os resultados clínico-funcionais do tratamento da deformidade leve ou moderada do hálux valgo, utilizando a osteotomia de Akin e a osteotomia em chevron combinadas. Casuística e métodos: Foram estudados 29 pacientes, totalizando 47 pés, com um tempo médio de segmento de 60 meses. Foram utilizados parâmetros clínicos e radiográficos para avaliação. Excluímos pacientes com tempo de seguimento pós-operatório inferior a um ano, com hálux valgo grave, com alterações degenerativas da articulação metatarsofalangeana do hálux na radiografia pré-operatória e aqueles com diagnóstico de artrite reumatoide. Resultados: Observamos que 74,5% dos pacientes ficaram completamente satisfeitos em relação ao alívio da dor, em relação à aparência estética obtivemos 91,5% de satisfação e 96,6% dos pacientes retornaram as atividades funcionais que desempenhavam antes do procedimento cirúrgico até o terceiro mês de pós-operatório. Não notamos rigidez articular pós-operatória. Houve uma melhora da média do ângulo intermetatarsal de 3,6º (12,4º no pré-operatório para 8,8º no pós-operatório) e uma média de correção do ângulo de hálux valgo de 12º (25º no pré-operatório para 13º no pós-operatório). Não obtivemos nenhum caso de necrose avascular. Conclusão: A combinação das osteotomias de Akin e em chevron para a correção das deformidades leves e moderadas do hálux valgo se mostrou satisfatória tanto na avaliação clínica como na radiográfica.

Aspectos epidemiológicos das lesões no pé e tornozelo do paciente diabético / Epidemiological aspects of foot and ankle injury in the diabetic patient

OBJETIVO: Identificar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes que procuram tratamento ortopédico das complicações nos pés e tornozelos relacionadas ao diabetes, além de correlacionar à sequência de eventos que culminam na amputação da extremidade. MÉTODO: analisamos os dados de prontuário de 300 pacientes no período compreendido entre março de 1997 a julho de 2006. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi 61 anos, destes, duzentos e setenta e três pacientes (91 por cento) apresentavam diagnóstico de diabetes do tipo II, onde somente 49 (16,3 por cento) faziam controle regular da glicemia. Quatrocentos e cinco extremidades apresentavam problemas afetando a função do pé ou tornozelo, detacando-se: 102 extremidades (34 por cento) com lesões osteoarticulares relacionadas a neuroartropatia de Charcot; 181 extremidades (60,4 por cento) com ulceração crônica e 97 extremidades (32,4 por cento) com infecção. Após tempo médio de seguimento 14 pacientes (4,6 por cento) foram a óbito. CONCLUSÃO: A ulceração na planta dos pés foi a complicação mais frequente na nossa série de pacientes que, estavam na sétima década de vida, apresentavam diabetes do tipo II, faziam uso irregular de insulina e não realizavam controle adequado da glicemia. A perda da sensibilidade protetora nos pés, em associação com deformidade pré-existente, foi identificada como a principal causa das infecções secundárias culminando com a amputação da extremidade.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing orthopedic treatment for complications of the feet and ankles due to diabetes, and to try to establish the sequence of events that led to amputation of the limb. METHOD: The medical records of 300 diabetic patients treated from March, 1997 to July, 2006 were systematically reviewed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 61 years. Of these, two hundred and seventy three (91 percent) were diagnosed with type II diabetes, but only 49 (16.3 percent) had proper medical supervision and control of their glycemia levels. Problems affecting the function of the foot and ankle were found in 405 limbs, with: 102 osteoarticular deformities associated with Charcot's neuroarthropathy (34 percent); 181 chronic ulcers (60.4 percent); and 97 infected limbs (32.4 percent). After the average follow-up time, 14 patients (4.6 percent) died. CONCLUSION: Ulceration of the sole of the foot was the most common complication in our series of patients, the majority of whom were in their seventies, presented type II diabetes, were insulin dependent, and did not have adequate control of glycemia. Loss of sensitivity of the foot, associated with pre-existing deformities, were identified as the main causes of secondary infections culminating in amputation of the limb.

Recurrent clubfoot--approach and treatment with external fixation.

A simplified standard setting of the circular external fixator allows correction of all the complex deformities of recurrent clubfoot with minimal surgical intervention and no major complications. In those cases where additional corrective arthrodesis is necessary, it is performed with minimal bone resection because the severe deformities of the foot and ankle have already been corrected.

Osteotomia da base do I metatarsal no tratamento do hálux valgo moderado e grave: resultados após seguimento médio de oito anos / Osteotomy of the 1st metatarsal base on the treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus after mean follow-up time of 8 years

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o resultado da correção do hálux valgo moderado ou grave com a osteotomia da base do I metatarsal, associada à liberação distal de partes moles e capsuloplastia medial. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 13 pacientes (15 pés), submetidos à cirurgia para correção de hálux valgo moderado ou grave. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 102 meses, 12 pacientes eram do sexo feminino e um do masculino, com média de idade, no momento da cirurgia, de 49 anos. Os pacientes convocados foram entrevistados segundo questionário desenvolvido no serviço, avaliados clinicamente conforme o escore de AOFAS e submetidos a exames radiográficos para comparação com os pré-operatórios. RESULTADOS: A média da pontuação da escala da AOFAS obtida na avaliação final foi de 82 pontos. Nove dos 15 pés (60 por cento) apresentaram alguma complicação tardia, sendo quatro (27 por cento) deformidades em varo, três (20 por cento) recidivas; dois pacientes (13 por cento) com queixa de dor sem deformidade associada. Na articulação metatarsofalângica do hálux a perda do movimento foi de 41º (57 por cento); o movimento em dorsiflexão foi o mais afetado, com perda de 37º em média (60 por cento). A amplitude de movimento do lado contralateral não operado foi utilizada como grupo controle. Observou-se progressão da artrose na avaliação radiográfica final. Em todos os casos, houve encurtamento e elevação do primeiro metatarsal, porém não foi possível correlacionar o encurtamento e elevação com metatarsalgia, calosidade plantar ou menor pontuação na escala AOFAS na avaliação final. CONCLUSÕES: A técnica de osteotomia da base e realinhamento distal de partes moles, utilizada para correção de hálux valgo moderado a grave, mostrou elevado índice de complicações tardias. Devido ao elevado número dessas complicações, acreditamos que a eleição dessa técnica para correção do hálux valgo deve ser considerada com cautela.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the result of the treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus with osteotomy of the first metatarsal base associated to distal release of soft parts and medial capsuloplasty. METHODS: 13 patients were assessed (15 feet) submitted to surgical treatment of hallux valgus moderate to severe. The mean follow-up time was 102 months; there were 12 female and 1 male patients, with mean age at the time of surgery of 49 years. The patients enrolled were interviewed according to the questionnaire developed by our service, clinically examined according to the AOFAS scale and submitted to X-ray tests for comparing the results with baseline images. RESULTS: The mean score of the AOFAS scale obtained at the final assessment was 82 points. Nine of the 15 feet (60 percent) showed some late complications, with four (27 percent) varus deformities, three (20 percent) recurrences; two patients (13 percent) presenting with pain complaints with no associated deformity. In the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint, movement loss was 41º (57 percent); dorsiflexion movement was mostly affected, with a mean loss of 37º (60 percent). The range of motion on the contralateral intact side served as control group. Arthrosis progression was seen on the final X-ray evaluation. In all cases, shortening and lifting of the first metatarsal were noticed; however, we couldn't correlate the shortening and lifting with metatarsalgia, plant callosity or lower scoring on the AOFAS scale at the final evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The osteotomy technique by the basis and with distal realignment of soft parts employed in the treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus showed a high rate of late complications. Due to the high number of complications, we believe that adopting this technique for correcting hallux valgus deformities should be carefully considered.

OSTEOTOMY OF THE FIRST METATARSAL BASE ON THE TREATMENT OF MODERATE TO SEVERE HALLUX VALGUS RESULTS AFTER MEAN FOLLOW-UP TIME OF EIGHT YEARS.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the result of the treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus with osteotomy of the first metatarsal base associated to distal release of soft parts and medial capsuloplasty. METHODS: 13 patients were assessed (15 feet) submitted to surgical treatment of hallux valgus moderate to severe. The mean follow-up time was 102 months; there were 12 female and 1 male patients, with mean age at the time of surgery of 49 years. The patients enrolled were interviewed according to the questionnaire developed by our service, clinically examined according to the AOFAS scale and submitted to X-ray tests for comparing the results with baseline images. RESULTS: The mean score of the AOFAS scale obtained at the final assessment was 82 points. Nine of the 15 feet (60%) showed some late complications, with four (27%) varus deformities, three (20%) recurrences; two patients (13%) presenting with pain complaints with no associated deformity. In the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint, movement loss was 41° (57%); dorsiflexion movement was mostly affected, with a mean loss of 37° (60%). The range of motion on the contralateral intact side served as control group. Arthrosis progression was seen on the final X-ray evaluation. In all cases, shortening and lifting of the first metatarsal were noticed; however, we couldn't correlate the shortening and lifting with metatarsalgia, plant callosity or lower scoring on the AOFAS scale at the final evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The osteotomy technique by the basis and with distal realignment of soft parts employed in the treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus showed a high rate of late complications. Due to the high number of complications, we believe that adopting this technique for correcting hallux valgus deformities should be carefully considered.

Correction of severe recurrent clubfoot using a simplified setting of the Ilizarov device.

BACKGROUND: Severe recurrent clubfoot deformities are challenging to treat. The Ilizarov method offers a safer alternative; however, the management of the device is complex. METHODS: A simplified standard setting of the Ilizarov device was used to treat 29 patients (35 feet) with a mean age of 14 years with severely stiff recurrent clubfoot deformities and large scars caused by one or more previous surgeries. This simplification involved a correction in two stages: first a gradual correction of the equinus, varus, cavus, and adduction deformities and later an acute correction of the supination deformity. All feet underwent percutaneous Achilles tenotomy and plantar fasciotomy; 11 feet required an additional midfoot osteotomy. The final outcome was scored as good (complete correction and no pain); fair (partial correction with plantigrade foot and occasional pain); or poor (nonplantigrade foot and continuous pain during walking). RESULTS: After a mean followup of 56 months, the results were good in 27 feet (77%), fair in five feet (14%), and poor in three feet (9%). Early complications were complete dislocation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in two feet and partial dislocation of the distal tibial epiphysis in two feet. Late complications were recurrence of the deformity (11 feet), spontaneous ankylosis (16 feet), and symptomatic foot and ankle arthritis (7 feet). Arthrodesis was performed in 13 feet at an average of 21 months after the index surgery to treat symptomatic arthritis or correct disabling residual deformities. CONCLUSIONS: The Ilizarov device allowed correction of all the complex deformities of severe recurrent clubfoot with minimal operative intervention. Complications were numerous but manageable and for the most part did not compromise overall patient satisfaction in this very difficult to treat clinical condition.