Prevalence of malocclusions and dysfunctional oral habits in preschool children of municipal establishments in Viña del Mar / Prevalencia de maloclusiones y hábitos orales parafuncionales en preescolares de establecimientos municipales de Viña del Mar

Introduction: Malocclusions are a public health problem at national and global level, being third in the ranking of the most prevalent oral pathologies.Its origin is multifactorial, with dysfunctional oral habits being a risk factor. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusions and dysfunctional oral habits in students aged between 4 and 6 years in state-run public schools in Viña del Mar, Chile. Material and methods: A prevalence study was carried out in 184 students selected by random cluster sampling. Malocclusions were assessed by clinical examination, while dysfunctional oral habits were assessed by questionnaires and clinical examination. The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, Chi-square test and the PHI correlation coefficient. Results: The prevalence of malocclusions was 54.35% (95% CI [47.04% - 61.47%]), with dental crowding being the most frequent, while prevalence of dysfunctional oral habits was 95.11% (95% CI [90.82% - 97.45%]), led by lingual interposition. In none of the cases statistically significant differences of age, gender or class were noticed. The evidence provided by this study indicates that the presence of malocclusions is independent of the presence of dysfunctional oral habits, except between open bite and interposition of objects, whose magnitude of dependence was minor (0.2). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of malocclusions and dysfunctional oral habits in preschool children, with dental crowding and lingual interposition being the most frequent, respectively. The presence of malocclusions is independent of the presence of dysfunctional oral habits.

Introducción: Las maloclusiones constituyen un problema de salud pública a nivel nacional y mundial, ocupando el tercer lugar en el ranking de patologías bucodentales más prevalentes. Su origen es multifactorial, siendo algunos de sus factores de riesgo los hábitos orales disfuncionales. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de maloclusiones y hábitos orales disfuncionales en alumnos entre 4 y 6 años pertenecientes a establecimientos municipales de Viña del Mar. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de prevalencia en 184 alumnos seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio por conglomerados. Las maloclusiones fueron evaluadas mediante examen clínico, mientras que los hábitos orales disfuncionales a través de cuestionarios y examen clínico. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el test Chi2, prueba exacta de Fisher y el coeficiente de correlación Phi. Resultados: La prevalencia de maloclusiones fue de 54.35% (IC 95% [47,04% - 61,47%]), siendo el apiñamiento la más frecuente, mientras que la de hábitos orales disfuncionales fue de 95.11% (IC 95% [90,82% - 97,45%]), liderada por la interposición lingual. Para ambos casos no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con edad, género y curso. La evidencia aportada por este estudio señala que la presencia de maloclusiones es independiente de la presencia de hábitos orales disfuncionales, excepto entre mordida abierta e interposición de objetos, cuya magnitud de dependencia fue leve (0.2). Conclusión: Existe una alta prevalencia de maloclusiones y hábitos orales disfuncionales en pre-escolares, siendo los más frecuentes el apiñamiento y la interposición lingual, respectivamente. La presencia de maloclusiones es independiente de la presencia de hábitos orales disfuncionales.

Transcultural adaptation of the WHO oral health questionnaire and its validation in chilean children

Introduction: the last edition of the WHO "oral health questionnaire for children" was published in 2013. this is an only-english version, and as such it requires linguistic adaptation and validation to be applied in the chilean population. objectives: to translate and adapt the WHO oral health questionnaire for children to spanish and validate it in a chilean population. methods: a translation and back translation of the original instrument from english to spanish was carried out by four translators. the questionnaire was self-reported as a pilot test in ten individuals. a sample was subsequently selected for convenience taking into account the population distribution, resulting in a final sample of 103 individuals. the internal consistency was calculated with Cronbach's alpha, criterion validity with Pearson's correlation coefficient and construct validity with exploratory factor analysis. results: a conceptual and semantic equivalence of the instrument was obtained. women and men accounted for 43.69 percent and 56.31 percent of the sample, respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.62, while criterion validity was slightly positive between the total dimensions and the DMFT (r=0.13, p-value= 0.20). the exploratory factor analysis yielded a total of 11 factors that explain 70 percent of the variability in the data. conclusions: the oral health questionnaire has been appropriately adapted to spanish, having conceptual as well as semantic equivalence to the original version, being reliable and valid to be used in a population of 12-year-old chilean children.

Prevalencia de Anomalías Dentomaxilares y Necesidad de Tratamiento en Adolescentes / Prevalence of Dentomaxillary Anomalies and Treatment Needs in Adolescents

RESUMEN: Las anomalías dentomaxilares (ADM) constituyen un problema de salud pública en Chile, lo que genera la necesidad de un diagnóstico sistemático y la asignación de prioridades de tratamiento. Las ADM que afectan la estética pueden constituir una barrera para la inserción social de los adolescentes. El Dental Aesthetic Index (IED), es un instrumento que permite jerarquizar la necesidad de tratamiento de las ADM. El propósito de esta investigación fue caracterizar las ADM, necesidad de tratamiento a través de IED y auto-percepción estética en escolares de 12 a 15 años. Estudio de Prevalencia en adolescentes de 12 a 15 años, de la ciudad de Viña del Mar. El criterio de exclusión fue tratamiento ortodóncico previo. Se seleccionaron 204 sujetos mediante asignación uniforme con un nivel de confianza de 95 %. Variables recogidas: Edad, tipo de establecimiento educacional, sexo, percepción estética y IED por componentes. La prevalencia según IED fue de 63 % [56 % - 70 %]. La necesidad de tratamiento fue 44,2 % electivo, 31,01 % altamente deseable y 24,81 % obligatorio y prioritario. El IED Comunitario dio 29.5. Se encontró una relación significativa entre IED y percepción estética con un p-valor: 0,006 (Rho: 0,343). La prevalencia de anomalías dentomaxilares medido a través del indicador IED alcanza el 63 % y el IED comunitario de 29,54 % afirmando que el grupo "requiere tratamiento electivo por ADM definida"; en los establecimientos particulares está subestimado pues algunos casos ya han sido tratados con anterioridad a esta investigación.

ABSTRACT: Dentomaxillary anomalies are a public health problem in Chile, resulting in the need for screening and prioritization of treatment. Dentomaxillary anomalies affecting the aesthetics can be a barrier to social integration of adolescents. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) is an instrument to prioritize the need for treatment of malocclusions. The purpose of this research was to characterize the malocclusions, orthodontic treatment needs and esthetic self-perception in schoolchildren from 12 to 15 years through DAI. Prevalence Study in 12 to 15 year-old adolescents from Viña del Mar. The exclusion criteria was previous orthodontic treatment. The sample was 204 subjects selected by uniform allocation with a confidence level of 95 %. Variables included age, type of educational establishment, sex, aesthetic perception and DAI by component. Prevalence of dentomaxillary anomalies by DAI was 63 % [56 % - 70 %], Treatment needs were 44.2 % treatment elective, 31.01 % highly desirable and 24.81 % mandatory. The Community's DAI was 29.5. The relationship between DAI and aesthetic perception was significant (p-value: 0.006; Rho: 0.343). The prevalence of dento-maxillary anomalies measured by DAI reaches 63 % and the communal DAI was 29.54 stating that the group "requires elective treatment for definite malocclusion"; in private schools, it is underestimated because some cases had already been treated prior to this investigation.

Evaluation of an Oral Health Promotion and Preventive Programme: A Case-Control Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the oral health of children who were beneficiaries of a promotion and preventive programme for more than 6 years and to estimate the factors relating to their oral condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this case-control study, the total population comprised all 7- to 13-year-old children who attended the Paediatric Dentistry Centre of Reference Simón Bolívar (CROSB), a programme for students of the community of Viña del Mar, Chile. The case group was treated from the age of 7 to 13 years and controls were only seen at the age of 13 (had not been previously enrolled in the programme). The compilation of data was carried out through examination of clinical records. Statistical analysis included Fisher's Exact Test, the chi-square and Mantel-Haenszel tests to determine odds ratios, log-linear models to study some types of relationships between the different qualitative variables and Mood's Median Test for quantitative variables. Finally, a logit-type generalised linear model (GLM) was adjusted to estimate the probability of a caries-free child according to the different variables under study. RESULTS: The main finding is that this programme does not successfully control the local risk factors of caries. The factors that jointly explain the presence of caries-free children were: non-participation in the programme, attending public school and the presence of sealed teeth. CONCLUSION: Even though the evaluated programme creates equity in the indicators of oral health among its beneficiaries, it does not reach the levels of oral health of the non-vulnerable population. It is recommended that this programme seek more effective tools.

Salud Oral en Población Escolar Urbana y Rural / Oral Health in Urban and Rural School Population

La salud oral, está condicionada tanto por factores locales individuales como por factores socioeconómicos, culturales, ambientales, comunitarios y geográficos, entre estos últimos la condición urbano-rural cumple un rol importante. En un esfuerzo de vigilancia epidemiológica; se realizó el primer estudio en la zona que se fija como propósito comparar la salud oral en niños de 6 a 12 años de zonas rurales y urbanas, mediante indicadores de caries, estado de la salud periodontal y presencia de anomalías dentomaxilares. Estudio de prevalencia en escolares entre 6 y 12 años de zonas urbana y rural de la Región de Valparaíso. La muestra correspondió a 231 niños que presentaron dentición mixta o permanente. Las variables recogidas fueron edad, sexo, localidad, presencia de alteraciones mucosas, dentomaxilares y periodontales; índices ceod, COPD, índice de higiene oral; presencia de sellantes y necesidad de tratamiento; nivel educacional de jefe de hogar, del encargado del niño y situación laboral del jefe de hogar. La base de datos se analizó mediante Microsoft Excel y Stata 13.0. Se realizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial bivariante y multivariante. La presencia de caries, gingivitis generalizada y alteraciones mucosas fueron significativamente mayores en sector rural, al igual que la necesidad de tratamiento de anomalías dentomaxilares, restauraciones y caries. Los promedios de ceod y COPD fueron mayores en sector rural que urbano, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas. A través de un modelo lineal se observó que variables como educación del jefe de hogar y encargado del niño y situación laboral del jefe de hogar no resultaron significativas al intentar explicar la variabilidad de COPD y ceod, pero sí la localidad. La salud oral presentó mayor daño en niños de sector rural constituyéndose en factor de riesgo para caries, daño periodontal, anomalías dentomaxilares, y menor acceso a los servicios de salud.

Oral health is conditioned by individual local factors and also by socioeconomic, cultural, environmental, community, geographical factors where living in rural or urban areas plays an important role. It is an effort of epidemiological surveillance; the first study in this area that aimed to compare oral health in children aged 6-12 years old in rural and urban locations, using as indicators the presence of caries, periodontal health status and presence of dento-maxillary anomalies. Prevalence study in school population of children aged 6-12 years old from urban and rural locations of Valparaiso Region. The study sample was taken from 231 children who had mixed or permanent dentition. The variables measured were: age, gender, location, presence of mucosa, periodontal and dento maxillary anomalies; dmft/DMFT index, oral hygiene index; presence of sealants and need of treatment; educational level of household head and child caregiver and the employment/ unemployment situation of the household head. The database was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Stata 13.0. Descriptive statistics and bivariate multivariate inferential statistics were performed. The presence of caries, generalized gingivitis and mucosa lesions were significantly higher in rural areas, as well as, the need of treatment of dento maxillary anomalies, restorations and caries. The average dmft and DMFT index were higher in rural than urban, with significant difference. Through linear model variables such as education of the household head and child caregiver the employment/ unemployment situation of the household head were not significant when trying to explain the variability of DMFT and dmft index, but living in urban or rural areas was an important factor. Oral Health was worse in children from rural areas and constitutes a risk factor for dental caries, periodontal damage, dento maxillary anomalies and less access to health services.

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in an elderly population in the city of Valparaiso, Chile.

OBJECTIVE: Chilean population is ageing, which means an increase in the prevalence of multiple pathologies, including those located in the oral cavity. AIM: To measure the prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesions and to identify associated risk factors in elderly patients in the city of Valparaiso. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study includes 126 patients over 60 years. The sample was calculated with a sampling error of 3.7% from a population size of 6000 file cards. Frequency and contingency tables were made together with odds ratios, with a confidence interval of 95%. Finally, we built a predictive model based on a binary logistic regression. RESULTS: From the whole sample, 85 patients (67.5%) had some oral mucosal lesion. The most frequent lesions were denture-induced stomatitis (37.1%). It was noted that there is a statistically significant association between the use of denture and the presence of oral candidiasis. The consumption of drugs and the use of denture increase the likelihood of having oral mucosal lesions. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of oral lesions in the elderly patients of Valparaiso. The use of drugs and /or denture increases significantly the likelihood that a person over 60 years presents lesions in the oral mucosa.