Fetal Left Ventricle Function Evaluated by Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography across Clinical Stages of Severity in Growth-Restricted Fetuses.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) can result in adverse perinatal outcomes due to cardiac dysfunction. This study used 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography to assess left ventricle (LV) longitudinal strain across FGR severity stages. A prospective longitudinal cohort study measured global (GLS) and segmental LV longitudinal strain in FGR fetuses, with evaluations conducted at various time points. FGR was classified into subtypes based on published criteria using fetal weight centile and Doppler parameters. A linear mixed model was employed to analyze repeated measures and compare Z-score measurements between groups throughout gestational age. The study included 40 FGR fetuses and a total of 107 evaluations were performed: 21 from small for gestational age (SGA), 74 from the FGR stage I, and 12 from the FGR stage ≥ II. The results indicate that SGA and stage I FGR fetuses exhibit higher LV GLS than stages ≥ II. Throughout gestation, SGA and FGR stage I fetuses showed similar behavior with consistently better LV GLS values when compared to FGR stages ≥ II. No significant differences were observed in LV GLS strain behavior between SGA and FGR stage I. In conclusion, all FGRs show signs of early cardiac dysfunction, with severe cases demonstrating significantly a lower LV GLS when compared to mild cases, suggesting deterioration of cardiac dysfunction with progression of fetal compromise.

Term planned delivery based on fetal growth assessment with or without the cerebroplacental ratio in low-risk pregnancies (RATIO37): an international, multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The cerebroplacental ratio is associated with perinatal mortality and morbidity, but it is unknown whether routine measurement improves pregnancy outcomes. We aimed to evaluate whether the addition of cerebroplacental ratio measurement to the standard ultrasound growth assessment near term reduces perinatal mortality and severe neonatal morbidity, compared with growth assessment alone. METHODS: RATIO37 was a randomised, open-label, multicentre, pragmatic trial, conducted in low-risk pregnant women, recruited from nine hospitals over six countries. The eligibility criteria were designed to be broad; participants were required to be 18 years or older, with an ultrasound-dated confirmed singleton pregnancy in the first trimester, an alive fetus with no congenital malformations at the routine second-trimester ultrasound, an absence of adverse medical or obstetric history, and the capacity to give informed consent. Women were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio (block size 100) using a web-based system to either the concealed group or revealed group. In the revealed group, the cerebroplacental ratio value was known by clinicians, and if below the fifth centile, a planned delivery after 37 weeks was recommended. In the concealed group, women and clinicians were blinded to the cerebroplacental ratio value. All participants underwent ultrasound at 36 + 0 to 37 + 6 weeks of gestation with growth assessment and Doppler evaluation. In both groups, planned delivery was recommended when the estimated fetal weight was below the tenth centile. The primary outcome was perinatal mortality from 24 weeks' gestation to infant discharge. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02907242) and is now closed. FINDINGS: Between July 29, 2016, and Aug 3, 2021, we enrolled 11 214 women, of whom 9492 (84·6%) completed the trial and were eligible for analysis (4774 in the concealed group and 4718 in the revealed group). Perinatal mortality occurred in 13 (0·3%) of 4774 pregnancies in the concealed group and 13 (0·3%) of 4718 in the revealed group (OR 1·45 [95% CI 0·76-2·76]; p=0·262). Overall, severe neonatal morbidity occurred in 35 (0·73%) newborns in the concealed group and 18 (0·38%) in the revealed group (OR 0·58 [95% CI 0·40-0·83]; p=0·003). Severe neurological morbidity occurred in 13 (0·27%) newborns in the concealed group and nine (0·19%) in the revealed group (OR 0·56 [95% CI 0·25-1·24]; p=0·153). Severe non-neurological morbidity occurred in 23 (0·48%) newborns in the concealed group and nine (0·19%) in the revealed group (0·58 [95% CI 0·39-0·87]; p=0·009). Maternal adverse events were not collected. INTERPRETATION: Planned delivery at term based on ultrasound fetal growth assessment and cerebroplacental ratio at term was not followed by a reduction of perinatal mortality although significantly reduced severe neonatal morbidity compared with fetal growth assessment alone. FUNDING: La Caixa foundation, Cerebra Foundation for the Brain Injured Child, Agència per la Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, and Instituto de Salud Carlos III.

Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine for treatment of mild SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevention of COVID-19 severity in pregnant and postpartum women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Pregnant women have an increased risk of severe COVID-19. Evaluation of drugs with a safety reproductive toxicity profile is a priority. At the beginning of the pandemic, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was recommended for COVID-19 treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in eight teaching hospitals in Spain to evaluate the safety and efficacy of HCQ in reducing viral shedding and preventing COVID-19 progression. Pregnant and postpartum women with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR (with or without mild COVID-19 signs/symptoms) and a normal electrocardiogram were randomized to receive either HCQ orally (400 mg/day for 3 days and 200 mg/day for 11 days) or placebo. PCR and electrocardiogram were repeated at day 21 after treatment start. Enrollment was stopped before reaching the target sample due to low recruitment rate. Trial registration EudraCT #: 2020-001587-29, on April 2, 2020. CLINICAL TRIALS: gov # NCT04410562, registered on June 1, 2020. RESULTS: A total of 116 women (75 pregnant and 41 post-partum) were enrolled from May 2020 to June 2021. The proportion of women with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR at day 21 was lower in the HCQ group (21.8%, 12/55) than in the placebo group (31.6%, 18/57), although the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.499). No differences were observed in COVID-19 progression, adverse events, median change in QTc, hospital admissions, preeclampsia or poor pregnancy and perinatal outcomes between groups. CONCLUSIONS: HCQ was found to be safe in pregnant and postpartum women with asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although the prevalence of infection was decreased in the HCQ group, the statistical power was insufficient to confirm the potential beneficial effect of HCQ for COVID-19 treatment.

Amniocentesis: guía práctica / Amniocentesis: A practice guideline

La amniocentesis es un procedimiento de diagnóstico prenatal invasivo de segundo trimestre, descrito inicialmente en 1966 por Steele y Berg. Consiste en la introducción de una aguja espinal a través de la pared abdominal, la pared uterina y la cavidad amniótica bajo guía ecográfica continua, de forma que se pueda aspirar una muestra del líquido amniótico que envuelve el feto y que contiene células de origen fetal. La amniocentesis se realiza a partir de las 16 semanas de gestación y en el líquido amniótico se pueden realizar estudios cromosómicos, bioquímicos, moleculares o microbiológicos. El procedimiento conlleva un riesgo de pérdida fetal de aproximadamente el 0,5% cuando se realiza en el segundo trimestre, después de la fusión de la membrana amniótica con el corion, además de un riesgo menor de otras complicaciones, como la pérdida de líquido amniótico (0,3%), hemorragia placentaria, infección intraamniótica, hematoma de la pared abdominal o traumatismo fetal. A medida que la experiencia internacional se acumula, se van determinando los factores que pueden ayudar a mejorar aún más la seguridad y la facilidad técnica del procedimiento. Hemos descrito un nuevo método de aspiración para realizar la amniocentesis que emplea un Vacutainer(R) (BD Vacutainer Systems, Plymouth, Reino Unido), para obtener un vacío continuo cuando la aguja ya está insertada dentro de la cavidad amniótica, en contraste con la técnica estándar de aspiración mediante jeringa o «pistola» en que las presiones negativas son discontinuas. Sin embargo, la técnica clásica con aspiración con jeringa continua siendo válida y la más utilizada. Basados en la experiencia de 30 años y en el volumen de procedimientos realizados en nuestro centro (más de 20.000 procedimientos invasivos realizados), junto con una revisión de la bibliografía publicada hasta la fecha, hemos planteado una guía práctica actualizada para la realización de la amniocentesis (AU)

Amniocentesis, initially described by Steele and Borg in 1966, is an invasive prenatal diagnostic procedure used in the second trimester. It consists of inserting an ultrasound-guided spinal needle through the abdominal and uterine wall and into the amniotic cavity in order that a sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the foetus, and contains cells of foetal origin, can be aspirated. Amniocentesis is performed after 16 weeks gestation, so that chromosomal, biochemical, molecular, or microbiological studies can be performed on the amniotic fluid. The procedure carries a risk of foetal loss in approximately 0.5% when it is performed in the second trimester after the fusion of the amniotic and chorionic membrane, as well as lesser risk of other complications such as, loss of amniotic fluid (0.3%), placental haemorrhage, intra-amniotic infection, abdominal wall haematoma, or foetal injury. As international experience accumulates, more factors that can help to improve the safety and ease of the procedural technique are being determined. We have described a new aspiration method to perform amniocentesis that uses a Vacutainer(R) (BD Vacutainer Systems, Plymouth, United Kingdom), to obtain a continuous vacuum when the needle is already inserted in the amniotic cavity, in contrast to the standard aspiration technique using a syringe or suction pistol where the negative pressures are discontinuous. However, the classic technique with continuous syringe aspiration continues being valid and the most used. Based on 30 years experience, and on the volume of procedures performed in our centre (more than 20,000 invasive procedures), together with an up to date literature review, we have established an updated practice guideline for performing amniocentesis (AU)