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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Chronic viral infections present serious public health challenges; however, direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are now able to cure nearly all patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), representing the only cure of a human chronic viral infection to date. DAAs provide a valuable opportunity to study immune pathways in the reversal of chronic immune failures in an in vivo human system. METHODS: To leverage this opportunity, we used plate-based single-cell RNA-seq to deeply profile myeloid cells from liver fine needle aspirates in patients with HCV before and after DAA treatment. We comprehensively characterised liver neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, conventional dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, classical monocytes, non-classical monocytes, and macrophages, and defined fine-grained subpopulations of several cell types. RESULTS: We discovered cell type-specific changes post-cure, including an increase in MCM7+STMN1+ proliferating CD1C+ conventional dendritic cells, which may support restoration from chronic exhaustion. We observed an expected downregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) post-cure as well as an unexpected inverse relationship between pre-treatment viral load and post-cure ISG expression in each cell type, revealing a link between viral loads and sustained modifications of the host's immune system. We found an upregulation of PD-L1/L2 gene expression in ISG-high neutrophils and IDO1 expression in eosinophils, pinpointing cell subpopulations crucial for immune regulation. We identified three recurring gene programmes shared by multiple cell types, distilling core functions of the myeloid compartment. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive single-cell RNA-seq atlas of human liver myeloid cells in response to cure of chronic viral infections reveals principles of liver immunity and provides immunotherapeutic insights. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02476617). IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: Chronic viral liver infections continue to be a major public health problem. Single-cell characterisation of liver immune cells during hepatitis C and post-cure provides unique insights into the architecture of liver immunity contributing to the resolution of the first curable chronic viral infection of humans. Multiple layers of innate immune regulation during chronic infections and persistent immune modifications after cure are revealed. Researchers and clinicians may leverage these findings to develop methods to optimise the post-cure environment for HCV and develop novel therapeutic approaches for other chronic viral infections.
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Hepatitis C Crónica , Hepatitis C , Humanos , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Infección Persistente , Hepatitis C/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepacivirus/genéticaRESUMEN
Cytokines mediate cell-cell communication in the immune system and represent important therapeutic targets1-3. A myriad of studies have highlighted their central role in immune function4-13, yet we lack a global view of the cellular responses of each immune cell type to each cytokine. To address this gap, we created the Immune Dictionary, a compendium of single-cell transcriptomic profiles of more than 17 immune cell types in response to each of 86 cytokines (>1,400 cytokine-cell type combinations) in mouse lymph nodes in vivo. A cytokine-centric view of the dictionary revealed that most cytokines induce highly cell-type-specific responses. For example, the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß induces distinct gene programmes in almost every cell type. A cell-type-centric view of the dictionary identified more than 66 cytokine-driven cellular polarization states across immune cell types, including previously uncharacterized states such as an interleukin-18-induced polyfunctional natural killer cell state. Based on this dictionary, we developed companion software, Immune Response Enrichment Analysis, for assessing cytokine activities and immune cell polarization from gene expression data, and applied it to reveal cytokine networks in tumours following immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Our dictionary generates new hypotheses for cytokine functions, illuminates pleiotropic effects of cytokines, expands our knowledge of activation states of each immune cell type, and provides a framework to deduce the roles of specific cytokines and cell-cell communication networks in any immune response.
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Citocinas , Inmunidad , Análisis de la Célula Individual , Animales , Ratones , Comunicación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Citocinas/inmunología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/farmacología , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Inmunidad/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-18/inmunología , Interleucina-1beta/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Ganglios Linfáticos/citología , Ganglios Linfáticos/inmunología , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/terapia , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Programas InformáticosRESUMEN
The structural integrity of vaccine antigens is critical to the generation of protective antibody responses, but the impact of protease activity on vaccination in vivo is poorly understood. We characterized protease activity in lymph nodes and found that antigens were rapidly degraded in the subcapsular sinus, paracortex, and interfollicular regions, whereas low protease activity and antigen degradation rates were detected in the vicinity of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Correlated with these findings, immunization regimens designed to target antigen to FDCs led to germinal centers dominantly targeting intact antigen, whereas traditional immunizations led to much weaker responses that equally targeted the intact immunogen and antigen breakdown products. Thus, spatially compartmentalized antigen proteolysis affects humoral immunity and can be exploited.
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Linfocitos B , Endopeptidasas , Inmunización , Ganglios Linfáticos , Vacunación , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Antígenos/inmunología , Linfocitos B/enzimología , Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Centro Germinal/enzimología , Ganglios Linfáticos/enzimología , ProteolisisRESUMEN
Treatments aiming to augment immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in cancer often focus on T cell immunity, but innate immune cells may have important roles to play. Here, we demonstrate a single-dose combination treatment (termed AIP) using a pan-tumor-targeting antibody surrogate, half-life-extended interleukin-2 (IL-2), and anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), which primes tumors to respond to subsequent ICB and promotes rejection of large established tumors in mice. Natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages activated by AIP treatment underwent transcriptional reprogramming; rapidly killed cancer cells; governed the recruitment of cross-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) and other leukocytes; and induced normalization of the tumor vasculature, facilitating further immune infiltration. Thus, innate cell-activating therapies can initiate critical steps leading to a self-sustaining cycle of T cell priming driven by ICB.
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Inmunoterapia/métodos , Células Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Neoplasias/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/inmunología , Interleucina-2/farmacología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunologíaRESUMEN
In this study, we report that the TLR4 ligand, LPS, and TLR3 ligand polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid failed to activate IRF3 or STAT1 in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) isolated from two independently generated lines of Rosa26-integrated Cas9-expressing C57BL/6J (B6) mice. RNA-sequencing analysis reveals that hundreds to thousands of genes including IFN-stimulated genes were differentially expressed in BMMs from these Cas9 strains compared with B6 upon LPS stimulation. Furthermore, the NF-κB signaling axis and TRIF-mediated necroptosis were also strongly reduced in response to LPS and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. In contrast, there were no defects in the responses of BMMs to ligands of the RIG-I, STING, TLR2, TLR9, and IFN receptors. Defects in TLR3 and TLR4 signaling were observed in mice with the B6 but not 129 background, and when Cas9 was integrated at the Rosa26 but not H11 locus. However, integration at the Rosa26 site, CAG promoter-driven Cas9 or eGFP were not individually sufficient to cause the defect. Taken together, the results of this study suggest a putative TRIF-mediated defect in TLR-3/4 signaling in BMMs from commercially available and widely used B6-Cas9-expressing mice.
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Proteínas Adaptadoras del Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Macrófagos/inmunología , Animales , Proteína 9 Asociada a CRISPR/genética , Células Cultivadas , Femenino , Lipopolisacáridos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Modelos Animales , Necroptosis/inmunología , Poli I-C/inmunología , Cultivo Primario de Células , ARN no Traducido/genética , Transducción de Señal/genética , Transducción de Señal/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 3/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismoRESUMEN
T cell exhaustion is associated with failure to clear chronic infections and malignant cells. Defining the molecular mechanisms of T cell exhaustion and reinvigoration is essential to improving immunotherapeutic modalities. Here we confirmed pervasive phenotypic, functional and transcriptional differences between memory and exhausted antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in human hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection before and after treatment. After viral cure, phenotypic changes in clonally stable exhausted T cell populations suggested differentiation toward a memory-like profile. However, functionally, the cells showed little improvement, and critical transcriptional regulators remained in the exhaustion state. Notably, T cells from chronic HCV infection that were exposed to antigen for less time because of viral escape mutations were functionally and transcriptionally more similar to memory T cells from spontaneously resolved HCV infection. Thus, the duration of T cell stimulation impacts exhaustion recovery, with antigen removal after long-term exhaustion being insufficient for the development of functional T cell memory.
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Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/patología , Hepacivirus/inmunología , Hepatitis C Crónica/inmunología , Memoria Inmunológica/inmunología , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Diferenciación Celular/inmunología , Epítopos/genética , Hepatitis C Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , FenotipoRESUMEN
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of noncoding loci that are associated with human diseases and complex traits, each of which could reveal insights into the mechanisms of disease1. Many of the underlying causal variants may affect enhancers2,3, but we lack accurate maps of enhancers and their target genes to interpret such variants. We recently developed the activity-by-contact (ABC) model to predict which enhancers regulate which genes and validated the model using CRISPR perturbations in several cell types4. Here we apply this ABC model to create enhancer-gene maps in 131 human cell types and tissues, and use these maps to interpret the functions of GWAS variants. Across 72 diseases and complex traits, ABC links 5,036 GWAS signals to 2,249 unique genes, including a class of 577 genes that appear to influence multiple phenotypes through variants in enhancers that act in different cell types. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), causal variants are enriched in predicted enhancers by more than 20-fold in particular cell types such as dendritic cells, and ABC achieves higher precision than other regulatory methods at connecting noncoding variants to target genes. These variant-to-function maps reveal an enhancer that contains an IBD risk variant and that regulates the expression of PPIF to alter the membrane potential of mitochondria in macrophages. Our study reveals principles of genome regulation, identifies genes that affect IBD and provides a resource and generalizable strategy to connect risk variants of common diseases to their molecular and cellular functions.
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Elementos de Facilitación Genéticos/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Variación Genética/genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/genética , Línea Celular , Cromosomas Humanos Par 10/genética , Ciclofilinas/genética , Células Dendríticas , Femenino , Humanos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Especificidad de Órganos/genética , FenotipoRESUMEN
The tumor immune microenvironment plays a critical role in cancer progression and response to immunotherapy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), yet the composition and phenotypic states of immune cells in this tumor are incompletely characterized. We performed single-cell RNA and T cell receptor sequencing on 164,722 individual cells from tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissue in patients with ccRCC across disease stages: early, locally advanced, and advanced/metastatic. Terminally exhausted CD8+ T cells were enriched in metastatic disease and were restricted in T cell receptor diversity. Within the myeloid compartment, pro-inflammatory macrophages were decreased, and suppressive M2-like macrophages were increased in advanced disease. Terminally exhausted CD8+ T cells and M2-like macrophages co-occurred in advanced disease and expressed ligands and receptors that support T cell dysfunction and M2-like polarization. This immune dysfunction circuit is associated with a worse prognosis in external cohorts and identifies potentially targetable immune inhibitory pathways in ccRCC.
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Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renales/inmunología , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Renales/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Aged individuals, particularly males, display an impaired level of Ab response compared with their younger counterparts, yet the molecular mechanisms responsible for the discrepancy are not well understood. We hypothesize that some of this difference may be linked to B cell somatic hypermutation (SHM) targeting, including error-prone DNA repair activities that are crucial to Ab diversification. To examine the effects of aging on SHM targeting, we analyzed B cell Ig repertoire sequences from 27 healthy male and female human subjects aged 20-89. By studying mutation patterns based on 985,069 mutations obtained from 123,415 sequences, we found that the SHM mutability hierarchies on microsequence motifs (i.e., SHM hot/cold spots) are mostly consistent between different age and sex groups. However, we observed a lower frequency in mutations involving Phase II SHM DNA repair activities in older males, but not in females. We also observed, from a separate study, a decreased expression level of DNA mismatch repair genes involved in SHM in older individuals compared with younger individuals, with larger fold changes in males than in females. Finally, we showed that the balance between Phase I versus Phase II SHM activities impacts the resulting Ig phenotypes. Our results showed that the SHM process is altered in some older individuals, providing insights into observed clinical differences in immunologic responses between different age and sex groups.
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Envejecimiento/inmunología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Inmunidad Humoral/fisiología , Inmunoglobulinas/genética , Mutación/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Reparación del ADN/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Caracteres Sexuales , Factores Sexuales , Hipermutación Somática de Inmunoglobulina , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
T cell exhaustion is associated with failure to clear chronic infections and malignant cells. Defining the molecular mechanisms of T cell exhaustion and reinvigoration is essential to improving immunotherapeutic modalities. Analysis of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells before and after antigen removal in human hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection confirmed pervasive phenotypic, functional, and transcriptional differences between exhausted and memory CD8+ T cells. After viral cure, we observed broad phenotypic and transcriptional changes in clonally stable exhausted T-cell populations suggesting differentiation towards a memory-like profile. However, functionally, the cells showed little improvement and critical transcriptional regulators remained in the exhaustion state. Notably, T cells from chronic HCV infection that were exposed to antigen for shorter periods of time because of viral escape mutations were functionally and transcriptionally more similar to memory T cells from spontaneously resolved acute HCV infection. Thus, duration of T cell stimulation impacts the ability to recover from exhaustion, as antigen removal after long-term T cell exhaustion is insufficient for the development of key T cell memory characteristics.
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While hundreds of genes are induced by type I interferons, their roles in restricting the influenza virus life cycle remain mostly unknown. Using a loss-of-function CRISPR screen in cells prestimulated with interferon beta (IFN-ß), we identified a small number of factors required for restricting influenza A virus replication. In addition to known components of the interferon signaling pathway, we found that replication termination factor 2 (RTF2) restricts influenza virus at the nuclear stage (and perhaps other stages) of the viral life cycle, based on several lines of evidence. First, a deficiency in RTF2 leads to higher levels of viral primary transcription, even in the presence of cycloheximide to block genome replication and secondary transcription. Second, cells that lack RTF2 have enhanced activity of a viral reporter that depends solely on four viral proteins that carry out replication and transcription in the nucleus. Third, when the RTF2 protein is mislocalized outside the nucleus, it is not able to restrict replication. Finally, the absence of RTF2 leads not only to enhanced viral transcription but also to reduced expression of antiviral factors in response to interferon. RTF2 thus inhibits primary influenza virus transcription, likely acts in the nucleus, and contributes to the upregulation of antiviral effectors in response to type I interferons.IMPORTANCE Viral infection triggers the secretion of type I interferons, which in turn induce the expression of hundreds of antiviral genes. However, the roles of these induced genes in controlling viral infections remain largely unknown, limiting our ability to develop host-based antiviral therapeutics against pathogenic viruses, such as influenza virus. Here, we performed a loss-of-function genetic CRISPR screen in cells prestimulated with type I interferon to identify antiviral genes that restrict influenza A virus replication. Besides finding key components of the interferon signaling pathway, we discovered a new restriction factor, RTF2, which acts in the nucleus, restricts influenza virus transcription, and contributes to the interferon-induced upregulation of known restriction factors. Our work contributes to the field of antiviral immunology by discovering and characterizing a novel restriction factor of influenza virus and may ultimately be useful for understanding how to control a virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.
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Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Células A549 , Animales , Antivirales , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/farmacología , Línea Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/farmacología , Técnicas de Inactivación de Genes , Células HEK293 , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata , Virus de la Influenza A/fisiología , Gripe Humana/metabolismo , Gripe Humana/virología , Interferón Tipo I/inmunología , Interferón beta/inmunología , Transcriptoma , Células Vero , Proteínas ViralesRESUMEN
Host dependency factors that are required for influenza A virus infection may serve as therapeutic targets as the virus is less likely to bypass them under drug-mediated selection pressure. Previous attempts to identify host factors have produced largely divergent results, with few overlapping hits across different studies. Here, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen and devise a new approach, meta-analysis by information content (MAIC) to systematically combine our results with prior evidence for influenza host factors. MAIC out-performs other meta-analysis methods when using our CRISPR screen as validation data. We validate the host factors, WDR7, CCDC115 and TMEM199, demonstrating that these genes are essential for viral entry and regulation of V-type ATPase assembly. We also find that CMTR1, a human mRNA cap methyltransferase, is required for efficient viral cap snatching and regulation of a cell autonomous immune response, and provides synergistic protection with the influenza endonuclease inhibitor Xofluza.
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Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/genética , Virus de la Influenza A/patogenicidad , Gripe Humana/genética , Gripe Humana/patología , Células A549 , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Antivirales/farmacología , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Línea Celular , Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas/genética , Dibenzotiepinas , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Metiltransferasas/metabolismo , Morfolinas , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Oxazinas/farmacología , Piridinas/farmacología , Piridonas , Tiepinas/farmacología , Triazinas/farmacología , ATPasas de Translocación de Protón Vacuolares/metabolismo , Internalización del VirusRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and lethal disease in which distant metastasis remains the primary cause of death. Paradoxical roles of LOX have been reported in CRC, and the intracellular function of LOX has also recently been determined. Correlations of LOX expression and its intracellular localization with clinicopathological features in CRC patients remain largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential roles of LOX in CRC. METHODS: LOX messenger RNA expression was assayed by quantitative PCR in eight paired normal mucosa and tumor tissues. Immunohistochemistry was conducted using tissue arrays to investigate LOX expression in 201 CRC patients. Regulation of LOX by YAP and TEAD4 was explored by YAP or TEAD4 short hairpin RNA interference in a LoVo cell line. RESULTS: LOX messenger RNA expression was elevated in some CRC specimens, and LOX nuclear localization was detected in CRC tumor tissues. LOX nuclear localization was found to correlate with lung/hepatic metastasis, elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen concentration, and mucinous tumor type (P < 0.05). Nuclear LOX expression was found to be associated with poor overall and disease-free survival (P < 0.05), and postoperative lung/hepatic metastasis (P < 0.05). Knockdown of YAP or TEAD4 induced downregulation of LOX expression. CONCLUSIONS: LOX nuclear localization was significantly associated with poor survival in patients with CRC. Nuclear LOX expression was correlated with synchronous or postoperative lung/hepatic metastasis. LOX may prove to be a potential target gene of YAP and TEAD4.
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Neoplasias Colorrectales/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteína-Lisina 6-Oxidasa/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Anciano , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Antígeno Carcinoembrionario/sangre , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proliferación Celular , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/antagonistas & inhibidores , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Células HCT116 , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundario , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundario , Metástasis Linfática , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas Musculares/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pronóstico , Factores de Transcripción de Dominio TEA , Factores de Transcripción/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
Interactions between different cell types are essential for multiple biological processes, including immunity, embryonic development and neuronal signalling. Although the dynamics of cell-cell interactions can be monitored in vivo by intravital microscopy, this approach does not provide any information on the receptors and ligands involved or enable the isolation of interacting cells for downstream analysis. Here we describe a complementary approach that uses bacterial sortase A-mediated cell labelling across synapses of immune cells to identify receptor-ligand interactions between cells in living mice, by generating a signal that can subsequently be detected ex vivo by flow cytometry. We call this approach for the labelling of 'kiss-and-run' interactions between immune cells 'Labelling Immune Partnerships by SorTagging Intercellular Contacts' (LIPSTIC). Using LIPSTIC, we show that interactions between dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells during T-cell priming in vivo occur in two distinct modalities: an early, cognate stage, during which CD40-CD40L interactions occur specifically between T cells and antigen-loaded dendritic cells; and a later, non-cognate stage during which these interactions no longer require prior engagement of the T-cell receptor. Therefore, LIPSTIC enables the direct measurement of dynamic cell-cell interactions both in vitro and in vivo. Given its flexibility for use with different receptor-ligand pairs and a range of detectable labels, we expect that this approach will be of use to any field of biology requiring quantification of intercellular communication.
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Comunicación Celular , Células Dendríticas/citología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Sinapsis Inmunológicas/metabolismo , Coloración y Etiquetado/métodos , Linfocitos T/citología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Aminoaciltransferasas/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Antígenos CD40/inmunología , Antígenos CD40/metabolismo , Ligando de CD40/inmunología , Ligando de CD40/metabolismo , Cisteína Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Sinapsis Inmunológicas/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismoRESUMEN
Interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) is known to play a pivotal role in the development and progression of several malignancies. As a crucial member of interferon regulatory factor family, the association between the expression of IRF-2 and clinical prognostic significance has not been fully explored in colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of our study was to investigate the expression profile of IRF-2 in CRC and to examine its association with clinical features. The expression levels of IRF-2 in 18 paired CRC and non-cancerous colorectal tissues were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and those in 4 paired samples by Western blotting. The results showed a significant increase in IRF-2 mRNA expression and protein expression in CRC tissues compared to those in paired normal tissues. Besides, high expression of IRF-2 was significantly associated with distant metastasis (P = 0.041) and preoperative serum CEA level (P = 0.045). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high expression of IRF-2 had a significantly worse overall survival than those with low expression of IRF-2 (P = 0.006). Further multivariate analysis indicated that IRF-2 and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with CRC. Our study primarily suggests IRF-2 as a potential prognostic biomarker in CRC.
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Adenocarcinoma/patología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Factor 2 Regulador del Interferón/biosíntesis , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidad , Adulto , Anciano , Neoplasias Colorrectales/mortalidad , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Factor 2 Regulador del Interferón/análisis , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Modelos de Riesgos ProporcionalesRESUMEN
Analyses of somatic hypermutation (SHM) patterns in B cell Ig sequences have important basic science and clinical applications, but they are often confounded by the intrinsic biases of SHM targeting on specific DNA motifs (i.e., hot and cold spots). Modeling these biases has been hindered by the difficulty in identifying mutated Ig sequences in vivo in the absence of selection pressures, which skew the observed mutation patterns. To generate a large number of unselected mutations, we immunized B1-8 H chain transgenic mice with nitrophenyl to stimulate nitrophenyl-specific λ+ germinal center B cells and sequenced the unexpressed κ L chains using next-generation methods. Most of these κ sequences had out-of-frame junctions and were presumably uninfluenced by selection. Despite being nonfunctionally rearranged, they were targeted by SHM and displayed a higher mutation frequency than functional sequences. We used 39,173 mutations to construct a quantitative SHM targeting model. The model showed targeting biases that were consistent with classic hot and cold spots, yet revealed additional highly mutable motifs. We observed comparable targeting for functional and nonfunctional sequences, suggesting similar biological processes operate at both loci. However, we observed species- and chain-specific targeting patterns, demonstrating the need for multiple SHM targeting models. Interestingly, the targeting of C/G bases and the frequency of transition mutations at C/G bases was higher in mice compared with humans, suggesting lower levels of DNA repair activity in mice. Our models of SHM targeting provide insights into the SHM process and support future analyses of mutation patterns.
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Linfocitos B/inmunología , Centro Germinal/inmunología , Cadenas Pesadas de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Región Variable de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Modelos Genéticos , Hipermutación Somática de Inmunoglobulina/genética , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Selección Clonal Mediada por Antígenos , Reparación del ADN , Femenino , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Transgénicos , Mutación/genética , Tasa de MutaciónRESUMEN
Gene expression-based signatures help identify pathways relevant to diseases and treatments, but are challenging to construct when there is a diversity of disease mechanisms and treatments in patients with complex diseases. To overcome this challenge, we present a new application of an in silico gene expression deconvolution method, ISOpure-S1, and apply it to identify a common gene expression signature corresponding to response to treatment in 33 juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients. Using pre- and post-treatment gene expression profiles only, we found a gene expression signature that significantly correlated with a reduction in the number of joints with active arthritis, a measure of clinical outcome (Spearman rho = 0.44, p = 0.040, Bonferroni correction). This signature may be associated with a decrease in T-cells, monocytes, neutrophils and platelets. The products of most differentially expressed genes include known biomarkers for JIA such as major histocompatibility complexes and interleukins, as well as novel biomarkers including α-defensins. This method is readily applicable to expression datasets of other complex diseases to uncover shared mechanistic patterns in heterogeneous samples.
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Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Artritis Juvenil/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Juvenil/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Adolescente , Algoritmos , Biomarcadores , Plaquetas/citología , Niño , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Recuento de Linfocitos , Modelos Teóricos , Monocitos/citología , Neutrófilos/citología , Proyectos Piloto , Linfocitos T/citología , Resultado del Tratamiento , alfa-Defensinas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Long-lived plasma cells are critical to humoral immunity as a lifelong source of protective antibodies. Antigen-activated B cells-with T-cell help-undergo affinity maturation within germinal centres and persist as long-lived IgG plasma cells in the bone marrow. Here we show that antigen-specific, induced IgM plasma cells also persist for a lifetime. Unlike long-lived IgG plasma cells, which develop in germinal centres and then home to the bone marrow, IgM plasma cells are primarily retained within the spleen and can develop even in the absence of germinal centres. Interestingly, their expressed IgV loci exhibit somatic mutations introduced by the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). However, these IgM plasma cells are probably not antigen-selected, as replacement mutations are spread through the variable segment and not enriched within the CDRs. Finally, antibodies from long-lived IgM plasma cells provide protective host immunity against a lethal virus challenge.