Love and affectionate touch toward romantic partners all over the world.

Touch is the primary way people communicate intimacy in romantic relationships, and affectionate touch behaviors such as stroking, hugging and kissing are universally observed in partnerships all over the world. Here, we explored the association of love and affectionate touch behaviors in romantic partnerships in two studies comprising 7880 participants. In the first study, we used a cross-cultural survey conducted in 37 countries to test whether love was universally associated with affectionate touch behaviors. In the second study, using a more fine-tuned touch behavior scale, we tested whether the frequency of affectionate touch behaviors was related to love in romantic partnerships. As hypothesized, love was significantly and positively associated with affectionate touch behaviors in both studies and this result was replicated regardless of the inclusion of potentially relevant factors as controls. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that affectionate touch is a relatively stable characteristic of human romantic relationships that is robustly and reliably related to the degree of reported love between partners.

Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries.

Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries' modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

Introducción al dossier en procesos psico-políticos relacionados con la democracia

Resumen En su acepción original, y más amplia, el término 'democracia' significa 'el gobierno del pueblo'"; y es en la actualidad la forma de gobierno preferida desde diversos y distintos frentes ideológicos y políticos, lo que hace suponer que alrededor de este concepto coexistan diversos significados, por lo que, a la larga, la democracia constituiría un término polisémico (véase Hoffman y Graham, 2015). La democracia tendrá entonces distintas representaciones, ancladas a su vez en fenómenos políticos tan diversos como la confianza institucional, la confianza entre ciudadanos y las percepciones acerca del funcionamiento de la sociedad, los cuales en conjunto dotarán de mayor o menor legitimidad a un sistema político determinado (véase Tyler, 2006). A su vez, la legitimidad del sistema gatillará diversas formas de participación y representación política de los ciudadanos y las ciudadanas, las cuales les acercarán o alejarán de la experiencia democrática.

Sex differences in human mate preferences vary across sex ratios.

A wide range of literature connects sex ratio and mating behaviours in non-human animals. However, research examining sex ratio and human mating is limited in scope. Prior work has examined the relationship between sex ratio and desire for short-term, uncommitted mating as well as outcomes such as marriage and divorce rates. Less empirical attention has been directed towards the relationship between sex ratio and mate preferences, despite the importance of mate preferences in the human mating literature. To address this gap, we examined sex ratio's relationship to the variation in preferences for attractiveness, resources, kindness, intelligence and health in a long-term mate across 45 countries (n = 14 487). We predicted that mate preferences would vary according to relative power of choice on the mating market, with increased power derived from having relatively few competitors and numerous potential mates. We found that each sex tended to report more demanding preferences for attractiveness and resources where the opposite sex was abundant, compared to where the opposite sex was scarce. This pattern dovetails with those found for mating strategies in humans and mate preferences across species, highlighting the importance of sex ratio for understanding variation in human mate preferences.

Affective Interpersonal Touch in Close Relationships: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.

Interpersonal touch behavior differs across cultures, yet no study to date has systematically tested for cultural variation in affective touch, nor examined the factors that might account for this variability. Here, over 14,000 individuals from 45 countries were asked whether they embraced, stroked, kissed, or hugged their partner, friends, and youngest child during the week preceding the study. We then examined a range of hypothesized individual-level factors (sex, age, parasitic history, conservatism, religiosity, and preferred interpersonal distance) and cultural-level factors (regional temperature, parasite stress, regional conservatism, collectivism, and religiosity) in predicting these affective-touching behaviors. Our results indicate that affective touch was most prevalent in relationships with partners and children, and its diversity was relatively higher in warmer, less conservative, and religious countries, and among younger, female, and liberal people. This research allows for a broad and integrated view of the bases of cross-cultural variability in affective touch.

Reflecting upon the years of political violence in Peru: An experimental study to promote a culture of peace in higher education.

This article analyzes the effect of a pedagogic module, designed to help reflect on political violence in Peru, facilitating political and social attitudes directed toward promoting a culture of peace in higher education settings. As a main source of information for developing the module, Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) report was used. The effects of the module implementation were assessed with a 2 × 2 experimental design, with an experimental group (n = 59) and a control group (n = 62), with pre and post evaluations. Results show the effectiveness of the intervention with significant increases in self-reported knowledge about the TRC and its work, and an agreement that the CVR represented a viable and integrative view of the era of violence. Even more, the pedagogic module attained a reduction of attitudes favorable to violence, and also a reduction of conservative ideological discourses that appear as a risk factor in the expression of new conflicts due to collective motives in post-conflict societies. Nevertheless, the effects observed were limited in some aspects, and the article discusses the need for new dissemination mechanisms about the era of violence to complement the positive effects of the module in the aim of generating a culture of peace.

Universality of the Triangular Theory of Love: Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Triangular Love Scale in 25 Countries.

The Triangular Theory of Love (measured with Sternberg's Triangular Love Scale - STLS) is a prominent theoretical concept in empirical research on love. To expand the culturally homogeneous body of previous psychometric research regarding the STLS, we conducted a large-scale cross-cultural study with the use of this scale. In total, we examined more than 11,000 respondents, but as a result of applied exclusion criteria, the final analyses were based on a sample of 7332 participants from 25 countries (from all inhabited continents). We tested configural invariance, metric invariance, and scalar invariance, all of which confirmed the cultural universality of the theoretical construct of love analyzed in our study. We also observed that levels of love components differ depending on relationship duration, following the dynamics suggested in the Triangular Theory of Love. Supplementary files with all our data, including results on love intensity across different countries along with STLS versions adapted in a few dozen languages, will further enable more extensive research on the Triangular Theory of Love.

Collective Effervescence, Self-Transcendence, and Gender Differences in Social Well-Being During 8 March Demonstrations.

8 March (8M), now known as International Women's Day, is a day for feminist claims where demonstrations are organized in over 150 countries, with the participation of millions of women all around the world. These demonstrations can be viewed as collective rituals and thus focus attention on the processes that facilitate different psychosocial effects. This work aims to explore the mechanisms (i.e., behavioral and attentional synchrony, perceived emotional synchrony, and positive and transcendent emotions) involved in participation in the demonstrations of 8 March 2020, collective and ritualized feminist actions, and their correlates associated with personal well-being (i.e., affective well-being and beliefs of personal growth) and collective well-being (i.e., social integration variables: situated identity, solidarity and fusion), collective efficacy and collective growth, and behavioral intention to support the fight for women's rights. To this end, a cross-cultural study was conducted with the participation of 2,854 people (age 18-79; M = 30.55; SD = 11.66) from countries in Latin America (Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador) and Europe (Spain and Portugal), with a retrospective correlational cross-sectional design and a convenience sample. Participants were divided between demonstration participants (n = 1,271; 94.0% female) and non-demonstrators or followers who monitored participants through the media and social networks (n = 1,583; 75.87% female). Compared with non-demonstrators and with males, female and non-binary gender respondents had greater scores in mechanisms and criterion variables. Further random-effects model meta-analyses revealed that the perceived emotional synchrony was consistently associated with more proximal mechanisms, as well as with criterion variables. Finally, sequential moderation analyses showed that proposed mechanisms successfully mediated the effects of participation on every criterion variable. These results indicate that participation in 8M marches and demonstrations can be analyzed through the literature on collective rituals. As such, collective participation implies positive outcomes both individually and collectively, which are further reinforced through key psychological mechanisms, in line with a Durkheimian approach to collective rituals.

Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Across 45 Countries: A Large-Scale Replication.

Considerable research has examined human mate preferences across cultures, finding universal sex differences in preferences for attractiveness and resources as well as sources of systematic cultural variation. Two competing perspectives-an evolutionary psychological perspective and a biosocial role perspective-offer alternative explanations for these findings. However, the original data on which each perspective relies are decades old, and the literature is fraught with conflicting methods, analyses, results, and conclusions. Using a new 45-country sample (N = 14,399), we attempted to replicate classic studies and test both the evolutionary and biosocial role perspectives. Support for universal sex differences in preferences remains robust: Men, more than women, prefer attractive, young mates, and women, more than men, prefer older mates with financial prospects. Cross-culturally, both sexes have mates closer to their own ages as gender equality increases. Beyond age of partner, neither pathogen prevalence nor gender equality robustly predicted sex differences or preferences across countries.

Contrasting Computational Models of Mate Preference Integration Across 45 Countries.

Humans express a wide array of ideal mate preferences. Around the world, people desire romantic partners who are intelligent, healthy, kind, physically attractive, wealthy, and more. In order for these ideal preferences to guide the choice of actual romantic partners, human mating psychology must possess a means to integrate information across these many preference dimensions into summaries of the overall mate value of their potential mates. Here we explore the computational design of this mate preference integration process using a large sample of n = 14,487 people from 45 countries around the world. We combine this large cross-cultural sample with agent-based models to compare eight hypothesized models of human mating markets. Across cultures, people higher in mate value appear to experience greater power of choice on the mating market in that they set higher ideal standards, better fulfill their preferences in choice, and pair with higher mate value partners. Furthermore, we find that this cross-culturally universal pattern of mate choice is most consistent with a Euclidean model of mate preference integration.

La necesidad de problematizar el trabajo infantil: participación y preparación comunitaria en una localidad socialmente vulnerable de Lima, Perú / The need of problematize child labor. Community readiness and participation in a socially vulnerable locality of Lima, Peru

El objetivo de estudio fue analizar la relación entre la participación y la preparación comunitaria frente al trabajo infantil, tomando como eje principal el contexto comunitario en una muestra intencionada de 76 mujeres y hombres miembros de una comunidad y 4 informantes clave de la localidad. Se aplicaron encuestas a los miembros de la comunidad, y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a los informantes clave. Se evaluó la estructura factorial y consistencia interna de las escalas, obteniéndose dimensiones específicas. Se analizó las variables a través de correlaciones y regresión lineal múltiple, encontrando modelos que explican la varianza de participación y preparación comunitaria entre el 15% al 46%. Las entrevistas situaron a la comunidad en un nivel de "negación/resistencia" al cambio frente al trabajo infantil. Así, los resultados sugieren la necesidad de problematizar esta temática desde la comunidad y las propuestas de intervención, pues si bien existe una participación activa en general, se mantiene una visión ambigua acerca del trabajo infantil, así como una baja disposición a actuar colectivamente frente a esta problemática.

The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between community readiness and participation concerning child labor taking as the main axis the community context of a purposive sample of 76 men and women community members and 4 local key informants. Surveys were applied on community members and semi-structured interviews were conducted to local key informants. The factorial structure and internal consistency of the scales were evaluated, obtaining specific dimensions. The variables were analyzed by multiple linear regression and correlations, evidencing models that explain the variance of community readiness and participation between 15% and 46%. The interviews placed the community in a level of "deny/resistance" to change when facing child labor. Thus, the results suggest the need to problematize this subject from the community and intervention proposals, because although there is an active participation in general, an ambiguous view remains on child labor, as well as a low willingness to act collectively on this issue.

Community Participation and Strengthening in a Reconstruction Context After a Natural Disaster.

During the first academic term of 2010, participatory action investigation processes were conducted in three communities affected by the 2007 high magnitude earthquake that occurred in the province of Chincha (Ica, Peru). In the process, members of the communities identified, as core problems, aspects related to the community coexistence, emphasizing the attention of the most vulnerable segments (children and adolescents) in the context of economic constraints and problems aggravated by the earthquake. Results include an analysis of the needs and reactions following the earthquake, the leadership and the power relations visible in the post disaster context and, finally, the community participation throughout the reconstruction process. This article also proposes some topics resulting from the analysis, aiming to contribute to interventions focused on community participation and strengthening of local resources in contexts of great vulnerability to natural disasters.

Sense of Community in a Context of Community Violence.

The following study analyzes the concept of sense of community of a group of people living in a shanty town in a district in the eastern outskirts of Lima, characterized by processes of community violence. With this in mind, a mixed methodology and a concurrent design were chosen, applying the Scale of Sense of Community, SCI-2, a question to measure the perceived level of danger through a Likert scale, and five individual interviews with the population. The results show that the higher the level of danger perceived in the zone, the lower the sense of community is. Likewise, in this group of people their sense of community is based above all on an emotional shared connection and on a strong feeling of membership. On the contrary, the difficulty to satisfy their collective needs through organization and the weak relationship that exists between the population and its leaders, decrease and deteriorate the sense of community in this group.

Impacto Psicosocial de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (CVR) en una Muestra deEstudiantes Universitarios de Lima-Perú / Psychosocial Impact of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in a Sample of University Students from Lima-Peru / Impacto Psicossocial da Comissão da Verdade e Reconciliação (CVR) em uma Amostra de Estudantes Universitários de Lima-Peru / Impact Psychosocial de la Commission de Vérité et Réconciliation (CVR) dans un Echantillon D'étudiants Universitaires à Lima, Pérou

La presente investigación busca analizar el impacto de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (CVR) en un conjunto de actitudes sociales y políticas de estudiantes de una universidad de Lima-Metropolitana. Para tal fin, se desarrolló un estudio correlacional por cuestionarios (n = 99) que indagaba por los niveles de conocimiento y actitudes hacia la CVR, la percepción sobre el nivel de cumplimiento de sus objetivos, el compartir social sobre la CVR y el conflicto armado interno en el Perú, actitudes hacia la violencia, actitudes hacia el recuerdo y el olvido del pasado, creencias sobre el perdón y respuestas emocionales producidas por la CVR. Los resultados muestran un nivel alto de desconocimiento sobre la CVR. Sin embargo, cuando ésta es conocida se aprecia un efecto positivo, aunque limitado, de sus alcances. Así, el conocimiento y el compartir social sobre la CVR y su lectura crítica sobre el pasado reciente de violencia en el Perú actuarían como un factor de protección contra el olvido del pasado, contra las actitudes favorables hacia la violencia, y en menor medida, actuarían incrementando las creencias sobre el Perdón, especialmente, si se tiene una actitud favorable hacia la CVR.

This research seeks to analyze the impact of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in a set of some political and social attitudes of students of one university from the city of Lima. To this end, a correlational survey study (n = 99) was carried out. The survey investigates: the level of knowledge and attitudes towards TRC, the perception of compliance of its objectives, the social sharing of TRC and the internal armed conflict in Peru, the attitudes towards violence, the attitudes towards remembrance and forgetting the past, the beliefs about forgiveness and the emotional responses produced by the TRC. The results show a high level of ignorance about TRC in the sample. However, when TRC is known, a positive, but limited, effect of it can be seen. Thus, knowledge and social sharing about the TRC and its critical reading about the past of violence in Peru, act as a protective factor against forgetting the past, against favorable attitudes toward violence and to a lesser extent, it increases the belief about forgiveness, especially if participants have a favorable attitude towards the TRC.

Esta pesquisa visa analisar o impacto da Comissão da Verdade e Reconciliação (CVR) em um conjunto de atitudes políticas e sociais dos estudantes de uma universidade da cidade de Lima. Para este fim, foi desenvolvido um estudo por meio de questionários (n = 99) que pesquisou os níveis de conhecimento e atitudes sobre a CVR, a percepção do nível de cumprimento de seus objetivos, o compartilhamento social sobre a CVR e o conflito armado interno no Peru, atitudes em relação à violência, atitudes em relação à memória e o esquecimento do passado, crenças sobre o perdão e respostas emocionais produzidas pela CVR. Os resultados mostram um elevado nível de desconhecimento sobre a CVR. No entanto, quando esta é reconhecida, um efeito positivo, mas limitado, pode ser visto. Assim, o conhecimento do compartilhamento social sobre a CVR e sua leitura crítica sobre o passado de violência no Peru atuam como um fator de proteção contra o esquecimento do passado, contra as atitudes favoráveis para a violência, e, em menor grau, atua aumentando as crenças sobre o perdão, especialmente se se tiver uma atitude favorável para a CVR.

Cette recherche vise à analyser l'impact de la Commission de Vérité et Réconciliation (CVR) dans un ensemble de politiques à des étudiants dans une université de Lima Metropolitana etles attitudes sociales. À cette fin, une étude de corrélation par questionnaires (n = 99) qui a enquêté sur les niveaux de connaissance et les attitudes envers la CVR, la perception du niveau de conformité avec ses objectifs, le partage social de la CVR et de conflit armé développé interne au Pérou, les attitudes envers la violence, les attitudes envers la mémoire et l'oubli du passé, les croyances sur le pardon et les réponses émotionnelles produites par la CVR. Les résultats montrent un niveau élevé de l'ignorance à propos de la CVR. Toutefois, lorsque ceci est appelé un effet positif, il peut être vu, mais s'y limiter la portée. Ainsi, la connaissance et le partage social sur le CVR et lecture critique sur le passé récent de la violence au Pérou agir comme un facteur de protection contre l'oubli du passé, avec des attitudes favorables envers la violence, et dans une moindre mesure, acte Il augmente les croyances sur le pardon, surtout si vous avez une attitude favorable à l'égard de la CVR.

Social identity and emotional climate in a rural community of Peru: an empirical study / Identidade social e clima emocional em uma comunidade rural do Peru: um estudo empírico

The aim of this paper is to describe how the social identity and the emotional climate relate to each other in a rural community, assuming that both constructs are psychological indicators of a healthy collective functioning and that they are somehow affected by the social and political situation of the in-group. For this purpose, a research was undertaken in a rural community of 200 households, where 80 villagers were surveyed. The results suggest that a climate of confidence plays a central role in the constitution of collective identification. They also show that, the greater the perception of this climate is, the more a positive collective self-stereotype, and a greater valuation of belonging to the community, predominate. On the other hand, a climate of low confidence weakens the identification with the community to the extent that it is associated to a lesser valuation and negative self-stereotypical beliefs regarding the community members.

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a forma como a identidade social e o clima emocional se relacionam entre si em uma comunidade rural, assumindo que os dois conceitos são indicadores psicológicos de um funcionamento coletivo saudável e que eles são de alguma forma afetados pela situação política e social do próprio grupo . Para este fim, a pesquisa foi realizada em uma comunidade rural de 200 famílias, onde 80 moradores foram entrevistados. Os resultados sugerem que um clima de confiança desempenha um papel central na constituição de identificação coletiva. Eles também mostram que, quanto maior a percepção desse clima, um autoestereótipo coletivo positivo e uma maior valorização de pertença à comunidade predominam. Por outro lado, um clima de baixa confiança debilita a identificação com a comunidade, na medida em que ela está associada a uma menor valorização e crenças autoestereotipadas negativas sobre os membros da comunidade.

De una psicología social de fenómenos políticos al desarrollo de la psicología política en el Perú / De uma psicologia social dos fenômenos políticos ao desenvolvimento de uma psicologia política no Peru / From a social psychology of political issues to the development of political psychology in Peru

El presente artículo busca ofrecer una perspectiva general del surgimiento y desarrollo de la psicología política en el Perú. Para ello, se hace una revisión de sus principales líneas de investigación, identificándose cinco temáticas que han recibido mayor atención y difusión: (1) Procesos de formación de la identidad nacional, (2) Análisis de las dinámicas intergrupales en un país socialmente diverso, con énfasis en los estereotipos, prejuicios y discriminación, (3) Procesos de recuperación de la memoria colectiva con énfasis en los procesos de violencia política y social y sus consecuencias psicosociales, (4) Procesos de participación social y acción colectiva, (5) Análisis de la ideología política, sus contenidos, estructura y relación con distintos procesos psicológicos y sociales. A pesar de sus limitaciones, la revisión propuesta supone una primera mirada a la producción psicológica vinculada a fenómenos políticos locales y plantea la pertinencia y necesidad de fortalecer la disciplina en el Perú.(AU)

O presente artigo busca oferecer uma perspectiva geral do surgimento e desenvolvimento da psicologia política no Peru. Para isso, fizemos uma revisão de suas principais linhas de investigação, identificando-se cinco temáticas que receberam maior atenção e difusão: (1) Processos de formação da identidade nacional, (2) Análise das dinâmicas inter-grupais num país socialmente diverso, com ênfase nos estereótipos, preconceitos e discriminação, (3) Processos de recuperação da memória coletiva com ênfase nos processos de violência política e social e suas consequências psicossociais, (4) Processos de participação social e ação coletiva, (5) Análise da ideologia política, seus conteúdos, estrutura e relação com distintos processos psicológicos e sociais. Apesar de suas limitações, a revisão proposta supõe um primeiro olhar na produção psicológica vinculada a fenômenos políticos locais e propõe a pertinência e necessidade de fortalecer a disciplina no Peru.(AU)

This article seeks to provide an overview of the emergence and development of the political psychology in Peru. To this end, a review of its main lines of research is done, identifying five themes that have received most attention and dissemination: (1) Process of national identity formation, (2) Analysis of intergroup dynamics in a socially diverse country, with emphasis on stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination, (3) Recovery processes of collective memory with emphasis on processes of social and political violence and their psychosocial consequences, (4) Social participation processes and collective action, (5) Analysis of political ideology, their contents, structure and relationship to other psychological and social processes. Despite its limitations, the proposed revision is a first look at the production in psychology linked to local politician's phenomena and raises the relevance and necessity of strengthening the discipline in Peru.(AU)

De una psicología social de fenómenos políticos al desarrollo de la psicología política en el Perú / De uma psicologia social dos fenômenos políticos ao desenvolvimento de uma psicologia política no Peru / From a social psychology of political issues to the development of political psychology in Peru

El presente artículo busca ofrecer una perspectiva general del surgimiento y desarrollo de la psicología política en el Perú. Para ello, se hace una revisión de sus principales líneas de investigación, identificándose cinco temáticas que han recibido mayor atención y difusión: (1) Procesos de formación de la identidad nacional, (2) Análisis de las dinámicas intergrupales en un país socialmente diverso, con énfasis en los estereotipos, prejuicios y discriminación, (3) Procesos de recuperación de la memoria colectiva con énfasis en los procesos de violencia política y social y sus consecuencias psicosociales, (4) Procesos de participación social y acción colectiva, (5) Análisis de la ideología política, sus contenidos, estructura y relación con distintos procesos psicológicos y sociales. A pesar de sus limitaciones, la revisión propuesta supone una primera mirada a la producción psicológica vinculada a fenómenos políticos locales y plantea la pertinencia y necesidad de fortalecer la disciplina en el Perú...

O presente artigo busca oferecer uma perspectiva geral do surgimento e desenvolvimento da psicologia política no Peru. Para isso, fizemos uma revisão de suas principais linhas de investigação, identificando-se cinco temáticas que receberam maior atenção e difusão: (1) Processos de formação da identidade nacional, (2) Análise das dinâmicas inter-grupais num país socialmente diverso, com ênfase nos estereótipos, preconceitos e discriminação, (3) Processos de recuperação da memória coletiva com ênfase nos processos de violência política e social e suas consequências psicossociais, (4) Processos de participação social e ação coletiva, (5) Análise da ideologia política, seus conteúdos, estrutura e relação com distintos processos psicológicos e sociais. Apesar de suas limitações, a revisão proposta supõe um primeiro olhar na produção psicológica vinculada a fenômenos políticos locais e propõe a pertinência e necessidade de fortalecer a disciplina no Peru...

This article seeks to provide an overview of the emergence and development of the political psychology in Peru. To this end, a review of its main lines of research is done, identifying five themes that have received most attention and dissemination: (1) Process of national identity formation, (2) Analysis of intergroup dynamics in a socially diverse country, with emphasis on stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination, (3) Recovery processes of collective memory with emphasis on processes of social and political violence and their psychosocial consequences, (4) Social participation processes and collective action, (5) Analysis of political ideology, their contents, structure and relationship to other psychological and social processes. Despite its limitations, the proposed revision is a first look at the production in psychology linked to local politician's phenomena and raises the relevance and necessity of strengthening the discipline in Peru...