Rediscovery of the enigmatic Andean frog Telmatobius halli Noble (Anura: Telmatobiidae), re-description of the tadpole and comments on new adult's characters, type locality and conservation status.

We report the rediscovery of Telmatobius halli (Hall's water frog), which had not been found since its description (over 80 years) since its type locality was not clearly established. "Aguas Calientes" near Ollagüe is hypothesized as the original type locality where Frank Gregory Hall collected the type material in 1935. The tadpole is re-described, and new data on the external and internal morphology of adults is provided. These new morphological data are compared with Telmatobius spp. inhabiting geographically close to T. halli in Chile and Bolivia. In addition, comments on its ecology, conservation, and taxonomic status in relation with other Telmatobius spp. inhabiting nearby areas in Ascotán and Carcote salt pans are provided. No evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Ranavirus infection was found in T. halli and a sympatric amphibian species. Our work supports the validity of T. halli and suggests this species should be considered as Data Deficient in the IUCN Red List assessment until taxonomic issues are resolved.

Synthesis, chemical and biochemical characterization of Lu2O3-iPSMA nanoparticles activated by neutron irradiation.

Among the nanomaterials, rare sesquioxides (lanthanide oxides such as Lu2O3) are of interest due to their adequate thermal conductivity, excellent chemical stability, and high light output. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an integral multifunctional protein overexpressed in various types of cancer cells. The radiolabeled PSMA inhibitor peptides (iPSMA) have demonstrated their usefulness as specific probes in the treatment and detection of a wide variety of neoplasms, mainly due to their high in vivo recognition by the PSMA protein. The objective of this research was to synthesize Lu2O3-iPSMA nanoparticles (NPs) and characterize their physicochemical properties before and after neutron activation, as well as to assess their biodistribution profile and in vitro potential to target cells overexpressing PSMA. The Lu2O3 NPs were synthesized by the precipitation-calcination method and conjugated to the iPSMA peptide using DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazocyclodecane-N,N',N″,N‴-tetraacetic acid) as a linking agent. Results of the physicochemical characterization by FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies, SEM, TEM, DLS, HRTEM, SAED, DSC-TGA, and X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of Lu2O3-iPSMA NPs (diameter of 29.98 ± 9.07 nm), which were not affected in their physicochemical properties after neutron activation. 177Lu2O3-iPSMA NPs showed high affinity (Kd = 5.7 ± 1.9 nM) for the PSMA protein, evaluated by the saturation assay on HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells (PSMA-positive). The biodistribution profile of the nanosystem in healthy mice showed the main uptake in the liver. After irradiation, radioactive Lu2O3-iPSMA NPs exhibited radioluminescent properties, making the in vivo acquisition of their biodistribution, via optical imaging, possible. The results obtained from this research validate the execution of additional preclinical studies with the objective of evaluating the potential of the 177Lu2O3-iPSMA NPs for the targeted radiotherapy and in vivo imaging of tumors overexpressing the PSMA protein.

Materiales de obturación radicular utilizados en dientes deciduos / Material obturação do canal radicular em dente decíduos / Root canal illing material in deciduos teeth

La caries y traumatismos son las principales causas de urgencias en odontología pediátrica. Estas afecciones pueden llegar a ejercer un daño irreversible en el tejido pulpar comprometiendo la permanencia de los órganos dentarios afectados. Para limitar el daño pulpar y evitar la extracción de piezas temporales se han diseñado distintas técnicas que van desde recubrimientos pulpares hasta un tratamiento más radical como la pulpectomía. Ésta última consiste en la extirpación del tejido pulpar, la limpieza y desinfección del sistema de conductos y la obturación de los mismos. Diversos autores han descrito las características ideales que debe presentar un material obturador de conductos de la dentición temporal, en los que se incluyen actividad bactericida y bacteriostática, adecuado sellado tridimensional, biocompatibilidad y reabsorción del material a una velocidad similar que las raíces. Desde hace largo tiempo se han desarrollado diversos materiales para cumplir con las exigencias que demanda la técnica. Dentro de los primeros materiales surgidos con éste propósito se encuentran el Óxido de Zinc con Eugenol, Hidróxido de Calcio y materiales a base de yodoformo, con el tiempo surgieron combinaciones de estos materiales para aumentar las ventajas y disminuir las desventajas. De éstos, las pastas yodoformadas con Hidróxido de Calcio son los que han tenido mayor aceptación.

Cárie e trauma são as principais causas de emergéncias em odontopediatria. Essas condições podem levar a danos irreversíveis ao tecido pulpar comprometendo a manutenção dos dentes envolvidos. A perda precoce de dentes decíduos acarreta vários problemas na dentição permanente, como giroversoes, migração mesial, hábitos linguais viciosos e outros. Para limitar os danos pulpares e evitar a exodontia de dentes decíduos, são propostas diferentes técnicas, desde capeamentos pulpares até tratamentos mais radicais, como a pulpectomia. Esta última envolve a remoção do tecido pulpar, limpeza e desinfecção dos canais e sua obturação Embora este procedimento tenha muitas semelhanças com a técnica endodontica convencional para dentes permanentes apresenta certas dificuldades características de dentes decíduos, tais como a complexa morfologia dos canais radiculares, a reabsorção radicular fisiológica e a consequente erupção dos dentes permanente. Vários autores têm descrito as características ideais de um material obturador de canais radiculares de dentes decíduos, que incluem atividade bactericida e bacteriostática, biocompatibilidade e padrao de reabsorção similar a da raiz do dente decíduo. Desde muito tempo, vários materiais tém sido desenvolvidos para cumprir as exigências que essa técnica requer. Dentre os primeiros materiais desenvolvidos com esta fi lidade estao a pasta de óxido de zinco e eugenol, hidróxido de cálcio e materiais a base de iodoformio. Com o tempo surgiram combinações destes materiais para aumentar suas vantagens e diminuir suas desvantagens. Pastas de iodofórmio em combinação com hidróxido de cálcio sao as que têm tido maior aceitação.

Caries and trauma are the main causes of emergencies in pediatric dentistry. These conditions can lead to trigger irreversible damage to the pulp tissue, compromising the permanence of teeth affected. There are designed different techniques to limit the pulp damage and prevent early tooth loss, these includes treatments like pulp capping and pulpectomy. The latter involves removal of vital or necrotic pulp tissue, cleaning, disinfecting and filling the roots canals system. Several authors have described the ideal characteristics for a root canal filling material in primary tooth, these include antimicrobial properties, adequate sealing, biocompatibility and resorption at a same rate than the roots of the deciduous teeth. Throughout the dental history, a wide variety of materials have been used for root canal filling. Zinc oxide-eugenol cement, calcium hydroxide, and iodoform pastes were first used as root canal filling materials in deciduous teeth. Combinations of these were developed to improve the advantages of each one. Lodoform pastes in combination with calcium hydroxide are those who have had greater acceptance.

Peptides for in vivo target-specific cancer imaging.

Molecular imaging comprises non-invasive monitoring of functional and spatiotemporal processes at molecular and cellular levels in living systems. Advanced imaging techniques can monitor such processes. Peptide receptors over-expressed in tumours can be targeted by peptides conjugated to radionuclides, near-infrared fluorochromes, metallic nanoparticles or quantum dots for target-specific cancer imaging.

Leptospirosis en pediatría: a propósito de un caso / Leptospirosis in pediatric medicine: a case report

La leptospirosis es una enfermedad que se presenta sobre todo en países tropicales, asociada a inundaciones. Sus formas clínicas van de leve a severa, siendo esta última potencialmente letal para el individuo. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 4 años de edad con diagnóstico de leptospirosis, forma leve, su evolución y tratamiento.

Leptospirosis is a disease that presents generally in tropical countries and is associated with flooding. Its clinical forms range from mild to severe, with the latter form being potentially fatal. We present the case of a 4-year old female patient diagnosed with mild-form leptospirosis and the patients’ evolution and treatment.

Fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical and environmental isolates of Escherichia coli in Mexico City.

AIMS: To assess the different phenotypes and mechanisms of fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in clinical and environmental isolates of Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared FQ-resistant E. coli isolates, measuring minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ciprofloxacin, along with susceptibility to other antibiotics. We also searched for the presence of efflux pumps, using efflux inhibitors, and for plasmid-borne FQ-resistance by PCR. We found that, aside from the higher FQ-resistance prevalence among clinical strains, environmental ones resist much lower concentrations of ciprofloxacin. Efflux pumps mediate fluoroquinolone resistance as frequently among environmental isolates than in clinical strains. Plasmid-borne qnrA genes were not detected in any resistant strain. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental FQ-resistant strains may have a nonclinical origin and/or a selective pressure different from the clinical use of FQs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The identification of the source of low-level FQ-resistant strains (ciprofloxacin MIC c. 8 microg ml(-1)) in the environment could be important to curb the rapid emergence and spread of FQ-resistance in clinical settings, as these strains can easily become fully resistant to FQ concentrations achievable in fluids and tissues during therapy.

Efficacy and safety of sequential intravenous/oral moxifloxacin vs intravenous/oral amoxicillin/clavulanate for complicated skin and skin structure infections.

BACKGROUND: Complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs) are an important healthcare concern worldwide, as they can be life-threatening and challenging to treat. cSSSIs are normally managed using a combination of surgical intervention and prompt antibiotic use. New therapeutic options, including novel antibiotics, are required to improve outcomes in terms of duration of illness and to reduce the consumption of healthcare resources. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, multinational clinical study comparing sequential intravenous/oral (iv/po) moxifloxacin, 400 mg once daily, and iv amoxicillin/clavulanate, 1,000 mg/ 200 mg three times daily followed by po amoxicillin/ clavulanate, 500 mg/125 mg three times daily, for 7-21 days in hospitalized patients. RESULTS: A total of 804 patients were enrolled (mean age 51.8 years). The most common clinical diagnosis was complicated erysipelas (32.1% moxifloxacin; 30.0% amoxicillin/ clavulanate) and major abscess (31.1% moxifloxacin; 29.3% amoxicillin/clavulanate). Overall clinical success rates at the test-of-cure (TOC) visit (14-28 days post-treatment) for the per-protocol population (primary efficacy variable) were 80.6% (254/315) for patients in the moxifloxacin group and 84.5% (268/317) for those receiving amoxicillin/clavulanate (95% confidence interval [CI] -9.41, 2.18). Similar results were obtained for the intention-to-treat population (95% CI -7.56, 4.31). In both treatment groups, the highest clinical success rates were recorded for patients with complicated erysipelas, major abscess, surgical wound infection, and cellulitis. The lowest clinical cure rates were reported for diabetic foot infection and necrotizing fasciitis. In the microbiologically evaluable population, the bacteriological success rate (eradication and presumed eradication) was 76.0% (127/ 167) in the moxifloxacin group and 81.4% (140/172) in the amoxicillin/clavulanate group (95% CI -12.96, 4.41). Staphylococcus aureus (137 isolates) and Escherichia coli (50 isolates) were the most frequently isolated skin pathogens. Adverse event rates were comparable between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with sequential iv/po moxifloxacin monotherapy once daily is clinically comparable to that with iv/po amoxicillin/clavulanate three times daily in the management of cSSSIs. Moxifloxacin's simple dose regimen offers an advantage over amoxicillin/clavulanate and represents a valuable addition to current antibiotic regimens used in the treatment of cSSSIs.

Funciona el tejido adiposo marrón como un depósito de acidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga durante el desarrollo postnatal del cerebro? / [Is brown adipose tissue a store of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during postnatal developing brain?]

Mammals along their early postnatal period develop a substantial amount of a very active brown adipose tissue (BAT). Through this work we explored the possibility that BAT may function as a long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids reservoir (LC-PUFA) during the rapid growth of brain structures. In new born rats 1, 6, 12 and 20 days old, we analyzed fatty acid percentage of triglycerides (TG) and phospholipid fractions, and the absolute amount of TG. In 6 day old rats we also evaluated the extend of further desaturation of 1-14C linoleic acid administered by intraperitoneal injection. Results demonstrated a drastic increase of TG concentration during experimental period (1,5; 40; 118; 120 mg/g wet weight) and LC-PUFA percentage was higher in [quot ]1 and 6[quot ] than [quot ]12 and 20[quot ] days old rats (16-17% vs 5%). Our results showed that BAT stored important amounts of LC-PUFA. On the other hand, 1-14C linoleic acid incorporation was higher in liver than BAT. In contrast, the desaturated products of 1-14C linoleic acid /1-14C linoleic acid ratio was greater in BAT than liver (>4). This could indicate that BAT synthesizes LC-PUFA in addition to store it. In summary we demonstrated than BAT is an important reservoir of LC-PUFA during postnatal brain growth.

Los mamíferos como el hombre y la rata, poseen durante su desarrollo postnatal temprano un tejido adiposo marrón (TAM) muy activo. En este trabajo se exploró la posibilidad de que el TAM funcione como un depósito de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPI-CL), durante el período de máximo crecimiento postnatal del cerebro de rata. En el TAM de ratas de 1, 6, 12 y 20 días de edad analizamos la concentración de triglicéridos (TG) y la composición de ácidos grasos en los TG y fosfolípidos (FL). Además, en ratas de 6 días de edad evaluamos la capacidad del TAM para desaturar 1- 14C ácido linoleico administrado por vía intraperitoneal. Los resultados mostraron un rápido incremento en la concentración de TG durante el período experimental (1,5; 40; 118; 120 mg /g de peso húmedo). El porcentaje de AGPI-CL fue mayor en las ratas de 1 y 6 días de edad que en las de 12 y 20 días (16-17% vs 5%). Por otra parte, la incorporación de 1-14C ácido linoleico fue más alta en el hígado que en el TAM, aunque la relación "productos desaturados de 1-14C ácido linoleico / 1-14C ácido linoleico" fue mayor en el TAM que en el hígado (>4), lo cual podría indicar que este tejido además de almacenar AGPI-CL los sintetiza. En resumen, nuestros resultados demuestran que el TAM es depósito importante de AGPICL durante el período de máximo desarrollo postnatal del cerebro.

Evaluation of cortical bone by peripheral quantitative computed tomography in renal transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: The absolute risk of fractures in renal transplant patients is 3 times that of matched controls. Most of the symptomatic fractures are peripheral, suggesting a greater compromise of cortical bone. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) is a new imaging technique that allows separate noninvasive evaluations of cortical and trabecular bones. We investigated cortical bone by pQCT in 12 renal transplant patients (seven men and five women) for comparison with 27 normal controls. METHODS: pQCT (XCT 960, Stratec, Pforheim, Germany) was performed upon the distal radius of the nondominant forearm (15% the length of the ulna, proximal from the radius end plate). We evaluated total and cortical bone mineral density (TBMD, cBMD), total (cross-sectional) and cortical area (TA, cA), cortical thickness (cThk), endosteal and periosteal circumferences, and the buckling ratio (r/cThK). RESULTS: Compared with normal controls transplant patients as a whole showed a significant increase in TA, in endosteal circumference (P < .001), and in the buckling ratio (P < .001) with a significant reduction in cThK (P < .001). Female patients had a marked decrease in cA (51.4 vs 69.3 [pixel n]; P < .0001) and cThK (2.08 vs 2.78 mm; P < .0001). Male patients also had a decrease in cThK (2.54 vs 3.30 mm; P = .0001) and an increase in endosteal perimeter (31.2 vs 26.4 mm; P < .0001). Total time on dialysis prior to renal graft correlated negatively with cortical thickness (r = .62; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a marked thinning of cortical bone may explain the increased incidence of peripheral fractures among renal transplant patients.

Removal efficiency and methanogenic activity profiles in a pilot-scale UASB reactor treating settled sewage at moderate temperatures.

The performance of a sewage treatment system consisting of a settler followed by an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) reactor is described. Mean ambient and sewage temperature were 16.5 and 21.6 degrees C, respectively. Total Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODt) concentration averaged 224.2 and 152.6 mg/L, for raw and settled sewage, respectively. The effluent concentration was 68.5 mgCODt/L. Total and suspended COD removal efficiencies of approximately 70 and 80%, respectively, have been observed in the system at a mean Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 2 + 5 h. Maximum COD removal efficiency was achieved in the UASB reactor when upflow velocity (Vup) was 0.43 m/h (HRT = 6 h). Mean Specific Methanogenic Activity (SMA) and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) concentration in the granular sludge bed were 0.11 gCOD-CH4/gVSS.d and 30.0 gVSS/Lsludge, respectively. SMA was inversely related to VSS concentration, and both parameters varied along the sludge bed height. The Solids Retention Time (SRT) in the reactor was 450 days. Sludge characteristics have not been affected by changes of up to one month in Vup in the range 0.28-0.85 m/h (HRT 3-9 h). This system or two UASB reactors in series could be an alternative for sewage treatment under moderate temperature conditions.

Hydrolytic properties of crude alpha-L-rhamnosidases produced by several wild strains of mesophilic fungi.

AIMS: Observation of the dependence of alpha-L-rhamnosidase activity on pH and temperature and the capability to hydrolyse concentrated naringin solutions and hesperidin suspensions of enzyme complexes produced by several fungi. METHODS AND RESULTS: The enzymes were produced by several wild strains of mesophilic fungi grown in liquid media containing rhamnose as sole carbon source. The properties and their ranges of values measured were as follows: (i) optimum pH, 3.5-6.5; (ii) optimum temperature, 50-65 degrees C; (iii) hydrolysis of supersaturated 100 g l(-1) naringin solutions, 45-100% and (iv) hydrolysis of hesperidin suspensions, 6-35%. CONCLUSIONS: Some alpha-L-rhamnosidase enzymes hydrolysed supersaturated naringin solutions with a high yield. The enzyme produced by Fusarium sambucinum 310 showed good activity even at pH 10. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Crude enzymes with possible utilization as catalysts for the manufacture of hydrolysis products of the flavonoid glycosides were found.

Production of Aspergillus terreus alpha-L-rhamnosidase by solid state fermentation.

AIMS: The study of production of Aspergillus terreus CECT 2663 alpha-L-rhamnosidase in solid state fermentation using wheat bran, washed sugar cane bagasse and polyurethane foam as substrates or supports for the enzyme production. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cultures were carried out in Petri dishes under controlled temperature and humidity. Naringin or rhamnose were the enzyme inducers and carbon sources. The enzyme activity to inducer ratio was appreciably greater when using sugar cane bagasse or polyurethane foam than wheat bran. The influence of inoculum size, inducer, airflow, humidity and temperature were determined. Under optimum conditions, about four units of enzyme per ml nutrient solution were obtained after 4-6 d. CONCLUSIONS: The activity to inducer ratio was higher, and the cultivation time was shorter in solid state fermentation than those observed in submerged cultures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Solid cultures, using naringin as inducer, can be appropriate alpha-L-rhamnosidase production.

Comparative in vitro activity of moxifloxacin by E-test against Streptococcus pyogenes.

Macrolides are currently used to treat Streptococcus pyogenes infections where allergy or resistance prevents the use of penicillin. However, growing macrolide resistance is now seen worldwide, with rates of 5%-40% being reported. In this context it is therefore important to have other therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to ascertain the potential role of moxifloxacin, a third-generation fluoroquinolone, in the treatment of infections caused by group A S. pyogenes. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of S. pyogenes isolated from 197 adult patients with pharyngotonsillitis were analyzed by the E-test. Twelve percent of the isolates were resistant to macrolides, and 5% showed diminished susceptibility toward penicillin; none of the strains were resistant to cefotaxime or to moxifloxacin (90% minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.25 microg/mL). Therefore, moxifloxacin may be a therapeutic option in the management of S. pyogenes infections when penicillin cannot be used or when macrolide resistance may be a local issue. Clinical studies of moxifloxacin in pharyngotonsillitis are warranted.

Regulatory locus soxRS partially protects Escherichia coli against ozone.

Ozone is one of the major city air pollutants. Since it is known to induce the overexpression of superoxide-dismutase in various models, and is also a powerful oxidant, we tested if ozone can induce the expression of the soxRS regulon of Escherichia coli, which is activated by superoxide and nitric oxide. A sub-lethal exposure to ozone was unable to activate the expression of soxS'::lacZ transcriptional fusions. However, cells lacking the soxRS locus were more susceptible than wild-type to ozone-mediated killing. Constitutive expression of the soxRS regulon did not increase the resistance to ozone. Ozone might be exerting a selective pressure upon oxidative-stress defense mechanisms in airborne bacteria.

[Lipoxygenase and trypsin inhibitor inactivation in soymilk processing by direct milling and ultra high temperature (DM-UHT)]. / Inactivación de lipoxigenasas e inhibidores de tripsina en un proceso de obtención de leche de soja por molienda directa y ultra alta temperatura (MD-UAT).

Soymilk production by a new process based on Direct Milling of soy grits and Ultra High Temperature (DM-UHT) has been studied at laboratory scale in order to evaluate solids and protein extraction, lipoxygenases (LO) and Trypsin Inhibitors (TI) inactivation during milling and heat-treatment steps. For TI measurements in soy extracts and soymilk a modification of the classical Kakade method (17) was used. Highest extraction yields were accomplished at 70 degrees C and 2 minutes milling of soy grits. LO was appreciably inactivated when using, as dispersing medium for milling, 0.01M sodium carbonate (Residual Activity 14%) instead of water (Residual Activity 46%), so in this way lower levels of undesired substances can be generated. LO destruction in the resulting suspension was finished by a short heating (30 seconds) from 70 degrees C to boiling temperature (96 degrees C). On the other hand, TI were not fully inactivated in milling nor even in the steaming step at 96 degrees C for many minutes. The TI were inactivated to the accepted levels for soymilk in the final UHT step at 135 degrees C and 2 minutes, being possible at the same time to carry out the simultaneous microorganisms destruction.

[The liver as a source of essential long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for postnatal brain development in the rat]. / Participación del hígado en el suministro de ácidos grasos esenciales poliinsaturados de cadena larga durante el desarrollo postnatal del cerebro de rata.

We address here the issue concerning the origin of essential long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) needed for early postnatal brain development. Normal newborn rats 1, 5, 10 and 20 day-old were decapitated, immediately after, the livers were processed to obtain the microsomal fraction and its delta 6 fatty acid desaturase activity and fatty acid composition were determined. Samples of plasma, whole homogenized brain hemispheres and milk contained in the gastric cavity of the suckling rats, were analyzed to obtained their fatty acid composition. We fond that the rat neonate has a very low delta 6 desaturase activity in liver microsomes as compared with the adult. In contrast, there is a considerable quantity of DHA an AA in the milk, liver microsomes, plasma lipids and brain. In conclusion, we propose that brain DHA and AA cannot be derived substantially through liver synthesis, but through the availability of these preformed fatty acids in the milk. These fatty acids are concentrated in liver microsomes and then secreted into plasma lipid pool to reach finally to brain structures.

Mercury induces multiple antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli through activation of SoxR, a redox-sensing regulatory protein.

Sub-inhibitory mercury concentrations are capable of partially activating SoxR, as shown by the augmented expression of a soxS'::lacZ fusion, and a diminished sensitivity to antibiotics caused by mercury treatment. Mercury may elevate the intracellular concentration of superoxide or perhaps act as a putative metal ligand for SoxR.

Heteromorphic sex chromosomes in Eupsophus insularis (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae).

The chromosomes of the Chilean frog Eupsophus insularis are described for the first time. This species has a chromosome number of 2n = 30, and based on the karyotype it is concluded that E. insularis is closely related to E. migueli. E. insularis has an XX/XY system of sex determination, and pericentromeric constitutive heterochromatin is present in all chromosomes except in the Y chromosome. It is postulated that the Y chromosome is derived from a small ancestral metacentric chromosome that lost its heterochromatic segment.

Disfunción vesical: estudio urodinámico en pacientes con y sin patología orgánica / Bladder dysfunction: Urodynamic studies in patients with and without organic diseas

Se presenta un grupo de 73 pacientes con disfunción vesical (DV) incluyendo 43 sin patología orgánica (SPO) y 30 con patología orgánica(CPO), siendo el reflujo vésico-ureteral la patología predominante. Los pacientes presentaron incontinencia de orina, infección urinaria, hábito de retención, urgencia miccional, posiciones anormales, polaquiuria, micción disfuncional y trastornos defecatorios, en ese orden de frecuencia. La edad promedio de presentación fue de 8,5 años en el grupo SPO y 7 en el grupo CPO. Se efectuaron estudios urodinámicos en todos los pacientes y de acuerdo a los resultados se los clasificó en tres grupos: A) Con vejiga normal y micción normal, B) Con vejiga disfuncional y con micción normal y C) Con vejiga normal o disfuncional y con micción incoordinada.Los tres grupos fueron comparados considerando por separado los pacientes con patología orgánica y aquellos sin patología orgánica. Los 43 pacientes SPO se distribuyeron en Grupo A):6, B): 18 y C): 19.De los pacientes CPO la distribución fue Grupo A): 1, B):17 y C):12. Todos los pacientes del Grupo A tuvieran o no patología orgánica tuvieron evolución favorable. En los pacientes del Grupo B predominó la evolución favorable en los SPO y fue compartida en los CPO. En el Grupo C predominó la evolución en los SPO y fue muy desfavorable en los CPO.Concluimos que los pacientes con disfunciones vesicales sin y con patología orgánica tienen un pronóstico de respuesta favorable al tratamiento, excepto en aquellos pacientes con micción disfuncional los cuales tratados y aún mejorando su dinamia vesical , tienen un pobre pronóstico de mejoría

Disfunción vesical: estudio urodinámico en pacientes con y sin patología orgánica / Bladder dysfunction: Urodynamic studies in patients with and without organic diseas

Se presenta un grupo de 73 pacientes con disfunción vesical (DV) incluyendo 43 sin patología orgánica (SPO) y 30 con patología orgánica(CPO), siendo el reflujo vésico-ureteral la patología predominante. Los pacientes presentaron incontinencia de orina, infección urinaria, hábito de retención, urgencia miccional, posiciones anormales, polaquiuria, micción disfuncional y trastornos defecatorios, en ese orden de frecuencia. La edad promedio de presentación fue de 8,5 años en el grupo SPO y 7 en el grupo CPO. Se efectuaron estudios urodinámicos en todos los pacientes y de acuerdo a los resultados se los clasificó en tres grupos: A) Con vejiga normal y micción normal, B) Con vejiga disfuncional y con micción normal y C) Con vejiga normal o disfuncional y con micción incoordinada.Los tres grupos fueron comparados considerando por separado los pacientes con patología orgánica y aquellos sin patología orgánica. Los 43 pacientes SPO se distribuyeron en Grupo A):6, B): 18 y C): 19.De los pacientes CPO la distribución fue Grupo A): 1, B):17 y C):12. Todos los pacientes del Grupo A tuvieran o no patología orgánica tuvieron evolución favorable. En los pacientes del Grupo B predominó la evolución favorable en los SPO y fue compartida en los CPO. En el Grupo C predominó la evolución en los SPO y fue muy desfavorable en los CPO.Concluimos que los pacientes con disfunciones vesicales sin y con patología orgánica tienen un pronóstico de respuesta favorable al tratamiento, excepto en aquellos pacientes con micción disfuncional los cuales tratados y aún mejorando su dinamia vesical , tienen un pobre pronóstico de mejoría