Trends and challenges in diabetes for middle-income countries: Evidence from Mexico.

The epidemiological and economic burden of diabetes poses one of the main challenges for health systems worldwide. This is particularly relevant in middle-income countries because of the constant growing trends that have been observed in recent years. In order to identify trends and challenges on epidemiological and economic burden from diabetes in a middle-income country we developed a longitudinal analysis on costs and trends in the number of cases of diabetes in Mexico. The study population included total annual cases of diabetes at national level. Regarding the annual cumulative incidence for 2016 versus 2018, depending on the institution there is an increase of 9-13% (p < 0.001). Comparing the economic burden from incidence in 2016 versus 2018 (p < 0.05), there is a 26% increase. The total amount for diabetes in 2017 (US dollars) was $9,684,780,574. It includes $ 4,292,085,964 in direct costs and $ 5,392,694,610 in indirect costs. The total direct costs are: $ 510,986,406 for uninsured population; $ 1,416,132,058 for insured population; $ 2,235,969,330 for users' pockets. This is an example of what is happening in the management of diabetes care in middle-income countries and we suggest review and rethinking strategies of prevention, planning, organisation and resource allocation.

[STI and HIV prevention in female sex workers at border communities in Central America]. / Acceso a servicios de prevención de ITS y VIH en trabajadoras sexuales en zonas fronterizas de Centroamérica.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze access to STI and HIV prevention services for female sex workers in border communities of Central America. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was carried out in a non-random sample of 558 sex workers, in border communities with and without prevention interventions related to information on human rights, sexual behavior and access to information on prevention/transmission, condoms, HIV testing, contraception, healthcare and condom use. A descriptive analysis of these variables was done and a logistic regression model was used, in order to identify factors associated with condom use. RESULTS: Female sex workers of communities with intervention had greater access to information on prevention (99 vs 87%), condoms (98 vs 75%), HIV testing (89 vs 61%), contraception (74 vs 65%), gynecological services (83 vs 57%), and condom use with clients, 3.9 (IC:1.2-12.7), compared to workers in communities without intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The observed differences must be considered in a more general framework related to sociocultural characteristics and population mobility in border contexts, as well as to the organization of healthcare services.

Acceso a servicios de prevención de its y vih en trabajadoras sexuales en zonas fronterizas de Centroamérica / STI and HIV prevention in female sex workers at border communities in Central America

OBJETIVO: Analizar el acceso a servicios preventivos de ITS/VIH en trabajadoras sexuales en zonas fronterizas de Centroamérica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cuasi experimental en una muestra no aleatoria de 558 trabajadoras sexuales, en zonas fronterizas de Centroamérica con y sin intervenciones relacionadas con información sobre derechos humanos, comportamiento sexual, acceso a información sobre prevención/transmisión, condones, pruebas de vih, anticoncepción, atención médica y uso de condón. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se estimaron modelos de regresión logística para identificar factores asociados con el uso de condón. RESULTADOS: Las trabajadoras sexuales de comunidades con intervención presentaron mayor acceso a información preventiva (99 vs 87%), condones (98 vs 75%), pruebas de VIH (89 vs 61%), anticonceptivos (74 vs 65%), servicios ginecológicos (83 vs 57%) y mayor posibilidad -3.9 (IC:1.2-12.7)- de usar condón con clientes respecto a las que no tuvieron intervención. CONCLUSIONES: Las diferencias observadas deben considerarse en un marco relacionado con características socioculturales y de movilidad poblacional en contextos fronterizos, así como de organización de los servicios de salud.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze access to STI and HIV prevention services for female sex workers in border communities of Central America. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was carried out in a non-random sample of 558 sex workers, in border communities with and without prevention interventions related to information on human rights, sexual behavior and access to information on prevention/transmission, condoms, HIV testing, contraception, healthcare and condom use. A descriptive analysis of these variables was done and a logistic regression model was used, in order to identify factors associated with condom use. RESULTS: Female sex workers of communities with intervention had greater access to information on prevention (99 vs 87%), condoms (98 vs 75%), HIV testing (89 vs 61%), contraception (74 vs 65%), gynecological services (83 vs 57%), and condom use with clients, 3.9 (IC:1.2-12.7), compared to workers in communities without intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The observed differences must be considered in a more general framework related to sociocultural characteristics and population mobility in border contexts, as well as to the organization of healthcare services.