Rising rates of paracoccidioidomycosis-related hospitalizations and in-hospital deaths, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2010-2019).

The epidemiological dynamics of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) has been changing over the years. We analyzed secondary public data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SIH/SUS), focusing on PCM-related hospitalizations and in-hospital deaths. In the period between 2010 and 2019, 396 hospitalizations and 30 deaths were related to PCM among 7 073 334 hospitalizations registered in Rio de Janeiro. We highlight the rising rates, reflecting the increase in the number of acute forms previously reported. Urgent public health policies are essential to prevent poor outcomes related to this neglected mycosis.

Epidemiology of paracoccidioidomycosis has been changing in endemic areas. We analyzed secondary data on hospitalizations in Rio de Janeiro, an important endemic area. There is a trend on increasing rates of hospitalizations and in-hospital deaths mainly in the Metropolitan belt.

Trends in the Epidemiological and Clinical Profile of Paracoccidioidomycosis in the Endemic Area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a neglected endemic mycosis in Latin America. Most cases occur in Brazil. It is classified as PCM infection and PCM disease and is subdivided into chronic (adult type) or acute (juvenile type) disease, with the latter being less frequent and more severe. In 2016, we reported an increase in the numbers of patients diagnosed with acute PCM after a highway's construction. We conducted a study at INI-Fiocruz, a reference center for infectious diseases, including endemic mycoses, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, aiming to deepen the analysis of this new clinical and epidemiological profile of PCM. The authors developed a retrospective study including 170 patients diagnosed with PCM between 2010 and 2019. There was an increase in the number of atypical and severe forms, starting in 2014. In subsequent years, we detected a higher incidence of adverse outcomes with patients requiring more hospitalizations and an increased mortality rate. We estimate that PCM has become more severe throughout the Rio de Janeiro state, affecting a greater number of young individuals and leading to a greater number of and longer hospitalizations. Surveillance measures and close monitoring of future notification data in the state, with emphasis on children, adolescents, and young adults are necessary for a better understanding of the perpetuation of this public health challenge.

Neuroparacoccidioidomycosis: A 13-Year Cohort Study, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM) is a rare and severe clinical presentation of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). We performed a retrospective cohort study at the Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI/Fiocruz), a reference center for PCM in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. All cases of PCM admitted to the INI/Fiocruz from January 2007 to December 2019 were reviewed. Eight (3.9%) among 207 patients met the diagnostic criteria for NPCM. The mean age was 44.6 years and the male:female ratio was 7:1. All cases presented multifocal disease, 5 (62.5%) the chronic form and 3 (37.5%) the acute/subacute form. All patients presented the pseudotumoral pattern and 6 (75.0%) had multiple lesions in the cerebral hemispheres. Seizures and motor symptoms were the most frequent clinical manifestations (50.0%, each). The treatment of choice was sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP) and fluconazole, in association (87.5%). Most patients responded well to the treatment. Sequela and death occurred in one (12.5%) patient, each.

Mortality by cryptococcosis in Brazil from 2000 to 2012: A descriptive epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: Cryptococcosis is a neglected and predominantly opportunistic mycosis that, in Brazil, poses an important public health problem, due to its late diagnosis and high lethality. METHODS: The present study analysed cryptococcosis mortality in Brazil from January 2000 to December 2012, based on secondary data (Mortality Information System/SIM-DATASUS and IBGE). RESULTS: Out of 5,755 recorded deaths in which cryptococcosis was mentioned as one of the morbid states that contributed to death, two distinct groups emerged: 1,121 (19.5%) registered cryptococcosis as the basic cause of death, and 4,634 (80.5%) registered cryptococcosis associated with risk factors, mainly AIDS (75%), followed by other host risks (5.5%). The mortality rate by cryptococcosis as the basic cause was 6.19/million inhabitants, whereas the mortality rate by cryptococcosis as an associated cause was 25.19/million inhabitants. Meningitis was the predominant clinical form (80%), males were the more affected (69%), and 39.5 years old was the mean age. The highest mortality rate due to cryptococcosis as basic cause occurred in the state of Mato Grosso (10.96/million inhabitants). Mortality rates due to cryptococcosis as associated cause were highest in the states of Santa Catarina (70.41/million inhabitants) and Rio Grande do Sul (64.40/million inhabitants), both in the South Region. Southeast, Northeast and South showed significant time trends in mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS: This study is relevant because it shows the magnitude of cryptococcosis mortality linked to AIDS and removes the invisibility of a particular non-AIDS-related disease, accounting for almost 20% of all cryptococcosis deaths. It can also contribute to control and surveillance programs, beyond highlighting the urgent prioritization of early diagnosis and proper treatment to reduce the unacceptable mortality rate of this neglected mycosis in Brazil.

Acute juvenile Paracoccidioidomycosis: A 9-year cohort study in the endemic area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by pathogenic dimorphic fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides. It is the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America and the leading cause of hospitalizations and death among them in Brazil. Acute PCM is less frequent but relevant because vulnerable young patients are affected and the severity is usually higher than that of the chronic type. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective cohort study from 2001 to 2009 including acute juvenile PCM patients from a reference center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Clinical, epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic data were reported. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were included. The average age was 23 years old and the male to female ratio was 1:1.07. All cases were referred from 3 of 9 existing health areas in the state of Rio de Janeiro, predominantly from urban areas (96.5%). Lymph nodes were the most affected organs (100%), followed by the skin and the spleen (31% each). Twenty-eight patients completed treatment (median 25 months) and progressed to clinical and serological cure; 1 death occurred. Twenty-four patients completed 48-month median follow-up. Four patients abandoned follow-up after the end of treatment. The most frequent sequela was low adrenal reserve. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis S1 was identified by partial sequencing of the arf and gp43 genes from 4 patients who presented a viable fungal culture. CONCLUSION: Acute juvenile PCM is a severe disease with a high rate of complications. There are few cohort clinical studies of acute PCM in the literature. More studies should be developed to promote improvement in patients' healthcare.

Hospital morbidity due to paracoccidioidomycosis in Brazil (1998-2006).

OBJECTIVE: To analyse hospital morbidity records due to paracoccidioidomycosis in Brazil, including its nationwide distribution in time and space, as well as key epidemiological and sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: Descriptive analysis of hospital morbidity records due to paracoccidioidomycosis covering the period January 1998 to December 2006. Hospital records were obtained from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SIH/SUS). RESULTS: There were 6732 hospitalisations (82% male) due to paracoccidioidomycosis in the period, representing 4.3 per 1.0 million inhabitants. Admissions due to this mycosis were recorded in 27% of the 5560 Brazilian municipalities, covering 35% of the country. Ten municipalities concentrated 52% of all admissions. The temporal distribution of admissions for paracoccidioidomycosis showed a slight increase. The geographical analysis showed two distinct patterns of the disease: (i) traditional areas of southern and south-eastern regions, covering 60% of admissions, and (ii) a second pattern in northern Brazil revealed a transverse band of higher concentration with about 27% of admissions, particularly along the southern border of the Amazon region. CONCLUSION: This first nationwide analysis of hospitalisation due to paracoccidioidomycosis in Brazil shows that it is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Brazil. Despite its importance, there are major deficits in its proper registry, diagnostics and treatment. The particular epidemiological and medical challenges of paracoccidioidomycosis will not be met while the disease continues to be perceived as an isolated infectious entity restricted to a few faraway regions of the globe.

Morbimortalidade por paracoccidioidomicose no Brasil: 1998 -2006 / Morbidity and mortality from paracoccidioidomycosis in Brazil: 1998 -2006

Morbimortalidade por paracoccidioidomicose no Brasil. 1998-2006. INTRODUÇÃO: A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é micose sistêmica exclusiva do continente americano. O Brasil detém cerca de 80 por cento dos casos da doença. OBJETIVO: A presente pesquisa analisa, pela primeira vez, a morbidade hospitalar da paracoccidioidomicose no Brasil avaliando-a conjuntamente com a mortalidade pela endemia. METODOLOGIA: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo da morbidade hospitalar e mortalidade por paracoccidioidomicose, no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2006. Analisou-se sua distribuição no tempo e no espaço e as características epidemiológicas, sociodemográficas e administrativas. As variáveis analisadas foram: frequência dos eventos segundo local de residência e de ocorrência, sexo e idade, óbito hospitalar e ocupação. A fonte dos dados para internações foi o Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH/SUS), e para os óbitos, o Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade (SIM/SUS) do Sistema Único de Saúde. Selecionaram-se as internações e óbitos que tiveram como diagnóstico principal e causa básica, respectivamente, a paracoccidioidomicose (categoria B41) e a blastomicose (B40). O diagnóstico de blastomicose foi considerado equivalente a paracoccidioidomicose. RESULTADOS: No período estudado, ocorreram 6.732 internações e 1523 óbitos, representando, respectivamente, uma taxa de internação de 4,3 e uma taxa de mortalidade por paracoccidioidomicose de 1,0 por milhão de habitantes. A paracoccidioidomicose, com aproximadamente 50 por cento, das internações e dos óbitos, foi a micose sistêmica mais prevalente, figurando entre as dez principais causas de mortalidade por doença infecciosa e parasitária de natureza crônica e recorrente. A maioria dos casos era do sexo masculino, com 82 por cento das internações e 88 por cento dos óbitos. Entre as ocupações bem definidas, 60 por cento dos óbitos ocorreram em trabalhadores rurais...

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis endemic to the American continent. Brazil holds about 80% of cases of the disease.OBJECTIVE: This study aims, first, to analyze, for the first time, the hospital morbidity together with the mortality due to this endemic in Brazil.METHODS: A descriptive study of hospital morbidity and mortality due to paracoccidioidomycosis, was performed from January 1998 to December 2006. Their distribution in time and space, their epidemiological, socio-demographic and administrative characteristics were analyzed. The variables included: frequency of events by place of residence and occurrence, sex and age, in-hospital death and occupation. The source of data for admissions was the Hospital Information System (SIH / SUS), and deaths, the Information System of Mortality (SIM / SUS) of the Unified Health System. All hospital admissions and deaths were selected, respectively, either as primary diagnosis and underlying cause, paracoccidioidomycosis (Category B41) and/or blastomycosis (B40). The diagnosis of blastomycosis was considered equivalent to paracoccidioidomycosis. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that during the analyzed period paracoccidioidomycosis, with approximately 50 percent of all hospital admissions and deaths, was the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Brazil and showed a new spatial distribution of the disease in face of recent trends in the economic, environmental and migration that occur in the Brazilian territory...

Paracoccidioidomycosis mortality in the State of Paraná, Brazil, 1980/1998

Foi conduzido um estudo de mortalidade por paracoccidioidomicose no Estado do Paraná, Brasil, no período de 1980 a 1998, utilizando-se como fonte de dados os registros de óbitos do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e a população estimada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Para classificação dos óbitos, empregou-se a CID-9 para os anos de 1980 a 1995 e a CID-10 para os anos mais recentes. Nesse período, no Paraná, ocorreram 551 óbitos por paracoccidioidomicose, com prevalência do sexo masculino, na faixa etária compreendida ente 30 a 59 anos. A taxa de mortalidade média anual foi de 3,48 por milhão de habitantes, demonstrando estabilidade no período de estudo. Destacou-se como a quinta causa de mortalidade entre as doenças infecciosas e parasitárias redominantemente crônicas, apresentando a mais alta taxa de mortalidade entre as micoses sistêmicas. Foi observada em 184 municípios, verificando-se, no estudo por mesorregiões, maior número de óbitos no Norte Central e o maior coeficiente de mortalidade no Oeste do Paraná.

Paracoccidioidomycosis mortality in the State of Paraná, Brazil, 1980/1998.

The paracoccidioidomycosis mortality rate in the State of Paraná, Brazil (1980/1998) was analyzed using the death registry data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System and the estimated population from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. To qualify the deaths, we deployed ICD-9 for 1980/1995 and ICD-10 for the more recent years. During this period there were 551 deaths from paracoccidioidomycosis in the State of Paraná. Most of the deaths were in male in the 30-59-year age group. The average annual mortality rate was 3.48 per million inhabitants, showing a tendency to stabilize during the study period. Paracoccidioidomycosis was the fifth cause of mortality among the predominantly chronic infectious diseases and had the highest mortality rate among the systemic mycoses. Paracoccidioidomycosis was observed in 184 counties in the State of Paraná. Most deaths were recorded in the North-Central meso-region, and the highest mortality rate occurred in the West meso-region.

Paracoccidioidomycosis mortality in Brazil (1980-1995)

This study analyzes 3,181 deaths from paracoccidioidomycosis in Brazil, based on 16 years of sequential data (from 1980 to 1995). During this period paracoccidioidomycosis showed considerable magnitude and low visibility, representing the eighth most common cause of death from predominantly chronic or recurrent types of infectious and parasitic diseases. It also had the highest mortality rate among the systemic mycoses. The mean annual mortality rate was 1.45 per million inhabitants, indicating a downward long-term trend (reduction of 31.28 percent), while spatial distribution among the different regions and States of Brazil was non-homogenous. The South (with the highest regional rate) and the Southeast showed a downward trend, while the Central West had the second highest rate in the country. At least one-fifth of Brazilian municipalities (or 22.71 percent of the country's total area) reported deaths from paracoccidioidomycosis. Overall nationwide mortality per area was 3.73/10,000km². The disease was endemic in non-metropolitan areas. The majority of deaths occurred in males (84.75 percent), and there was a sex ratio of 562 men/100 women. The 30-59-year and over-60-year age groups were the most affected. The study showed that the mortality rate justifies classifying this disease as a major health problem in Brazil

Paracoccidioidomycosis mortality in Brazil (1980-1995).

This study analyzes 3,181 deaths from paracoccidioidomycosis in Brazil, based on 16 years of sequential data (from 1980 to 1995). During this period paracoccidioidomycosis showed considerable magnitude and low visibility, representing the eighth most common cause of death from predominantly chronic or recurrent types of infectious and parasitic diseases. It also had the highest mortality rate among the systemic mycoses. The mean annual mortality rate was 1.45 per million inhabitants, indicating a downward long-term trend (reduction of 31.28%), while spatial distribution among the different regions and States of Brazil was non-homogenous. The South (with the highest regional rate) and the Southeast showed a downward trend, while the Central West had the second highest rate in the country. At least one-fifth of Brazilian municipalities (or 22.71% of the country's total area) reported deaths from paracoccidioidomycosis. Overall nationwide mortality per area was 3.73/10,000km2. The disease was endemic in non-metropolitan areas. The majority of deaths occurred in males (84.75%), and there was a sex ratio of 562 men/100 women. The 30-59-year and over-60-year age groups were the most affected. The study showed that the mortality rate justifies classifying this disease as a major health problem in Brazil.

Câncer de pele e hanseníase: para comunidade de Manguinhos - Ziadir F. Coutinho

Sensibilizar a população idosa da comunidade de Manguinhos sobre os riscos à saúde que a exposição ao sol pode causar e convocá-los para participar da Campanha Nacional de Prevenção ao Câncer da Pele, que será realizada em todo o país no dia 8 de novembro de 2008, foram os principais objetivos da palestra. Ziadir iniciou destacando algumas funções da pele, que pode agir como primeira linha de defesa do corpo, controlar a temperatura corporal, atuar como um sensor do corpo e desempenhar o papel de barreira contra diversos elementos. O dermatologista fez questão de ressaltar que o sol não é apenas um vilão do corpo humano. "Ele causa sensação de bem estar, produz vitamina D, essencial para a formação dos ossos, produz luz e regula as chuvas. Porém, seus efeitos ruins podem ser imediatos ou tardios. As queimaduras são os efeitos imediatos, enquanto os efeitos tardios são observados pelo envelhecimento, as rugas, a aspereza e o câncer de pele". Na ocasião, o médico também ensinou os participantes a realizar o auto-exame, com objetivo de fazê-los reconhecer manchas na pele provocadas pela exposição e torná-los capazes de identificar as lesões suspeitas. O arquivo está disponível para leitura e/ou download no ícone ao lado.