Incorporating basic needs to reconcile poverty and ecosystem services.

Conservation managers frequently face the challenge of protecting and sustaining biodiversity without producing detrimental outcomes for (often poor) human populations that depend on ecosystem services for their well-being. However, mutually beneficial solutions are often elusive and can mask trade-offs and negative outcomes for people. To deal with such trade-offs, ecological and social thresholds need to be identified to determine the acceptable solution space for conservation. Although human well-being as a concept has recently gained prominence, conservationists still lack tools to evaluate how their actions affect it in a given context. We applied the theory of human needs to conservation by building on an extensive historical application of need approaches in international development. In an innovative participatory method that included focus groups and household surveys, we evaluated how human needs are met based on locally relevant thresholds. We then established connections between human needs and ecosystem services through key-informant focus groups. We applied our method in coastal East Africa to identify households that would not be able to meet their basic needs and to uncover the role of ecosystem services in meeting these. This enabled us to identify how benefits derived from the environment were contributing to meeting basic needs and to consider potential repercussions that could arise through changes to ecosystem service provision. We suggest our approach can help conservationists and planners balance poverty alleviation and biodiversity protection and ensure conservation measures do not, at the very least, cause serious harm to individuals. We further argue it can be used as a basis for monitoring the impacts of conservation on multidimensional poverty.

Incorporación de las Necesidades Básicas para Reconciliar a la Pobreza y a los Servicios Ambientales Resumen Los administradores de la conservación frecuentemente enfrentan el reto de proteger y mantener la biodiversidad sin producir resultados perjudiciales para las poblaciones humanas (comúnmente pobres) que dependen de los servicios ambientales para su bienestar. Sin embargo, las soluciones benéficas para ambos son comúnmente elusivas y pueden cubrir compensaciones y resultados negativos para las personas. Para tratar con dichas compensaciones se requiere la identificación de umbrales ecológicos y sociales para determinar el espacio de solución aceptable para la conservación. Aunque el bienestar humano como concepto ha ganado prominencia recientemente, los conservacionistas carecen de herramientas para evaluar cómo afectan sus acciones en un contexto dado. Aplicamos la teoría de las necesidades humanas a la conservación al basarnos en una aplicación histórica extensiva de estrategias de necesidades en el desarrollo internacional. Evaluamos cómo se cumplen las necesidades humanas con base en umbrales relevantes localmente en un método participativo innovador que incluyó grupos de enfoque y censos de hogares. Después establecimos conexiones entre las necesidades humanas y los servicios ambientales por medio de grupos de enfoque con informantes clave. Aplicamos nuestro método en la costa oriental de África para identificar los hogares que no podrían cumplir con sus necesidades básicas y para descubrir el papel de los servicios ambientales en el cumplimiento de estas necesidades. Esto nos permitió identificar cómo los beneficios derivados del ambiente estaban contribuyendo al cumplimiento de las necesidades básicas y nos permitió considerar las repercusiones potenciales que podrían surgir por medio de cambios en la provisión de los servicios ambientales. Sugerimos que nuestra estrategia puede ayudar a los conservacionistas y a los planificadores a balancear el alivio de la pobreza y la protección de la biodiversidad y a asegurar que las medidas de conservación, como mínimo, no causen daño serio a los individuos. También sustentamos que puede usarse como base para el monitoreo de los impactos de la conservación sobre la pobreza multidimensional.

Evaluating taboo trade-offs in ecosystems services and human well-being.

Managing ecosystems for multiple ecosystem services and balancing the well-being of diverse stakeholders involves different kinds of trade-offs. Often trade-offs involve noneconomic and difficult-to-evaluate values, such as cultural identity, employment, the well-being of poor people, or particular species or ecosystem structures. Although trade-offs need to be considered for successful environmental management, they are often overlooked in favor of win-wins. Management and policy decisions demand approaches that can explicitly acknowledge and evaluate diverse trade-offs. We identified a diversity of apparent trade-offs in a small-scale tropical fishery when ecological simulations were integrated with participatory assessments of social-ecological system structure and stakeholders' well-being. Despite an apparent win-win between conservation and profitability at the aggregate scale, food production, employment, and well-being of marginalized stakeholders were differentially influenced by management decisions leading to trade-offs. Some of these trade-offs were suggested to be "taboo" trade-offs between morally incommensurable values, such as between profits and the well-being of marginalized women. These were not previously recognized as management issues. Stakeholders explored and deliberated over trade-offs supported by an interactive "toy model" representing key system trade-offs, alongside qualitative narrative scenarios of the future. The concept of taboo trade-offs suggests that psychological bias and social sensitivity may exclude key issues from decision making, which can result in policies that are difficult to implement. Our participatory modeling and scenarios approach has the potential to increase awareness of such trade-offs, promote discussion of what is acceptable, and potentially identify and reduce obstacles to management compliance.

Connecting marine ecosystem services to human well-being: insights from participatory well-being assessment in Kenya.

The linkage between ecosystems and human well-being is a focus of the conceptualization of "ecosystem services" as promoted by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. However, the actual nature of connections between ecosystems and the well-being of individuals remains complex and poorly understood. We conducted a series of qualitative focus groups with five different stakeholder groups connected to a small-scale Kenyan coastal fishery to understand (1) how well-being is understood within the community, and what is important for well-being, (2) how people's well-being has been affected by changes over the recent past, and (3) people's hopes and aspirations for their future fishery. Our results show that people conceive well-being in a diversity of ways, but that these can clearly map onto the MA framework. In particular, our research unpacks the "freedoms and choices" element of the framework and argues for greater recognition of these aspects of well-being in fisheries management in Kenya through, for example, more participatory governance processes.

Tracking the debate around marine protected areas: key issues and the BEG framework.

Marine conservation is often criticized for a mono-disciplinary approach, which delivers fragmented solutions to complex problems with differing interpretations of success. As a means of reflecting on the breadth and range of scientific research on the management of the marine environment, this paper develops an analytical framework to gauge the foci of policy documents and published scientific work on Marine Protected Areas. We evaluate the extent to which MPA research articles delineate objectives around three domains: biological-ecological [B]; economic-social[E]; and governance-management [G]. This permits us to develop an analytic [BEG] framework which we then test on a sample of selected journal article cohorts. While the framework reveals the dominance of biologically focussed research [B], analysis also reveals a growing frequency of the use of governance/management terminology in the literature over the last 15 years, which may be indicative of a shift towards more integrated consideration of governance concerns. However, consideration of the economic/social domain appears to lag behind biological and governance concerns in both frequency and presence in MPA literature.

SU-8 force sensing pillar arrays for biological measurements.

The generation and sensation of mechanical force plays a role in many dynamic biological processes, including touch sensation. This paper presents a two-axis micro strain gauge force sensor constructed from multiple layers of SU-8 and metal on quartz substrates. The sensor was designed to meet requirements for measuring tactile sensitivity and interaction forces exerted during locomotion by small organisms such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The device is transparent and compatible with light microscopes, allowing behavioral experiments to be combined with quantitative force measurements. For the first time, we have characterized the scale of interaction forces generated in wild-type C. elegans in probing and responding to their environment during locomotion. The device features sub-microN force resolution from 1 Hz to 1 kHz, >25 microN range, kHz acquisition rates and biocompatibility.