Seroprevalence and incidence of Puumala orthohantavirus in its bank vole (Myodes glareolus) host population in northeastern France: Between-site and seasonal variability.

Given the difficulty of measuring pathogen transmission in wildlife, epidemiological studies frequently rely on cross-sectional seroprevalence. However, seropositivity indicates only exposure to a pathogen at an unknown time. By allowing to obtain repeated test results from individuals sampled multiple times over an extended period, longitudinal data help reduce this uncertainty. We used capture-mark-recapture data on bank vole (Myodes glareolus) individuals collected at four sites over ten years in northeastern France to investigate the impact of environmental variables on seroprevalence and incidence of Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV). PUUV causes a chronic infection without apparent symptoms, that may however impair survival of its rodent host in the wild. Viral transmission between rodents may occur through direct contact or via the environment. Principal component analysis was used to deal with multicollinearity among environmental variables. Incidence and seroprevalence were investigated with either generalized estimating equations or Poisson regression models depending on the number of observations for each season. In spring, only the factor site was found to be significant for seroprevalence, while a principal component including meteorological conditions of the previous winter and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of both the previous winter and spring had a significant effect on incidence. In autumn, only the factor site was significant for incidence, while two principal components, including either the meteorological conditions of the autumn and previous spring or NDVI of the autumn significantly affected seroprevalence. We discuss these results in light of the particular demography of small mammals. We encourage other researchers to investigate the relationships between demographic parameters of wild host populations and the environment, by using both incidence and seroprevalence.

Spatial and Temporal Epidemiology of Nephropathia Epidemica Incidence and Hantavirus Seroprevalence in Rodent Hosts: Identification of the Main Environmental Factors in Europe.

In Europe, the increasing number of nephropathia epidemica (NE) infections in humans, caused by Puumala virus carried by bank voles (Myodes glareolus), has triggered studies of environmental factors driving these infections. NE infections have been shown to occur in specific geographical areas characterized by environmental factors that influence the distribution and dynamics of host populations and virus persistence in the soil. Here, we review the influence of environmental conditions (including climate factors, food availability and habitat conditions) with respect to incidence in humans and seroprevalence in rodents, considering both direct and indirect transmission pathways. For each type of environmental factor, results and discrepancies between studies are presented and examined in the light of biological hypotheses. Overall, food availability and temperature appear to be the main drivers of host seroprevalence and NE incidence, but data quality and statistical approaches varied greatly among studies. We highlight the issues that now need to be addressed and suggest improvements for study design in regard to the current knowledge on hantavirus epidemiology.

A comparison of the physiological status in parasitized roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from two different populations.

Studies of the impact of parasites on host performance have mainly focused on body mass, a phenotypic trait that responds relatively slowly to the presence of parasites, and the expectedly faster response of physiological parameters has been mostly overlooked. We filled the gap by measuring the impact of endoparasites on four hematological/biochemical parameters (hematocrit, albumin, creatinine and fructosamine) in two contrasting free-living populations of roe deer. We generally found negative relationships between parasites and physiological parameters. Our findings also indicate little role of host sex on parasite impact and strongest parasite effects on young and senescent hosts.

Parental crowding influences life-history traits in Locusta migratoria females.

Parental environments could play an important role in controlling insect outbreaks, provided they influence changes in physiological, developmental or behavioural life-history traits related to fluctuations in population density. However, the potential implication of parental influence in density-related changes in life-history traits remains unclear in many insects that exhibit fluctuating population dynamics, particularly locusts. In this study, we report a laboratory experiment, which enabled us to characterize the life-history trait modifications induced by parental crowding of female individuals from a frequently outbreaking population of Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). We found that a rearing history of crowding led to reduced female oviposition times and increased offspring size but did not affect the developmental time, survival, fecundity, and the sex-ratio and the number of offspring. Because all studied females were raised in a common environment (isolation conditions), these observed reproductive differences are due to trans-generational effects induced by density. We discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of the observed density-dependent parental effects on the life-history of L. migratoria.

Autosomal differences between males and females in hybrid zones: a first report from Barbus barbus and Barbus meridionalis (Cyprinidae).

Narrow hybrid zones are generally subjected to the action of two forces: dispersal, which tends to homogenise the hybridising taxa, and selection against hybrids, which, in contrast, produces steep clines of introgression for diagnostic markers. Although differences between sexes in dispersal abilities or in susceptibility to hybrid counterselection are common in hybrid zones, autosomal genetic differences between males and females have never been reported to our knowledge. Barbus barbus and Barbus meridionalis (Cyprinidae) form a hybrid zone along the Lergue river. By carrying out a genetic analysis of males and females in six samples from two central stations of the hybrid zone using codominant markers (six allozymes and four microsatellite loci), we revealed significant multilocus and monolocus differences between the sexes. This could reflect a genetic difference among sexes within a same cohort, caused either by a survival (or fertility) differential among sexes or by a sex-specific pattern of dispersal. Alternatively, this may be due to genetic differentiation between cohorts, since male and female barbel exhibit different maturation, growth and survival patterns leading to different age distributions among sexes, and particularly among reproducers.

[Psychopathological aspects in a group of children and adolescent with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. / Caratteristiche psicopatologiche in un gruppo di bambini e adolescenti con diabete mellito insulino-dipendente.

BACKGROUND: We have studied a group of children and adolescents with IDDM to evaluate their personality features and family relationship to point out elements of psychopathological risk or evident mental disorders. Our study group is composed of 30 subjects (age range 7-19 years) with IDDM for at least one year. METHODS: The methods employed were interviews to patients and their parents for the attitude towards the illness (done separately), Rutter scale for parents, an anxiety scale for children and adolescents (Busnelli) and a questionnaire about knowledge of diabetes (GISED). In the interviews with parents anamnestic data were collected with particular attention to early symptoms of mental disorder. Metabolic control was tested by the HbA1c measure using high pressure column chromatography, in the same laboratory. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of different results we divide our study group into three subgroups. The first (30%) present no mental disorder or at least reactive or transient disorder. The second subgroup (57%) show mild mental disorder. The third subgroup (13%) present severe mental disorder. In the first subgroup the adaptation to the illness was good, because of a normal personality, absence of past psychological disorders and good family relations. The second subgroup show a wider variability of symptomatology and 65% of these patients had some behaviour disorder in their past, which became more evident after diabetes onset. In the third subgroup diabetes seems to worsen pre-existing status of mental disorder. Metabolic control is better in the first subgroup than in the other two subgroups which do not differ too much one from the other. In conclusion, the better family relationship and personality history a patient had, the better adaptation to illness and metabolic control he had (1st Subgroup). The 2nd subgroup seems to be particularly at risk because it shows behaviour disorders and risk for future personality disorder. In the 3rd subgroup mental illness was already present even if not diagnosed at the onset of diabetes and needs to be treated anyway. As a matter of fact, it seems possible that the chronic illness points out and fixes perhaps pathological characteristics already present, which did not emerge until the traumatic onset of diabetes.

[Discitis in children. Report of two cases]. / La discite nel bambino. Descrizione di due casi.

Two cases of intervertebral disk infection in 2 3-year-old boys are presented. The study reported on the anamnesis, clinical, laboratory and instrumental findings as well as therapy in both cases. Diagnosis was suspected on the basis of pain, refusal to assume any position that flexes the spine and irritability. Low-grade fever, the moderate increment of inflammatory indexes and the characteristic changes seen in 1 case on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) only and in the other one on both Technetium 99m polyphosphate bone-scanning and MRI verified the clinical diagnosis. Furthermore the authors briefs discuss the differential diagnosis of disc-space inflammation and several acute and subacute diseases of infancy and childhood some of them not localized in the spine (myopathy, appendicitis, peritonitis, urinary infections) for which discitis may be often mistaken.

The effect of fish oil supplements on blood pressure.

We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study to determine the effects of fish oil supplementation on blood pressure in middle-aged men. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume either 20 g of fish oil or safflower oil for 12 weeks and then consume the other oil for an additional 12 weeks after a 4-week washout period. We found no significant changes from the pretreatment value in systolic or diastolic blood pressure with the use of fish oil supplements. In addition, there were no significant differences in the posttreatment blood pressures comparing the fish and safflower oil phases of the study.

[Study of neurovegetative function in type 2 diabetes mellitus in childhood]. / Indagini neurovegetative nel diabete mellito tipo 1 in età pediatrica.

The passive (tilting) orthoclinostatic test was performed on 44 young subjects affected by type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes. In 11 cases the test was repeated after a 3-4 years interval. The results, compared with age matched controls, showed in the diabetic patients a supersensitivity of the two antagonist systems, increasing with age and duration of the disease, up to an overexcitability and a functional exhaustion. It would thus seem that diabetic dysautonomia involves not only the peripheral nervous system but also the hypothalamic centers, with an impoverishment of the capacity of self-regulation. The hypersympathicotonus in diabetic young patients seems to be only apparent, as a result of the hypersensitivity of an overstimulated system.

Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of fish oil supplementation on plasma cholesterol in middle-aged men with isolated hypercholesterolemia. DESIGN: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled (safflower oil) two-period crossover trial with 12-week treatment periods. SETTING: Outpatient general medicine clinic at a university-affiliated Veterans Affairs hospital. PATIENTS: Thirty-eight men with plasma cholesterol between 5.68 and 7.76 mmol/L (220 to 300 mg/dL), triglyceride levels less than 3.39 mmol/L (300 mg/dL), and free of coexisting diseases. INTERVENTIONS: Fish oil and placebo (safflower oil) supplementation. After basal measurements and a 4-week lead-in period, twenty 1-g capsules of either fish oil or placebo oil were provided for 12 weeks (period 1). After a 4-week washout phase participants then received the other oil for an additional 12 weeks (period 2). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Blood was drawn at the beginning and end of each study period and analyzed for levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1, and apolipoprotein B. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald equation. Total and LDL cholesterol increased from the before treatment values by 4.8% and 9.1%, respectively, after ingestion of fish oil. Compared with placebo, LDL cholesterol was significantly higher (4.5 compared with 4.1 mmol/L, P = 0.01) and triglycerides lower (1.3 compared with 1.8 mmol/L, P = 0.01) after fish oil. Total and HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 and B levels did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: Fish oil supplements do not lower plasma cholesterol levels in middle-aged men with hypercholesterolemia without elevated triglycerides. They should not be recommended as a method to lower plasma cholesterol in these patients.