Qualification of a 21-valent pneumococcal urine antigen detection assay and development of clinical positivity cutoffs.

Aim: Serotype-specific assays detecting pneumococcal polysaccharides in bodily fluids are needed to understand the pneumococcal serotype distribution in non-bacteremic pneumonia. Methods: We developed a urine antigen detection assay and using urine samples from adult outpatients without pneumonia developed positivity cutoffs for both a previously published 15-valent and the new 21-valent assay. Clinical sensitivity was confirmed with samples from patients with invasive pneumococcal disease. Results: Total assay precision ranged from 7.6 to 17.8% coefficient of variation while accuracy ranged between 80 and 150% recovery, except for three serotypes where recoveries ranged from 32 to 60%. Clinical sensitivity was 86.4% and specificity was 96.5% across all 30 serotypes. Conclusion: The assay could potentially assess serotype-distribution in non-infected and infected participants with pneumococcal disease.

[Box: see text].

Relationship of serum and dietary vitamin D with high cardiometabolic risk in Mexican systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A cross-sectional study.

Objetive: Serum and dietary vitamin D could influence clinical disease activity and cardiometabolic outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to assess the relationship of serum and dietary vitamin D with cardiometabolic risk in Mexican SLE patients and healthy subjects (HS).Methods: 224 SLE patients and 201 HS were included in this cross-sectional study. Serum calcidiol was measured using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Vitamin D dietary intake was assessed by collecting three 24h food records. Dietary patterns (DPs) were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Cardiometabolic status was analyzed through biochemical measurements and cardiometabolic indexes.Results: Calcidiol deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was associated with 1.66-fold higher risk of excess weight by body mass index (BMI) (≥25 kg/m2) (p = .02), 2.25-fold higher risk to low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (<40 mg/dL) (p < .001), and 1.74-fold higher risk to high triglycerides (TG) ≥150 mg/dL (p = .02). Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake was associated with 1.92-fold higher risk of presenting non-healthy waist circumference (WC) (>80 cm) (p < .01), 2.05-fold higher risk of android waist to hip ratio (WHR ≥85) (p < .01), and 1.72-fold higher risk to excess weight (p = .02). Non-adherence to a DP rich in vitamin D food sources was associated with higher WC, WHR, triglycerides, and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C); furthermore, in HS, non-adherence to the DP rich in vitamin D food sources provided 2.11-fold higher risk to calcidiol deficiency.In Cconclusion: A pattern of Calcidiol deficiency, inadequate vitamin D dietary intake, and non-adherence to a DP rich in vitamin D food sources was related to high cardiometabolic risk in SLE patients and HS.

Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors in Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip for Early Detection of the Affected Population.

Diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) mostly relies on physical examination and ultrasound, and both methods are operator-dependent. Late detection can lead to complications in young adults. Current evidence supports the involvement of environmental and genetic factors, such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Incorporating genetic factors into diagnostic methods would be useful for implementing early detection and management of affected individuals. Our aim was to analyze environmental factors and SNVs in DDH patients. We included 287 DDH cases and 284 controls. Logistic regression demonstrated an association for sex (OR 9.85, 95% CI 5.55-17.46, p = 0.0001), family history (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.5, p = 0.006), fetal presentation (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.55-6.54, p = 0.002), and oligohydramnios (OR 2.74, 95%CI 1.12-6.70, p = 0.026). A model predicting the risk of DDH including these variables showed sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 0.91, 0.53, 0.74, and 0.80 respectively. The SNV rs1800470 in TGFB1 showed an association when adjusted for covariables, OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.27-0.90), p = 0.02. When rs1800470 was included in the equation, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 0.90, 0.61, 0.84, and 0.73, respectively. Incorporating no-operator dependent variables and SNVs in detection methods could be useful for establishing uniform clinical guidelines and optimizing health resources.

Association of c.+677 C>T (rs1801133) and c.+1298 A>C (rs1801131) MTHFR genetic variants with cardiometabolic and disease risk in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A cross-sectional study.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients present a high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk, associated with worse clinical manifestations and mortality. Folate, an essential micronutrient that participates in vital immune cellular functions, could positively affect the cardiometabolic and disease risk in SLE, through the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme, which participates in the folate metabolism, where single nucleotide variants (SNVs) have been described as a potential genetic risk factor for SLE. The aim of this study was to determine the association of the c.+677 C>T (rs1801133) and c.+1298 A>C (rs1801131) MTHFR genetic variants with cardiometabolic risk and clinical disease variables in SLE patients. A case-control study was conducted on 394 unrelated Mexican-mestizo women: 199 with SLE according to the 1997 SLE-ACR criteria and 196 control subjects (CS). Folic acid and homocysteine levels were evaluated by immunoassays. Genotyping of MTHFR genetic variants was carried out by allelic discrimination. No significant differences were found for folic acid (p = .15) and homocysteine serum levels (p = .59) between groups. According to the CC c.+677 MTHFR genotype, this was associated with low cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by the Castelli index (OR = 0.42; p = .03) in SLE patients. The TC (OR = 1.3; p = .03) and the TA (OR = 1.6; p < .01) haplotypes from c.+677 C>T plus c.+1298 MTHFR were associated with SLE risk, while the CC MTHFR haplotype (OR = 0.5; p = .01) was found as a non-risk factor for the disease. In conclusion, the TC and the TA MTHFR haplotypes are associated with disease risk; meanwhile, the CC c.+677 MTHFR genotype confers lower cardiometabolic risk in Mexican-mestizo SLE patients.

Analysis of Potential Vitamin D Molecule Biomarkers: Association of Calcitriol and Its Hydroxylation Efficiency Ratio with Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease in which hypovitaminosis D by calcidiol quantification has been associated with disease severity. However, other vitamin D molecules could be implicated in RA pathophysiology and its comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), which impacts the severity and mortality of RA patients. This study aimed to assess the relationship between calcidiol, calcitriol, its hydroxylation efficiency ratio, and the soluble vitamin D receptor (sVDR) and clinical and CVD risk variables to propose potential vitamin D molecule biomarkers for RA. A cross-sectional study of females was conducted on 154 RA patients and 201 healthy subjects (HS). Calcidiol, calcitriol, and the sVDR were measured in blood serum, and vitamin D hydroxylation efficiency was estimated using the calcitriol/calcidiol ratio score. CVD risk was calculated by the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) cutoff values. Disease activity was evaluated with the Disease Activity Score for 28 standard joints (DAS28-CRP). Results: The hydroxylation efficiency ratio and calcitriol serum levels were higher in RA patients with hypovitaminosis D (p < 0.001). Moreover, RA patients had a higher probability of a high hydroxylation efficiency ratio (OR = 2.02; p = 0.02), calcitriol serum levels (OR = 2.95; p < 0.001), and sVDR serum levels (OR = 5.57; p < 0.001) than HS. This same pattern was also observed in RA patients with high CVD risk using CRP serum levels; they showed a higher hydroxylation efficiency ratio (OR = 4.51; p = 0.04) and higher calcitriol levels (OR = 5.6; p < 0.01). Calcitriol correlates positively with the sVDR (r = 0.21, p = 0.03), CRP (r = 0.28, p < 0.001), and cardiometabolic indexes (p < 0.001) also showed discrimination capacity for CVD risk in RA patients with CRP ≥ 3 mg/L (AUC = 0.72, p < 0.01). In conclusion, hypovitaminosis D in RA patients was characterized by a pattern of a higher hydroxylation efficiency ratio and higher calcitriol and sVDR serum levels. Notably, higher calcitriol serum levels and a higher vitamin D hydroxylation efficiency ratio were associated with higher CVD risk in RA patients.

STAT4 Gene Variant rs7574865 Is Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis Activity and Anti-CCP Levels in the Western but Not in the Southern Population of Mexico.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease. Currently, several genes play an important role in the development of the disease. The objective was to evaluate the association of the STAT4 rs7574865 and rs897200 gene variants with RA susceptibility, DAS28, RF, and anti-CCP in Western and Southern Mexico populations. Genotyping was performed on 476 samples (cases = 240; controls = 236) using the Taqman® system and qPCR probes. Disease activity was assessed using DAS28 and HAQ DI. CRP, ESR, RF, and anti-CCP were determined for clinical assessment. Our study showed there is a statistically significant association with susceptibility to RA for the rs7574865 variant in the Western population for the GT and TT genotypes. The same genotypes also showed a moderate-to-high activity according to DAS28 and positive anti-CCP compared to the control group. This association was not found in the Southern population. This work confirms the association of the rs7574865 variant with RA, as well as a moderate-to-high activity and positive anti-CCP in the Western population but not in the Southern population. No association of the rs897200 variant was found in any of the studied populations.

Complementary Therapies and Their Association with Problems in Therapeutic Adherence to Conventional Synthetic DMARDs in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The use of complementary therapies is highly prevalent among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nevertheless, the use of complementary medicine could involve problems in the following of scientifically accepted treatments. To date, there is limited information regarding the association of nonconventional therapies with problems regarding compliance with the treatment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify whether the utilization of complementary therapies is associated with a high risk of problems regarding therapeutic adherence to conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (cs-DMARDs) in RA patients. A survey was performed with RA patients in an outpatient rheumatology clinic in a university hospital; the use of complementary therapies, as well as their type, was identified. To assess problems with therapeutic adherence, we used the four-item Morisky-Green scale. A comprehensive assessment of clinical and therapeutic characteristics was performed. Univariable and multivariable models were performed to identify the risk of problems with therapeutic adherence in users of complementary therapies. In total, 250 RA patients were included; 92% used complementary therapies. Of them, the most frequently used were herbal medicine (65%), homeopathy (64%), and cannabis and its derivatives (51%). In the univariable logistic regression analysis, the factors associated with problems in the therapeutic adherence to cs-DMARDs were age (p = 0.019), the presence of other comorbidities (p = 0.047), and the use of complementary therapies (p = 0.042). After controlling for potential confounders, the use of complementary therapies increased the risk of problems with therapeutic adherence to cs-DMARDs (adjusted OR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.06-7.63, p = 0.037). We concluded that the use of complementary therapies increases the risk of problems with therapeutic adherence. Therefore, for physicians and healthcare professionals, the early identification of the use of nonconventional therapies in their RA patients is required, followed by a directed discussion with their patients about the risks and benefits to which they could be exposed to complementary therapies.

Deformación miocárdica de la aurícula izquierda en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico / Left Atrial Strain in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Antecedentes: En los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) la disfunción diastólica del ventrículo izquierdo (DDVI) puede ser la única manifestación de involucro cardiaco anticipando una disfunción sistólica. Se ha visto que la deformación miocárdica de la aurícula izquierda (AI), mediante el strain longitudinal global de la AI (SLGAI), puede llegar a ser de utilidad en valorar la función diastólica. Objetivo: Evaluar la función de la AI mediante la deformación miocárdica en pacientes con LES. Comparar el strain de la AI en pacientes con LES activos, inactivos y controles. Métodos: Se incluyeron 50 pacientes con LES y se compararon con controles sanos pareados por edad y sexo. Se midió por ecocardiograma transtorácico la deformación miocárdica mediante el SLGAI, el strain de las 3 fases del ciclo de la AI y la tasa de strain. La diferencia entre los grupos se analizó de forma univariante. Resultados: El SLGAI en pacientes con LES fue menor que en los controles sanos (41,6% vs. 50,5%; p=0,02), así como también fue menor en las 3 fases del ciclo de la AI. No hubo diferencias en la tasa de strain en ambos grupos (LES 2,5s−1 vs. controles sanos 2,75s−1; p=0,1). También se encontró que el SLGAI fue menor en pacientes activos en comparación con controles e inactivos. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con LES tienen menor deformación miocárdica de la AI, lo que se expresa como una menor función diastólica correlacionando con daño miocárdico subclínico precoz.(AU)

Background: In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), left ventricle diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) may be the only manifestation of cardiac involvement in anticipation of systolic dysfunction. It has been seen that myocardial deformation of the left atrium (LA), through the LA global longitudinal strain (LAGLS), may be useful in assessing diastolic function. Objective: To evaluate LA function through myocardial deformation in patients with LES, and compare the LA strain in patients with active, inactive and controls. Methods: Fifty patients with SLE were included and compared with 50 healthy controls paired by age and gender. Myocardial deformation was measured by transthoracic echocardiogram, to investigate the LAGLS, the strain of the three phases of the LA cycle and the strain rate. The differences between groups were compared in univariate analysis. Results: LAGLS in SLE patients was less than in the controls (41.6% vs. 50.5%; p=.02), and in the 3 phases of the LA cycle. There were no differences in the LA strain rate in both groups (SLE 2.5s−1 vs. controls 2.75s−1; p=.1). It was also found that the LAGLS was lesser in active patients than controls and inactive. Conclusions: SLE patients have lower myocardial deformation of the LA, which is expressed as a lower diastolic function correlating with early subclinical myocardial damage.(AU)

Innovación pedagógica para mejorar la calidad del trato en la atención de la salud de mujeres indígenas / Pedagogical innovation to improve the quality-responsiveness in the health care of indigenous women

Resumen: Objetivo: Presentar los resultados de una intervención pedagógica para mejorar la calidad en el trato que brindan los prestadores de servicios de salud en regiones indígenas. Material y métodos: Se diseñó una metodología didáctica con enfoque crítico-constructivista dirigida a personal de salud que atiende a población indígena en cinco entidades de México. Resultados: Entre 09/2016 a 01/2020 se capacitó a 1 825 trabajadores de la salud que deconstruyeron las creencias que determinan prácticas de discriminación y maltrato durante la atención a la salud de los usuarios indígenas. La intervención logró un aprendizaje significativo transformador de las valoraciones y prácticas sociales, con propuestas para evitar cualquier forma de maltrato y garantizar el trato digno. Conclusiones: Para la construcción de un sistema de salud universal y equitativo, es necesario incluir intervenciones que actúen sobre las creencias determinantes de las prácticas de discriminación y maltrato en los servicios de salud hacia grupos sociales vulnerables.

Abstract: Objective: Present the results of a pedagogical intervention to improve the quality-responsiveness in healthcare provided by health service providers in indigenous regions. Materials and methods: A didactic methodology with a critical-constructivist approach was designed aimed to health personnel who attend to the indigenous population in five entities of Mexico. Results: Between 09/2016 and 01/2020, 1 825 health workers were trained, who deconstructed the beliefs that determine practices of discrimination and abuse during the health care of indigenous users. The intervention achieved significant transformative learning of social beliefs and practices, with proposals to avoid any form of abuse and guarantee dignified treatment. Conclusions: For the construction of a universal and equitable health system, it is necessary to include interventions that act on the beliefs that determine discrimination and mistreatment practices in health services towards vulnerable social groups.

Reducción de la ingesta de alimento balanceado por consumo de agua endulzada con sacarosa en ratas Wistar / Reduction of balanced food intake by consumption of water sweetened with sucrose in Wistar rats

El azúcar de mesa, que se obtiene de la caña de azúcar, es el edulcorante más utilizado en la elaboración de los alimentos. El azúcar es importante en la obtención de energía, es necesario para la síntesis de ácidos grasos, de ácidos nucleicos, evita el estrés oxidativo y el desarrollo de anemia. Puede ocasionar caries, diabetes, obesidad, arteriosclerosis y otras patologías. En el presente trabajo se valoró el efecto que tiene la ingesta crónica de agua endulzada con sacarosa al 30% sobre el consumo de alimento balanceado, el perfil lipídico, la concentración de glucosa sérica, y sobre algunos marcadores del estado nutricional como el peso y las proteínas séricas totales, en machos de ratas Wistar. El agua endulzada con sacarosa al 30% se administró a un grupo de 9 ratas Wistar durante 3 meses y se tomó como grupo control a un grupo de 9 ratas que bebieron agua natural. El consumo de alimentos por ambos grupos, así como los marcadores de química sanguínea se analizaron al final del tratamiento. Los niveles de glucosa, lípidos y proteínas séricas totales se midieron mediante espectroscopía. Los resultados mostraron que el consumo de agua endulzada con sacarosa al 30% redujo en más de un 90% el consumo de alimento balanceado; sin embargo, no afectó el perfil lipídico ni el nivel de glucosa en sangre, así como tampoco el nivel de proteínas séricas totales. El consumo de agua endulzada con sacarosa podría provocar desnutrición a largo plazo ya que ocasiona una reducción en la ingesta de alimento rico en nutrientes.

Sugar, obtained from sugarcane, is the most commonly used sweetener in food processing. Sugar is an important food for energy generation and it is necessary for the synthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids. It prevents oxidative stress and anemia development. However, its consumption can cause dental caries, diabetes, obesity, arteriosclerosis and other pathologies. In the present work, the effect of chronic intake of water sweetened with 30% sucrose on balanced food consumption, lipid profile, serum glucose concentration, as well as some markers of nutritional status such as weight and total serum proteins was assessed in male Wistar rats. The water sweetened with 30% sucrose was administered to a group of 9 Wistar rats for 3 months, having 9 rats as a control group that drank natural water. Food consumption between both groups as well as blood chemistry markers were analyzed at the end of the treatment. Glucose, lipid levels as well as total serum proteins were measured by spectroscopy. The results showed that the consumption of water sweetened with 30% sucrose reduced the consumption of balanced food by more than 90%, however, it did not affect the lipid profile, the level of glucose in the blood or the level of total serum proteins concentration. Consumption of sucrose-sweetened water could lead to long-term malnutrition by reducing the intake of nutrient-rich food.

O açúcar comum, obtido a partir da cana de açúcar, é o adoçante mais utilizado na elaboração dos alimentos. O açúcar é importante para a geração de energia; necessário para a síntese de ácidos graxos e de ácidos nucleicos. Previne o estresse oxidativo e o desenvolvimento de anemia. No entanto, seu consumo pode causar cárie dentária, diabetes, obesidade, arteriosclerose e outras patologias. No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito da ingestão crônica de água adoçada com sacarose a 30% sobre o consumo de alimentos ricos em nutrientes, perfil lipídico, concentração sérica de glicose e alguns marcadores do estado nutricional, como o peso. e as proteínas séricas totais em ratos Wistar machos. A água adoçada com sacarose a 30% foi administrada a um grupo de 9 ratos Wistar por 3 meses, tendo como grupo controle um grupo de 9 ratos que beberam água natural. O consumo de alimentos entre os dois grupos e os marcadores de química sanguínea foram analisados no final do tratamento. Os níveis de glicose, lipídios e proteínas séricas totais foram medidos por espectroscopia. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de água adoçada com sacarose a 30% reduziu em mais de 90% o consumo de alimentos ricos em nutrientes, no entanto, não afetou o perfil lipídico, o nível de glicose em sangue nem o nível de proteínas séricas totais. O consumo de água adoçada com sacarose poderia levar à desnutrição no longo prazo, visto que produz uma redução na ingestão de alimentos ricos em nutrientes.

Primera comunidad en cuarentena por la COVID-19 de Cuba / First Cuban community quarantined by COVID-19

RESUMEN Introducción: el brote de la enfermedad causada por el coronavirus 2019 es una emergencia de salud pública con importancia internacional, situación de la que Cuba no escapa. Objetivo: caracterizar clínico-epidemiológicamente el evento epidemiológico por COVID-19 en la comunidad Camilo Cienfuegos, municipio Consolación del Sur, provincia Pinar del Río. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva, longitudinal y prospectiva, en el período comprendido entre marzo a mayo de 2020 en la comunidad Camilo Cienfuegos del municipio Consolación del Sur, declarada en cuarentena epidemiológica, con 10 casos confirmados de la enfermedad. Se confeccionó la araña epidemiológica, el cronopatograma y el mapa de ubicación de los casos positivos. Resultados: en la caracterización socio-demográficamente, predominó el sexo masculino, grupo etario de 0 a 19 años, modo de contagio introducido, la nacionalidad cubana, la evolución favorable de la enfermedad, y el período de incubación corto. Fueron descritas las acciones de salud implementadas en las primeras fases de enfrentamiento de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: el evento epidemiológico por COVID-19 fue caracterizado clínico- epidemiológicamente, se demostró la importancia de una adecuada implementación de los planes descritos para el control de la enfermedad, y la prevención desde la Atención Primaria de Salud, como herramienta fundamental.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health emergency of international importance, a situation from which Cuba does not escape. Objective: to characterize clinical and epidemiologically the event caused by COVID-19 at Camilo Cienfuegos community in Consolación del Sur municipality, Pinar del Rio province. Methods: an observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective research was carried out during the period from March to May 2020 in the above-mentioned community, which was confirmed in epidemiological quarantine, with 10 confirmed cases of COVID-19. The epidemiological SPIDER search tool, the chronopathology and the map of the location of the positive cases were drawn up. Results: in the socio-demographic characterization of the community, male sex, the age group from 0 to 19 years old, way of transmission, Cuban citizens, the favorable evolution of the disease, and the short incubation period predominated. The health actions implemented in the first phases in order to deal with the disease were described. Conclusions: the epidemiological event caused by COVID-19 was clinical and epidemiologically characterized. The importance of an adequate implementation of the strategies described for the control of the disease was presented, where prevention actions from Primary Health Care are essential.

Estrategia intervencionista dirigida a la prevención y control de la COVID-19 en Consolación del Sur / Intervention strategy aimed at the prevention and control of COVID-19 in Consolación del Sur

RESUMEN Introducción: la COVID-19 es una emergencia de salud pública de importancia internacional y una epidemia mundial de rápida propagación. Objetivo: diseñar una estrategia integral de prevención y control a la enfermedad desde el contexto local en Consolación del Sur. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de desarrollo tecnológico en servicios y sistemas de salud, de tipo observacional descriptivo y transversal, que tuvo como universo a 13 pacientes contagiados con la COVID 19, y la declaración de estado de cuarentena en una comunidad del municipio Consolación del Sur. Para el diseño de la estrategia se tomaron en cuenta los documentos técnicos metodológicos emitidos por el Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba y organizaciones como la OPS/OMS. Resultados: se diseñaron acciones de salud con enfoque intersectorial relacionadas con la etapa pre-epidémica y la de transmisión autóctona local, se hizo énfasis en las acciones de salud desde la Atención Primaria de Salud. Conclusiones: en el contexto sanitario internacional producto de la COVID- 19, se impone perfeccionar acciones de salud e intersectoriales que involucren a todos los actores de la sociedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 is a public health emergency of international importance and a rapidly spreading global epidemic. Objective: to design a comprehensive strategy of prevention and control of the disease from the local context in Consolación del Sur municipality. Methods: a study of technological development in health services and systems, of a descriptive and cross-sectional-observational type, carried out with 13 patients infected with COVID-19, and the statement of quarantine status in a community of Consolación del Sur municipality. The design of the strategy, the methodological and technical documents issued by the Ministry of Public Health in Cuba and PAHO/WHO were reviewed. Results: health actions were designed with an intersectorial approach related to the pre-epidemic stage and the local autochthonous transmission stage; emphasizing on the health actions from the Primary Health Care. Conclusions: in the international health context resulting from COVID-19, it is necessary to improve health and intersectoral actions involving all of the society.

Desarrollo formativo de la enfermería española y sus especialidades: desde los albores del s. XX hasta la actualidad / Educational development of Spanish nursing ant its specialties: front the dawn of the s. XX to the present / Desenvolvimiento educacional da enfermagem espanhola e suas especialidades: desde o alvorecer dos s. XX até o presente

La enfermería en España y sus especialidades experimentó importantes cambios formativos y legislativos desde el pasado siglo hasta la actualidad. Objetivo: Analizar la legislación española vigente sobre evolución formativa en enfermería y especialidades, desde los albores del siglo XX-XXI. Método: Revisión bibliográfica descriptiva. Se consultaron: bases de datos Medline, Dialnet, Scielo, ScienceDirect; manuales; y documentos oficiales. Criterios de inclusión: artículos originales sobre formación y legislación; texto completo; idioma (inglés, español y portugués); documentos publicados entre 2005 y 2017; época de estudio entre siglo XX y XXI. Criterios de exclusión: Artículos duplicados; trabajos no ajustados al objetivo; ni al periodo de estudio. Resultados: El reconocimiento de la profesión enfermera en España (1915) inició un proceso formativo y legislativo, unido a la evolución que experimentaron las especialidades enfermeras y su acreditación. Conclusiones: Durante el siglo XX la enfermería española estuvo marcada por grandes cambios formativos y legislativos, como la creación oficial del Título de Enfermería, la aparición de Asistentes Técnicos Sanitarios (ATS) y posteriormente Diplomados Universitarios de Enfermería (DUE). Actualmente, la formación se desarrolla por Grado Universitario que posibilita el acceso a máster y doctorado. En paralelo, la especialización enfermera experimentó notorios cambios en la denominación de las especialidades y su acceso

Nursing in Spain and its specialties experienced important formative and legislative changes from the past century to the present. Objective: To analyze the current Spanish legislation on training evolution in nursing and specialties, from the dawn of the XX-XXI century. Method: Descriptive bibliographical review. The following were consulted: Medline databases, Dialnet, Scielo, ScienceDirect; manuals; and official documents. Inclusion criteria: Original articles on training and legislation; text complete; language (English, Spanish and Portuguese); documents published between 2005 and 2017; Study period between XX and XXI century. Exclusion criteria: duplicate items; jobs not adjusted to the objective; nor to the period of study. Results: The recognition of the nursing profession in Spain (1915) initiated a formative and legislative process, together with the evolution experienced by the nursing specialties and their accreditation. Conclusions: During the 20th century, Spanish nursing was marked by major formative and legislative changes, such as the official creation of the Nursing Degree, the appearance of Technical Health Assistants (ATS) and later University Diploma Nurses (DUE). Currently, the training is developed by University Degree that allows access to master's and doctorate. In parallel, the nurse specialization experienced notable changes in the naming of the specialties and their access

Enfermagem em Espanha e suas especialidades experimentaram importantes mudanças formativas e legislativas do século passado para o presente. Objetivo: Analisar a atual legislação espanhola sobre a evolução do treinamento em enfermagem e especialidades, desde o início do século XX-XXI. Critérios de inclusão: Artigos originais sobre formação e legislação; texto completo; idioma (inglês, espanhol e português); documentos publicados entre 2005 e 2017; Período de estudo entre os séculos XX e XXI. Resultados: A partir de 1915, o reconhecimento da profissão de enfermagem em Espanha iniciou um processo imparável a nível formativo e legislativo. Este processo foi acompanhado, também, pela evolução vivenciada pelas especialidades de enfermagem e sua acreditação. Conclusões: Durante o século XX, a enfermagem espanhola foi marcada por grandes mudanças ao nível da formação e da legislação passando pela criação oficial del Título de enfermagem, pelo aparecimento de Asistentes Técnicos Sanitarios (ATS) e mais tarde pelos cursos de especialização de nível superior (DUE). Atualmente, a formação é realizada ao nível universitário o que possibilita o acesso a mestrados e doutoramentos. Paralelamente, a especialização do enfermeiro experimentou mudanças notáveis

Ocular manifestations of psoriasis / Manifestações oculares observadas em pacientes com psoríase

ABSTRACT Purpose: We aimed to report the ocular manifestations observed in patients with psoriasis. Methods: Patients were included and referred to our ophthalmology clinic from dermatology clinics of Universidade do Estado do Pará between October 2013 and August 2014. Clinical interviews were conducted to identify relevant epidemiological data, clinical features, and treatment details, and data were recorded using the same protocol. Subsequent dermatological examinations were performed and disease severity was rated using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and the Dermatological Life Quality Index. Complete eye examination was conducted, including visual acuity, biomicroscopy, tonometry, fundoscopy, Schirmer I test, tear breakup time, rose bengal staining, ocular surface disease index, and glaucoma tests. Results: In total, we included 43 patients with psoriasis and 86 controls. Patients with psoriasis had statistically higher incidences of dry eye (16.28%), likely dry eye (32.56%), and blepharitis (16.28%). Furthermore, the rose bengal and ocular surface disease tests were more abnormal in patients with psoriasis (p<0.05). Conclusions: Patients with psoriasis should undergo regular eye exams, regardless of risk factors, to monitor for the progression of symptomatic or asymptomatic ocular manifestations.

RESUMO Objetivos: Relatar as manifestações oculares observadas em pacientes com psoríase atendidos no Ambulatório de Dermatologia da X e encaminhados ao Y, no período de outubro de 2013 a agosto de 2014. Métodos: A amostra foi constituída por um grupo composto por 43 pacientes com psoríase e um grupo controle com 86 pacientes sem psoríase. Foi realizada uma entrevista clínica com dados epidemiológicos, aspectos clínicos da doença e terapia empregada, sendo todas as informações registradas em protocolo próprio. Posteriormente, realizou-se o exame dermatológico, no qual foi avaliado o índice de gravidade da Psoríase por área (PASI) e índice dermatológico de qualidade de vida (DLQI), e o exame oftalmológico completo, incluindo: Acuidade Visual, Biomicroscopia, Tonometria, Fundoscopia, Teste de Schirmer I, Tempo de Ruptura do Filme Lacrimal (TBUT), rosa bengala, índice de doença da superfície ocular (OSDI) e exames para glaucoma. Resultados: Observou-se que nos pacientes com psoríase houve frequência estatisticamente maior de envolvimento ocular, como olho seco (16,28%), provável olho seco (32,56%) e blefarite (16,28%). Além disso, os valores do rosa bengala e do OSDI apresentaram-se mais alterados nos pacientes com psoríase (p<0,05). Conclusão: Dessa forma, sugere-se que esses pacientes realizem exames oftalmológicos periódicos, já que as manifestações oculares podem progredir sem sintomatologia e ocorrer independentemente de fatores de risco.

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the orbital region: a case report / Sarcoma pleomórfico indiferenciado da região orbitária: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is an extremely rare tumor that occurs in the head and neck region. Here, we report a unique case of a primary undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in the orbital region. A 35-year-old woman presented with a progressive proptosis and periocular edema for 1 year. She had no previous history of surgery, skin malignancy, or radiation. Imaging tests showed an extraconal mass, not involving the muscles. The tumor was surgically removed and adjuvant radiotherapy was required after histological examination, which showed an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the orbit. There was no recurrence after 1 year of follow-up. Though rare, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma should be included in the differential diagnoses of orbital tumors.

RESUMO O sarcoma pleomórfico indiferenciado (SPI) é um tumor extremamente raro na região da cabeça e pescoço. Relatamos um caso de um sarcoma pleomórfico indiferenciado primário na região orbital. Uma mulher de 35 anos apresentou proptose progressiva e edema periocular há um ano. Ela não tinha histórico prévio de cirurgia, malignidade da pele ou radiação. Exames de imagem mostraram uma massa extraconal, poupando os músculos. O tumor foi removido cirurgicamente e foi necessária radioterapia adjuvante após o resultado histopatológico. O exame histológico demonstrou um sarcoma pleomórfico indiferenciado da órbita. Não houve recidiva após 1 ano de seguimento. Apesar de raro, o sarcoma pleomórfico indiferenciado deve ser incluído no diagnostico diferencial de qualquer tumor originado na órbita.

Conjunctival tattoo: report on an emerging body modification trend / Tatuagem conjuntival: relato de uma crescente tendência de modificação do corpo

ABSTRACT We report the case of a patient who received conjunctival tattooing for cosmetic purposes with associated complications. A 28-year-old male experienced severe ocular pain after undergoing conjunctival tattooing. Slit-lamp examination revealed blue deposits over the conjunctiva in association with intense conjunctival edema and a 4+ anterior chamber cellular reaction. The patient underwent clinical treatments to control ocular inflammation. Two months after the injury, the patient was still in follow-up to ensure that any further complications were managed and documented. This unusual case of conjunctival tattooing resulted in conjunctival edema and anterior uveitis. Because of the increasing popularity of eyeball tattooing, the potentially severe complications of this procedure may become more common.

RESUMO Relatamos um caso de um paciente que realizou tatuagem conjuntival para fins cosméticos com complicações associadas. Um homem de 28 anos de idade apresentou dor ocular importante após tatuagem conjuntival. O exame da lâmpada de fenda revelou depósitos azuis sobre a conjuntiva, associados a um intenso edema conjuntival e uma reação de câmara anterior de 4+ de células. O paciente foi submetido a tratamentos clínicos para controlar a inflamação ocular. Dois meses após o ocorrido, o paciente ainda estava em acompanhamento para garantir que quaisquer outras complicações fossem gerenciadas e documentadas. Um caso incomum de tatuagem conjuntival resultou em edema conjuntival e uveíte anterior. Devido à crescente popularidade da tatuagem no globo ocular, complicações potencialmente graves deste procedimento podem se tornar mais comuns.

Aportes de gobernanza para estudiar las políticas en sistemas de salud / Governance contributions to study policies in health systems / Contribution a l'étude des politiques de gouvernance dans les systemes de santé / Contribuições para estudar as políticas de governança em sistemas de saúde

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las aportaciones de incluir un marco analítico de gobernanza en el estudio de políticas en salud. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión de literatura publicada sobre gobernanza en salud en las bases de datos de EBSCO host. Durante un periodo que abarco de 2007 a 2017. Se usaron los descriptores de gobernanza y salud. Al final de la búsqueda se seleccionaron ocho artículos. Estos se clasificaron en metodológicos (n=5), estudios de gobernanza (n=2) y revisiones sistemáticas (n=1). Resultados: La revisión dio como resultado aportes en el ámbito de la definición, perspectiva, categorías de estudio e indicadores. Las definiciones incluían elementos como actores, normas, procesos y toma de decisión. Las perspectivas utilizadas de gobernanza fueron: analítica, prescriptiva y combinada. Las categorías de estudio son los problemas, actores, normas, puntos nodales y procesos. Los indicadores utilizados fueron objetos de estudio, Actores-poder, instrumentación y valores. Conclusiones: La aplicación de un marco analítico en gobernanza aporta información para identificar los espacios de toma de decisión. Un marco analítico de gobernanza complementa la información y permite una categorización que incluye la diversidad de actores y sus recursos de poder. Estudios en diversos ámbitos han demostrado la utilidad de usar un marco analítico de gobernanza en el estudio de políticas de salud.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the contributions of the analytical governance framework in health systems policies study. Materials and methods: A literature review was published on health governance in the EBSCO host databases. During a period covered from 2007 to 2017, there were used descriptors of governance and health systems. Eight items were selected at the end of the search. They were classified as methodological (n = 5), governance studies (n = 2) and systematic reviews (n = 1). Results: The review resulted in contributions in the scope of the definition, perspective, categories of study and indicators. Definitions included elements such as actors, standards, processes, and decision making. The perspectives used for governance were: analytical, prescriptive and combined. The categories of study are the problems, actors, rules, nodal points and processes. The indicators used were objects of study, Actors-power, instrumentation and values. Conclusions: The application of an analytical framework in governance provides information to identify decision-making spaces. An analytical framework of governance complements information and allows a categorization that includes the diversity of actors and their power resources. Studies in various domains have demonstrated the usefulness of using an analytical framework of governance in the study of policies in health systems.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar as contribuyes do quadro analítico da governação em estudo política nos sistemas de saúde. Materiais e métodos: A revisáo da literatura sobre governançã da saúde nas bases de dados de acolhimento EBSCO foi realizada. Ao longo de um período que vai de 2007 a 2017. Sistemas descritores de governançã e de saúde foram usados. No final da pesquisa foram selecionados oito artigos. Estes foram classificados em metodológica (n = 5), os estudos de governo (n = 2) e revisoes sistemáticas (n = 1). Resultados: A revisáo resultou em contribuyes no campo da definyo, perspectiva, as categorias de estudo e indicadores. As definyes incluidas elementos como atores, normas, processos e tomada de decisáo. foram utilizadas perspectivas de governan9a: analítico, prescritiva e combinado. Categorias de estudo sao os problemas, atores, regras e processos pontos nodais. Os indicadores utilizados foram objecto de estudo, atores de potencia, a instrumentação e os valores. Conclusões: A aplica9áo de um quadro analítico para a governan9a fornece informações para identificar áreas de tomada de decição. Um quadro analítico para a governançã complementa a informação e permite uma categorização que inclui a diversidade de atores e seus recursos de poder. Estudos realizados em vários campos tem demonstrado a utilidade de usar um quadro analítico da governação em estudo política nos sistemas de saúde.

Résumé Objectif: Analyser l'inclusion d'un cadre d'analyse de la gouvernance dans l'étude des politiques de santé. Matériel et méthodes: Une revue de la littérature sur la gouvernance en santé a été réalisée dans les bases de données du serveur EBSCO, en prenant en compte la période de 2007 a 2017 et les descripteurs gouvernance et santé. A la fin de la recherche, huit articles ont été sélectionnés et classés comme méthodologique (n = 5), études de gouvernance (n = 2) et revues systématiques (n = 1). Résultats: La revue a mis en évidence des contributions dans les domaines suivants: définition, perspective, catégories d'étude et indicateurs. Les définitions comprenaient des éléments tels que les acteurs, les normes, les processus et la prise de décision. Les perspectives en matiere de gouvernance étaient de type analytique, normatif et combiné. Les catégories d'étude étaient les problemes, les acteurs, les regles, les points nodaux et les processus. Les indicateurs utilisés étaient: objets d'étude, acteurs-puissance, instrumentation et valeurs. Conclusions: L'application d'un cadre d'analyse de la gouvernance fournit des informations pour identifier les domaines de la prise de décision. Un cadre d'analyse de la gouvernance complete l'information et permet une catégorisation qui inclut la diversité des acteurs et leurs ressources de pouvoir. Des études dans divers domaines ont démontré l'utilité d'utiliser un cadre d'analyse de la gouvernance dans l'étude des politiques de santé.

El cuerpo carotídeo en la homeostasis de la glucosa / The carotid body in glucose homeostasis

Los cambios en los niveles de glucosa en la sangre periférica o central se detectan por sensores a la glucosa situados en: los núcleos hipotalámicos, el páncreas, el núcleo del tracto solitario, el sistema portal hepático y los receptores del cuerpo carotídeo. El cuerpo carotídeo o glomus caroticum es un órgano quimiosensorial localizado de forma bilateral en la vecindad de la bifurcación de la carótida común. Los cuerpos carotídeos son sensores polimodales, que detectan los niveles de oxígeno, pH, bióxido de carbono, temperatura, osmolaridad, potasio, glucosae insulina en la sangre que los irriga. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los trabajos realizados por Ramón Álvarez-Buylla y colaboradores en el Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología del Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la Universidad de Colima, y de otros investigadores, relacionados con el estudio de los cuerpos carotídeos en la homeostasis de la glucosa. Los CCs responden a la hipoglucemia a través de la depleción de trifosfato de adenosina, o a cambios en el pH y pO 2, sin depleción de trifosfato de adenosina. Es cada vez más evidente que los CCs juegan un papel fisiológico importante en la homeostasis de este carbohidrato, y que el estrés hipóxico ejerce una influencia tónica en la secreción de diversos neurotrasmisores y hormonas como la arginina-vasopresina, el óxido nítrico, el factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro, ácido gamma-aminobutírico, glucagón, cortisol y otros, que participan en el procesamiento central de los mecanismos contrarregulatorios en la homeostasis glucémica. Los CCs inician respuestas contrarreguladoras a la hipoglucemia con la participación de la hipófisis, las adrenales, el páncreas y el sistema simpático.

Changes in glucose levels in the peripheral or central blood are detected by sensors located on glucose: hypothalamic nuclei, the pancreas, the nucleus tractus solitarius, the hepatic portal system and carotid body receptors. The carotid body or glomus caroticum is a chemosensory organ located bilaterally in the vicinity of the bifurcation of the common carotid. The carotid bodies are polymodal sensors, which detect levels of oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide, temperature, osmolarity, potassium, glucose and insulin in the blood that irrigates. The objective of this review is to describe the work done by Ramon Alvarez-Buylla and colleagues in the Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology at the University Center for Biomedical Research at the University of Colima, and other researchers, related to the study of the carotid bodies in homeostasis glucose. CCs respond to hypoglycaemia through depletion adenosine triphosphate, or to changes in pH and PO2 without depletion adenosine triphosphate. It is increasingly evident that CCs play an important physiological role in the homeostasis of this carbohydrate, and hypoxic stress exerts a tonic influence on the secretion of various neurotransmitters and hormones such as arginine vasopressin, nitric oxide, neurotrophic factor derived from brain gamma-aminobutyric acid, glucagon, cortisol and others involved in the central processing contrarregulatorios mechanisms in glucose homeostasis. CCs initiate counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycemia involving the pituitary, adrenal, pancreas and the sympathetic system.

Desempeño estudiantil con el aprendizaje basado en problemas: habilidades y dificultades / Student performance with problem-based learning: skills and difficulties

El Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP) es una metodología docente centrada en el estudiante siendo este el protagonista de su propio aprendizaje, facilita la adquisición de conocimientos y ayuda al desarrollo de competencias profesionales específicas y genéricas. El presente trabajo pretende compartir la experiencia que se ha tenido en las Facultades de Medicina y Enfermería de la Universidad de Colima, enfatizando las habilidades y competencias que requieren. Los atributos necesarios para integrar las competencias están organizadas en tres rubros: el saber hacer, el saber teórico y el saber ser. El ABP es una metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje muy enriquecedora que puede potencializar las capacidades de los alumnos, sin embargo, requiere compromiso por parte de ellos, aprender a desaprender los vicios antes adquiridos, madurez de los alumnos de tal forma que aprendan a manejar adecuadamente sus tiempos. Es fundamental mencionar el papel tan relevante que juega el tutor académico para que el alumno potencialice sus habilidades y destrezas. La falta de capacitación como tutor académico de los profesores limita el desarrollo de los alumnos. Si bien es cierto que el modelo favorece el desarrollo integral del estudiante, es importante considerar que el esquema mental sobre el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, las experiencias previas, así como las habilidades adquiridas en los niveles anteriores impactará en el éxito del estudiante en su proceso de formación profesional, sin olvidar el papel importante que juega el tutor para favorecer el aprendizaje en los estudiantes(AU)

Problem Based Learning (PBL) is a educational student-centered methodology in which the student is the protagonist of their own learning, facilitates the acquisition of knowledge and helps the development of specific and generic skills. This paper aims to share the experience you had in the Schools of Medicine and Nursing, University of Colima emphasizing the skills and competencies required to have and cultivate students with this methodology. The attributes required to integrate competencies are organized into three categories: know-how, the theoretical knowledge and know-being. PBL is a teaching and learning methodology which can potentiate enriching the capabilities of the students, however, requires commitment from them, learn to unlearn previously acquired vices, matureness of the student so they learn how to properly manage their times. It is essential to mention the important role as the academic tutor for the student strengthens their skills. Lack of training of the teachers as an academic tutor limits the development of pupils. While it is true that the model favors the development of the student, it is important to consider that the mindset of the teaching-learning process, previous experiences and skills acquired in previous levels will impact the success of students in their process vocational training, without forgetting the important role of tutor to promote student learning(AU)