Mortalidad por cáncer de próstata en Chile: tendencias del período 1955-2019 / Prostate cancer mortality trends in Chile (1955-2019)

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is the tumor with the highest incidence among men and one of Chile's leading causes of death. AIM: To analyze temporal trends in prostate cancer mortality in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mortality rates in Chile for the period between 1955 and 2019 were calculated. The number of deaths was obtained from the national demographic yearbooks and the Ministery of Health mortality registries. Population estimates from the demographic center of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean of the United Nations were used. Chilean census population of 2017 was used as reference to calculate adjusted rates. Trends were analyzed using a join point regression. RESULTS: Crude mortality rates of prostatic cancer increased between 1995 and 2012 in three different phases, namely between 1955 and 1989 with a 2.7% annual increase, between 1989 and 1996 at a 6.8% annual rate, and between 1996 to 2012 with a 2.8% annual increase. From 2012 the rate remained stable. Adjusted mortality rates increased slowly at a 1.7% rate from 1955 to 1993, accelerating between 1993 and 1996, when they increased 12.1% per year. From 1996 onwards there was a significant decrease in mortality at a 1.2% annual rate. This decrease was significant and observed within all age groups but more importantly at older ages. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate cancer mortality in Chile has decreased significantly during the last two decades, like that observed in developed nations.

[Prostate cancer mortality trends in Chile (1955-2019)]. / Mortalidad por cáncer de próstata en Chile: tendencias del período 1955-2019.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is the tumor with the highest incidence among men and one of Chile's leading causes of death. AIM: To analyze temporal trends in prostate cancer mortality in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mortality rates in Chile for the period between 1955 and 2019 were calculated. The number of deaths was obtained from the national demographic yearbooks and the Ministery of Health mortality registries. Population estimates from the demographic center of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean of the United Nations were used. Chilean census population of 2017 was used as reference to calculate adjusted rates. Trends were analyzed using a join point regression. RESULTS: Crude mortality rates of prostatic cancer increased between 1995 and 2012 in three different phases, namely between 1955 and 1989 with a 2.7% annual increase, between 1989 and 1996 at a 6.8% annual rate, and between 1996 to 2012 with a 2.8% annual increase. From 2012 the rate remained stable. Adjusted mortality rates increased slowly at a 1.7% rate from 1955 to 1993, accelerating between 1993 and 1996, when they increased 12.1% per year. From 1996 onwards there was a significant decrease in mortality at a 1.2% annual rate. This decrease was significant and observed within all age groups but more importantly at older ages. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate cancer mortality in Chile has decreased significantly during the last two decades, like that observed in developed nations.

Laparoscopic Repair of Bochdalek Hernia, Presenting as a Renal Colic.

Bochdalek hernia (BH) is a posterolateral diaphragmatic congenital defect. Although most commonly diagnosed at birth, 0.17%-6% of cases can also be seen in adults. A third of the cases may contain abdominal organs like small bowel, kidney, or spleen. In our literature search, we only found 3 reported cases of urinary obstruction secondary to herniation of the renal pelvis through a BH. Here we describe a rare case of upper urinary tract obstruction caused by a BH successfully treated by laparoscopic surgery in our center.

Egresos hospitalarios por cáncer urogenital en Chile: cuarta parte / Hospital discharges because of genitourinary cancer in Chile: fourth part

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente trabajo es actualizar el análisis de los egresos hospitalarios (EH) por cáncer genitourinario (CGU), específicamente cáncer de próstata, testículo, vejiga y riñón en nuestro país. Para estos efectos se obtuvieron os datos del Boletín de Egresos Hospitalarios del Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL) del año 2010 y 2015, utilizándose los códigos de la clasificación internacional de enfermedades de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS CIE-10). Los distintos diagnósticos fueron caracterizados según su composición geográfica y demográfica, comparándose con la información publicada en los reportes anteriores.(AU)

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to update the analysis of hospital discharges for genitourinary cancer, specifically prostatic, testicular, bladder and renal cancers in our country. For this purpose, data was obtained from the registers of the Chilean Ministry of Health (MINSAL) for the years 2010 and 2015, using the international classification codes of diseases from the World Health Organization (WHO ICD-10). The different diagnoses were characterized according to their geographic and demographic distribution, comparing them to the information published in the previous reports.(AU)

Nefrolitectomía endoscópica transpiélica durante pieloplastía laparoscópica asistida por robot: Combinación de técnicas endourológicas para la resolución de un caso de estenosis pieloureteral asociado a nefrolitiasis / Endoscopic nephrolithotomy transpielic during a robot assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty: Combination of endourological techniques for solving a case of pelvi-ureter stenosis associated with nephrolithiasis

La estenosis pieloureteral (EPU) puede predisponer al desarrollo de nefrolitiasis debido a estasis urinaria. Inicialmente la endopielotomía percutánea fue la alternativa mínimamente invasiva de elección frente a la cirugía abierta para la resolución de los casos de EPU con nefrolitiasis concomitante. Sin embargo, el bajo éxito de la endopielotomía percutánea ha favorecido el uso de la laparoscopía convencional o asistida por robot para el tratamiento de las EPU. Se han reportado casos de pieloplastías laparoscópicas en los cuales se ha introducido un nefroscopio flexible a través de un trócar para resolver la nefrolitiasis por vía transpiélica. Acá reportamos nuestra experiencia en un caso.(AU)

The pelvi-ureter stenosis may predispose to the development of nephrolithiasis due to urinary stasis. Initially, a percutaneous endopyelotomy was minimally invasive alternative of choice versus open surgery for resolving cases of EPU with concomitant nephrolithiasis. However, the low success of percutaneous endopyelotomy has favored the use of conventional laparoscopy or robot-assisted treatment of the pelvi-ureter stenosis. There have been reports of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in which a flexible nephroscope is inserted through a trocar to solve nephrolithiasis by a transpielic via. Here we report our experience in one case.(AU)

Differences in renal stone treatment and outcomes for patients treated either with or without the support of a ureteral access sheath: The Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society Ureteroscopy Global Study.

PURPOSE: To describe the differences in the treatment and the outcomes of renal stones treated with flexible ureteroscopy (URS) either with or without the support of a ureteral access sheath (UAS). METHODS: The Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society URS Global Study involved the collection of prospective data from consecutive patients treated with URS at centers around the world over a 1-year period. Baseline characteristics, stone location, treatment details, postoperative outcomes and complications were recorded. Inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) analyses were conducted on outcome from patients treated with or without the use of a UAS to determine the impact on stone-free rates (SFRs). RESULTS: Of 2239 patients treated with flexible URS, 1494 (67 %) patients were treated with the use of a UAS and 745 (33 %) without a UAS. The IPWRA analyses conducted on 1827 patients with complete data and based on treatment and outcome models showed that if URS procedures were performed without the use of an UAS, the average stone-free rate would be 0.504 compared with 0.753 with a UAS. This average treatment effect of 0.248 was not significant (P = 0.604). Using IPWRA analysis on only the treated population in the estimations revealed no significant difference between using and not using a UAS (31 %; ATET: 0.311; P = 0.523). CONCLUSIONS: The study showed no difference in SFR when a UAS was used or not. Whereas UAS did not increase the risk of ureteral damage or bleeding, postoperative infectious complications were reduced.

Hemangioma de uretra anterior, tratamiento con láser Holmium: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Hemangioma of the anterior urethra, Holmium laser treatment. Case report and literature review

El hemangioma uretral es una causa muy infrecuente de uretrorragia. Es un tumor benigno que tiende a recurrir si el tratamiento no es el adecuado. El método diagnóstico de elección es la uretrocistoscopía orientada por una adecuada y exhaustiva anamnesis. Existen diferentes modalidades de tratamiento las que deben ser individualizadas según las características del hemangioma. Presentamos el caso de un paciente joven con uretrorragia intermitente secundario a hemangioma único en uretra anterior tratado mediante fotocoagulación con láser Holmium.

Urethral hemangioma is a rare cause of urethral bleeding. It is a benign tumor that tends to recur if treatment is not adequate. The diagnostic method of choice is urethrocystoscopy guided by adequate and thorough history. There are different treatment modalities, which should be individualized according to the characteristics of the hemangioma. We report the case of a young patient with intermittent urethral bleeding due to a single hemangioma in anterior urethra treated by holmium laser photocoagulation.

Long-term impact of arsenic in drinking water on bladder cancer health care and mortality rates 20 years after end of exposure.

PURPOSE: In this study we assessed bladder cancer health care and mortality trends in recent decades in a well studied arsenic exposed area in Northern Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Arsenic levels in the affected region were obtained for the last 60 years, and correlated with bladder cancer hospital discharge and mortality rates in recent decades. RESULTS: Bladder cancer hospital discharge rates were significantly higher in the affected region (peak RR 3.6, 95% CI 3.0-4.7). Mortality rates for bladder cancer showed a trend of increase during the period analyzed, reaching peak mortality rates of 28.4 per 100,000 for men and 18.7 per 100,000 for women in the last 10 years. Poisson regression models showed an increased mortality risk in the studied region compared to the rest of the country until the present for men (IRR 5.3, 95% CI 4.8-5.8) and women (IRR 7.8, 95% CI 7.0-8.7). Mean age at cancer specific death was significantly lower in the exposed region (69.6 years, 95% CI 68.4-70.7 vs 73.7 years, 95% CI 73.3-74.2, p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to arsenic is related to a significant need for bladder cancer health care and to high mortality rates even 20 years after having controlled arsenic levels in drinking water. Affected individuals should be aware of the significant impact of this ecological factor. Further research is required to identify strategies for the management of bladder cancer in arsenic exposed populations.

Egresos hospitalarios por cáncer genitourinario en Chile: tercera parte / Hospital discharges because of genitourinary cancer: third part

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue actualizar el análisis de los egresos hospitalarios (EH) de cáncer genitourinario (CGU), específicamente cáncer de próstata, testículo, vejiga y riñón, en nuestro país. Para estos efectos se obtuvieron los datos del boletín de egresos hospitalarios del Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL) del año 2005, utilizándose los códigos de la clasificación internacional de enfermedades de la OMS (CIE-10). Los distintos diagnósticos fueron caracterizados según su composición geográfica y demográfica, comparándose con la información publicada en los reportes anteriores. La proporción de patología oncológica genitourinaria dentro de los egresos hospitalarios por patología genitourinaria ha experimentado un alza sostenida, correspondiendo 10,9 por ciento a cáncer de próstata, 4,28 por ciento a cáncer de testículo, 3,92 por ciento a cáncer de vejiga, y 2,2 por ciento a cáncer renal. El presente reporte constituye una aproximación a nuestro quehacer como urólogos en nuestro país, y al mismo tiempo grafica la necesidad de crear herramientas de registro epidemiológico más efectivas.

The aim of the study was to update the analysis of hospital discharges because of genitourinary cancer in our country. For these purposes, data were obtained from the registers of the Chilean Ministry of Health. Diseases were codified according to the WHO ICD-10 classification. Hospital discharges because of genitourinary cancer has shown a steady increase since 1993.According to the last register (2005), 10.9 percent corresponds to prostate cancer, 4.28 percent to testicular cancer,3.92 percent to bladder cancer and 2.2 percent to renal cell cancer. The present analysis is a rough estimation of our activity in urological oncology. However, more accurate epidemiological tools are needed.

Egresos hospitalarios por patología genitourinaria en Chile: tercera parte / Hospital discharges because of genitourinary diseases: third part

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue actualizar el análisis de los egresos hospitalarios (EH) de patologías del sistema genitourinario (PGU) en nuestro país. Para estos efectos se obtuvieron los datos del boletín de egresos hospitalarios del Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL) del año 2005, utilizándose los códigos de la clasificación internacional de enfermedades de la OMS (CIE-10). Los distintos diagnósticos fueron caracterizados según su composición geográfica y demográfica, comparándose con la información publicada en los reportes anteriores. Los egresos por PGU disminuyeron de un 4,13 por ciento a un 3,78 por ciento del total. De esta manera, la patología genitourinaria continúa siendo una contribución menor al total de egresos hospitalarios en el país. Las infecciones del tracto urinario, la hiperplasia prostática benigna, la urolitiasis y la fimosis se mantuvieron como las patologías más frecuentes. Los EH por patología oncológica es el único subgrupo que ha mostrado un alza sostenida durante los 12 años analizados. El presente reporte constituye una aproximación a nuestro quehacer como urólogos en nuestro país, y al mismo tiempo grafica la necesidad de crear herramientas de registro epidemiológico más efectivas.

The aim of the study was to update the analysis of hospital discharges because of genitourinary diseases in our country. For these purposes, data were obtained from the registers of the Chilean Ministry of Health. Diseases were codified according to the WHICD-10 classification. Hospital discharges because of genitourinary diseases showed a slight decrease in 2005 when compared to 2001, from 4.13 percent to 3.78 percent. Consequently, genitourinary diseases are still a minor fraction of the national hospital discharges. The most relevant diseases were urinary tract infections, benign prostate hyperplasia, urolithiasis and phimosis. Hospital discharges because of genitourinary cancer has been the only subgroup showing a steady increase since 1993. The present analysis is a rough estimation of our work as urologists in our country. However, more accurate epidemiological tools are needed.

[KTP (green light) laser for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Preliminary evaluation]. / Laser KTP (vert) pour le traitement de l'hypertrophie bénigne prostatique. Une evaluation préliminaire.

INTRODUCTION: Photoselective vaporization of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a minimally invasive technique, consisting of vaporization of prostatic tissue by KTP green light laser with a power of 80 W. The purpose of this study was to describe our experience with this technique. MATERIAL AND METHOD: KTP laser photoselective vaporization was performed in 18 patients, with lower obstructive uropathy secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia at Santiago Military hospital from December 2005. Preoperative characteristics, postoperative results and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Mean prostatic volume was 55 cc (range: 24 to 78). Mean operating time was 83 minutes (range: 40 to 120). In sixteen patients, the Foley catheter was removed before 24 hours. The mean preoperative AUA score was 22 and decreased to 11.4 after 30 days. The mean maximum preoperative urine flow rate was 9 ml/s and increased to 18.2; 22.1; 22.5; 25.3 and 27.2 ml/s on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 30, respectively. Only minor complications were observed: delayed removal of the Foley catheter (11.1%), dysuria (16.6%) and late haematuria (11.1%). CONCLUSION: KTP laser photoselective vaporization of BPH is a safe technique, that is easy to learn, with good short-term functional results, associated with low complication rate.

Carcinoma de células renales: tamaño tumoral como factor pronóstico / Renal cell carcinoma: tumor size like factor prognosis

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar nuestra serie y establecer factores pronósticos en el carcinoma de células renales.Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de todos los casos de carcinoma de células renales operados en el Servicio de Urología del Hospital Militar de Santiago, entre los años 1983 y abril de 2002.Se revisaron las fichas de 157 pacientes con diagnóstico de carcinoma renal. La edad promedio fue de 62,5 años (r 30-91), 64 porciento fueron hombres (101 pac). 42 porciento tuvieron una presentación incidental. En 137 pacientes se efectuó nefrectomía radical, parcial en 15 pac. y en un paciente una ligadura de uréter alto.En 4 ocasiones se realizó, en el mismo tiempo quirúrgico, una nefrectomía radical más nefrectomía parcialen el lado contralateral. El tamaño tumoral promedio fue de 5,9 cm (r 2-14). El 33 porciento tuvo un tamaño tumoral menor o igual a 40 mm.En estadío I se encontraron 90 pacientes, 19 en estadío II, 43 en estadío III y 5 en estadío IV. El seguimiento actuarial promedio fue de 76,2 meses (r 1-212).La sobrevida a 5 años fue: 97 porciento estadío I, 89 porciento estadío II, 79 porciento estadío III y 40 porciento estadío IV. Los pacientes>60 años y los tumores >4 cm presentaron menor sobrevida.Los tumores de bajo estadío, <4 cm, y pacientes menores de 60 años tienen mejor pronóstico en cuanto a la sobrevida global.

Papiloma vesical invertido / Inverted bladder papilloma

Se presenta un caso de papiloma vesical invertido tratado por resección endoscópica, señalándose las características histológicas típicas y el comportamiento clínico benigno de este tipo de patología que mejor pudiera denominarse adeno urotelioma de Von Brunn