Outcomes of Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing for Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Tibial Shaft Fractures.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study aimed to assess radiographic and clinical outcomes, characterize demographic, injury, and fracture characteristics, and elucidate the rate of postoperative complications and associated factors in a large cohort of children treated with elastic stable intramedullary nail for diaphyseal tibial fractures at two large pediatric referral centers. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for demographic clinical and radiographic parameters at injury, surgery, and all subsequent clinical visits until radiographic healing was observed and/or for a minimum of 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 146 patients (79.5% male) were included. The mean (SD) age was 11.8 (63.0) years. Radiographic union occurred by 3 months in 56.6% of patients. Nine patients had delayed union, and four had nonunion. By 3 months postoperatively, 97.2% of patients had progressed to full weight bearing and 92.5% had full range of motion of the knee and ankle. Subgroup analyses revealed that patients with open fractures were found to be more than eight times at increased risk of developing delayed union (.6 months, odds ratio = 8.71). CONCLUSION: Elastic stable intramedullary nail remains a safe and effective treatment of open and closed pediatric diaphyseal tibial fractures. A small yet notable risk of residual angular deformity, delayed union, and nonunion remains, although rates may be better than previously reported.

Fate of acetabular dysplasia after closed and open reduction of hips in children with developmental hip dislocation.

Acetabular underdevelopment (acetabular dysplasia) is a common finding in children with hip dislocation, and residual acetabular dysplasia can remain after hip reduction. Residual dysplasia leads to unsatisfactory long-term outcomes and osteoarthritis. Dynamics of acetabular dysplasia [measured as Acetabular Index (AI)] in a pediatric cohort that underwent open (OR) or closed reduction are reported. Retrospective data from six tertiary pediatric orthopedic centers were gathered. Hips were classified as having 'Critical', 'Monitoring', or 'Normal' acetabular dysplasia based on age-adjusted normative AI measurements. From 193 hips, 108 (56%) underwent open reduction. Children younger than 24 months had a strong AI decline but children > 24 months did not. Among 78 hips with critical dysplasia at time of OR, 36 (46.2%) remained critical and 19 (24.4%) underwent an acetabular osteotomy (AO) during follow-up. CR hips had a similar AI decline in patients younger and older than 12 months. Among 51 hips with critical dysplasia at the time of CR, 13 (25.5%) remained critical and 21 (41.2%) underwent AO during follow-up. Acetabular dysplasia improves with AI decreasing in children who undergo OR and CR under the age of 2 years with slower acetabular remodeling afterwards. Around 2/3 of patients with AI in the critical range at CR or OR either underwent AO or had significant acetabular dysplasia at final follow-up. Our data supports considering simultaneous AO at the time of OR for hips with AI in the critical range or children who undergo hip open reduction after 24 months of age. Level of Evidence: Level III.

Patient-reported outcomes of adolescents with tibia shaft fractures: comparison of closed reduction and casting vs. elastic stable intramedullary nailing.

Tibial shaft fractures are the third most common pediatric long bone fractures. Closed reduction and casting (CRC) is considered initial treatment in this population, however, surgical management using elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) is also used in adolescents. This study compared patient-reported outcomes in a cohort of adolescents with tibia fractures treated with ESIN or CRC. This single-center retrospective study gathered adolescent patients 10-18 years of age with closed tibia shaft fractures between the years 2015 and 2021 treated by either CRC or ESIN. Measured outcomes include patient demographics, overall casting time, time to full weight bearing, time to full healing, radiographic healing, complications (loss of reduction, malunion >5° and >10°) and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores. A total of 141 patients (68% male) were included, with 31 receiving ESIN and 110 having CRC. Patient demographics were similar across groups. At follow-up, CRC had a significant shorter time to healing (11 vs. 15 weeks), but an increased casting duration (7 vs. 4 weeks). Finally, the ESIN group had significantly greater pre-intervention angulation, displacement, and shortening. In both interventions, mobility and pain interference scores showed significant improvements from baseline (2 weeks post-op) at 12, 16, and 24 weeks. No statistically significant differences were noted between CRC and ESIN groups across PROMIS domains of pain interference and mobility. CRC and ESIN are effective in improving pain and mobility in adolescent diaphyseal tibia fractures, but neither intervention is superior based on PROMIS scores at 12, 16 and 24+ weeks. From a patient standpoint, we demonstrate that neither treatment is superior in achieving better-perceived mobility or decreasing pain sooner. Level of Evidence: Level III.

Severity of hip dysplasia as the major factor affecting outcome of closed reduction in children with hip dysplasia.

The objective of this study was to analyze a multicenter cohort of children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) who underwent treatment with closed reduction. We sought to report the effects that severity of hip dysplasia and age have on the development of femoral head avascular necrosis (AVN) and the need for additional procedures. All patients with DDH and minimum 2 years of follow-up who underwent closed reduction were identified. The following variables were recorded: sex, laterality of hip involvement, age, acetabular index (AI), and International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) grade. The effects of patient age and pre-procedure IHDI grade on the rate of AVN and need for additional procedures after the closed reduction were analyzed using an alpha of 0.05. Seventy-eight total hips were included in the final analysis. The average patient age was 12 months. AVN of the femoral head was reported in 24 hips (30.8%) and 32 hips (41.0%) required additional surgery. Higher pre-op IHDI grade was associated with higher risk of developing Bucholz-Ogden grades II-IV AVN of the femoral head (P = 0.025) and requiring additional surgery (P= 0.033) regardless of patient age. There were no statistically significant differences for the effect of age on the measured outcomes (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that severity of dislocation (IHDI grade) is a significant risk factor for the development of AVN and need for additional procedure.

Outcomes of Open Reduction in Children With Developmental Hip Dislocation: A Multicenter Experience Over a Decade.

BACKGROUND: Open reduction of the hip is commonly performed in children with severe developmental dysplasia of the hip, or in cases that are refractory to nonoperative forms of treatment. The open reduction has been associated with numerous complications including avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head, the need for reoperation, and residual radiographic dysplasia. This study seeks to determine the effects of preoperative severity of dysplasia, associated procedures (femoral and acetabular osteotomies), age on AVN, and the need for reoperation. METHODS: Children with developmental dysplasia of the hip and a minimum of 2 years of follow-up who underwent open reduction were identified. The following data points were recorded: sex, laterality of hip involvement, simultaneous procedures, surgical approach used, age, acetabular index, and International Hip Dysplasia Institute grade. We analyzed the effects of preoperative International Hip Dysplasia Institute, age, surgical approach (anterior/medial), bilateral reduction, and simultaneous femoral shortening or pelvic osteotomy on the outcomes of AVN and reoperation. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-five hips in 149 patients were included in this study with an average follow-up of 4 years (range: 2 to 5 y). The average age at index surgery was 23 months (range: 1 to 121 mo). Overall, 60 hips (32.4%) required secondary surgical procedures at an average age of 58.5 months. High-grade AVN was noted in 24 hips (13.0%) and was found to be associated with the severity of the hip dislocation ( P = 0.02). A higher rate of reoperation was found in children over 18 months at the time of open reduction who did not receive an acetabular osteotomy ( P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Approximately 1/3 of patients require another operative intervention within the first 4 years after open reduction of the hip. We found the severity of hip dislocation to be associated with a higher risk of AVN development. These findings support performing an acetabular osteotomy in children over 18 months of age at the time of open reduction to decrease the likelihood of requiring future reoperation during the first 4 years after the index procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Distal Radius Salter-Harris II Fracture Loss of Reduction: The Importance of Coronal Plane Angulation in Older Children.

OBJECTIVES: To assess factors affecting the loss of reduction (LOR) in a large cohort of children with Salter-Harris Type II (SH II) distal radius physeal fractures treated with closed reduction. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Pediatric Level I Trauma Center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: A total of 141 pediatric patients (73% male, average age: 12.15 ± 2.55 years) that had undergone closed reduction and casting for distal radius physeal fractures from 2006 to 2019 were included in this study. INTERVENTION: Closed reduction and casting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Five different radiographic measurements were analyzed at 4 different time points. Follow-up radiographs were assessed in relation to initial reduction. LOR was defined as >5 degrees change of angulation on PA radiographs, >10 degrees change of angulation on lateral radiographs, and/or >25% translation on PA or lateral radiographs. RESULTS: LOR was seen in 28.4% of the patients, most often (68%) in the first 2 weeks after initial reduction. Seven (17.5%) of these patients (average age: 15.2 ± 2.0 years) were treated surgically with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP). Patients undergoing CRPP for LOR were an average of 3.4 years older ( P < 0.001) than those who underwent nonoperative treatment of LOR. Patients with initial angulation more than 5 degrees on the PA view to be twice as likely to have LOR ( P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: LOR was seen in nearly 1/3 of these patients. Patients with initial higher degree of angulation on the coronal plane are at higher risk for LOR. Age, not the degree of angulation, is the main predictor for potential surgical treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Comparison of Different Surgical Techniques in Correction of Congenital Vertical Talus Deformity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Congenital Vertical Talus (CVT) is a rare form of congenital rigid flatfoot. Numerous surgical techniques have been developed over the years in an attempt to definitively correct this deformity. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature to compare the outcomes of children with CVT treated with different methods. METHODS: A detailed systematic search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Radiographic recurrence of the deformity, reoperation rate, ankle arc of motion, and clinical scoring was compared between the following 5 methods: Two-Stage Coleman-Stelling Technique, Direct Medial Approach, Single-Stage Dorsal (Seimon) Approach, Cincinnati Incision, and Dobbs Method. Meta-analyses of proportions were performed, and data were pooled through a random effects model using the DerSimonian and Laird approach. Heterogeneity was assessed using I^2 statistics. The authors used a modified version of the Adelaar scoring system to assess clinical outcomes. An alpha of 0.05 was used for all statistical analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-one studies (580 feet) met the inclusion criteria. The reported incidence of radiographic recurrence of talonavicular subluxation was 19.3%, with 7.8% requiring reoperation. Radiographic recurrence of the deformity was highest in the children treated with the direct medial approach (29.3%) and lowest in the Single-Stage Dorsal Approach cohort (11%) ( P <0.05). The reoperation rate was significantly lower in the Single-Stage Dorsal Approach cohort (2%) compared with all other methods ( P <0.05). There was no significant difference in the reoperation rates between the other methods. The highest clinical score was seen in the Dobbs Method cohort (8.36), followed by the group treated with the Single-Stage Dorsal Approach (7.81). The Dobbs Method resulted in the largest ankle arc of motion. CONCLUSION: We found the lowest radiographic recurrence and reoperation rates in the Single-Stage Dorsal Approach cohort, while the highest rate of radiographic recurrence was seen in those treated with the Direct Medial Approach. The Dobbs Method results in higher clinical scores and ankle arc of motion. Future long-term studies focusing on patient-reported outcomes are needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Congenital vertical talus deformity in children with distal arthrogryposis: good clinical outcomes despite high rate of residual radiographic deformity.

Patients with a diagnosis of arthrogryposis often present with various orthopedic conditions, one of which is congenital vertical talus (CVT). This is the first study of this specific subset of syndromic patients to evaluate the medium-term outcomes of CVT correction using the minimally invasive Dobbs method. All patients with vertical talus and distal arthrogryposis who received treatment at our institution between January 2006 and June 2021 were identified. Radiographs, clinical notes and Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores (when available) were retrospectively reviewed. An alpha of 0.05 was used for all statistical analyses. In total 12 patients (19 feet) met all inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. By the time of the most recent visit, the average lateral Talar-Axis First Metatarsal Base Angle of the entire cohort increased from 13.73 ± 9.75 degrees 2 weeks postoperatively to 28.75 ± 23.73 degrees ( P = 0.0076). Radiographic recurrence of the talonavicular deformity was seen in nine feet (47.4%), 4 (21.1%) of which required additional unplanned surgery, The average PROMIS scores of the entire cohort in the pain interference, mobility and peer relationship domains were 48.97 ± 9.56, 47.9 ± 11.60 and 52.87 ± 8.31, respectively. Despite a higher radiographic recurrence rate of talonavicular deformity in this specific subset of syndromic patients, these patients still report PROMIS scores near the population average in the pain interference, mobility and peer relationships domains. We believe that the minimally invasive Dobbs method should be recommended as the first-line treatment method for these patients. Level of evidence: Level III.

K-wire Versus Screw Fixation in Displaced Lateral Condyle Fractures of the Humerus in Children: A Multicenter Study of 762 Fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Lateral humeral condyle fractures account for 12% to 20% of all distal humerus fractures in the pediatric population. When surgery is indicated, fixation may be achieved with either Kirschner-wires or screws. The literature comparing the outcomes of these 2 different fixation methods is currently limited. The purpose of this study is to compare both the complication and union rates of these 2 forms of operative treatment in a multicenter cohort of children with lateral humeral condyle fractures. METHODS: This retrospective study was performed across 6 different institutions. Data were retrospectively collected preoperatively and 6 weeks, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts based on the type of initial treatment: K-wire fixation and screw fixation. Statistical comparisons between these 2 cohorts were performed with an alpha of 0.05. RESULTS: There were 762 patients included in this study, 72.6% (n=553) of which were treated with K-wire fixation. The mean duration of immobilization was 5 weeks in both cohorts, and most patients in this study demonstrated radiographic healing by 11 weeks postoperatively, regardless of treatment method. Similar reoperation rates were seen among those treated with K-wires and screws (5.6% vs. 4.3%, P =0.473). Elbow stiffness requiring further intervention with physical therapy was significantly more common in those treated with K-wires compared with children treated with screws (21.2% vs. 13.9%, P =0.023) as was superficial skin infection (3.8% vs. 0%, P =0.002), but there was no significant difference in nonunion rates between the two groups (2.4% vs. 1.3%, P =1.000). CONCLUSION: We found similar success rates between K-wire and screw fixation in this patient population. Contrary to previous studies, we did not find evidence that treatment with screw fixation decreases the likelihood of experiencing nonunion. However, given the unique complications associated with K-wire fixation, such as elbow stiffness and superficial skin infection, the treatment with screw fixation remains a reasonable alternative to K-wire fixation in these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective comparative study.

Relapsed Congenital Vertical Talus Deformity: Outcomes of a Modified Minimally Invasive Method.

BACKGROUND: To date, there is little literature that describes the optimal management for recurrent talonavicular subluxation after an initial attempt at surgical correction in children with congenital vertical talus (CVT). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of a modified minimally invasive technique for the management of recurrent talonavicular subluxation in patients with CVT who have previously undergone at least 1 attempt at surgical correction. METHODS: International Classification of Diseases codes were used to identify all patients with recurrent CVT deformity treated at our institution between 2006 and 2021. Retrospective chart review, including radiographic measurements of talocalcaneal and talar axis-first metatarsal base angles (TAMBA), was performed. Complications including recurrent talonavicular subluxation (lateral TAMBA >30 degrees) and hindfoot valgus (Anteroposterior talocalcaneal >40 degrees) were recorded. All statistical analysis was performed using an alpha of 0.05. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (24 feet) met all inclusion criteria, 9 (52.9%) of whom had underlying neurological syndromes. The average age at repeat treatment initiation was 26±17 months (range: 7 to 60 mo). Talonavicular reduction was achieved in all patients as evidenced by an average of 24.6 degrees and 54.9 degrees of correction in the Anteroposterior and lateral TAMBA, respectively. Radiographic recurrence of the talonavicular deformity was seen in 12 feet (50.0%). Six (25.0%) of the feet in 4 patients required a revision surgery, all of which occurred in patients with underlying syndromes ( P =0.02). The average patient-reported outcome measurement information system scores in the pain interference, mobility, and peer relations domains were 44.5±7.7, 44.1±13.5, and 54.8±9.9, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our midterm results suggest that many cases of recurrent CVT can be effectively managed through a modified minimally invasive revision surgery consistent with what has been described by Dobbs and colleagues for initial treatment. Further prospective studies with longer-term follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Displaced Tibia Fractures in Adolescents: Closed Reduction and Casting Versus Flexible Intramedullary Nails.

INTRODUCTION: Although there has been a recent trend towards the operative intervention of pediatric diaphyseal tibial fractures, there is sparse literature that supports this trend. This study compares the outcomes in children between 10 and 18 years of age with diaphyseal tibial fractures who undergo nonoperative treatment with closed reduction and casting (CRC) to those who undergo operative treatment with flexible intramedullary nailing. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients between 10 and 18 years of age who underwent treatment for tibia fractures at the authors home institution between 2005 and 2018. Radiographs and medical records were reviewed for the duration of immobilization, time to fracture healing and complications including delayed union, malunion, nonunion, and surgical site infection. All statistical analysis was performed using an αof 0.05. RESULTS: One hundred forty one patients (81.8% males) were included in the final analysis. Patients treated with flexible nailing took an average of 7 weeks ( P <0.001) longer than patients treated with CRC to achieve radiographic healing. The average time to full weight-bearing activities was longer by 1 week in the patients treated nonoperatively with CRC ( P =0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the malunion rates between the 2 groups ( P =0.067), but delayed union and nonunion were exclusively seen in the flexible nailing group. There was a total of 40 complications among 33 (23.4%) patients, most of whom were in the CRC cohort (60.6%, n=20), but there was no statistically significant difference in complication rates between the 2 cohorts. DISCUSSION: Most adolescents presenting with closed diaphyseal tibial fractures of moderate severity can be successfully treated both nonoperatively with CRC and operatively with flexible intramedullary nailing. However, we recommend an initial attempt at nonoperative treatment be performed in these patients due to the association of more severe complications with flexible nailing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Untreated congenital vertical talus deformity in walking age: minimally invasive method works.

There is sparse literature evaluating the outcomes in toddlers with congenital vertical talus (CVT) deformity who undergo treatment with the recently introduced minimally invasive Dobbs Method. We present the first study of this patient cohort to determine the efficacy of this method in patients 18 months of age and older. A list of all patients over 18 months of age who underwent CVT correction at our institution was created. Retrospective chart review was performed, and all follow-up notes were reviewed for clinical outcomes and complications. Eligible patients completed Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using an alpha of 0.05. Sixteen children (24 feet) met all inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Initial radiographic correction of all measured angles was seen, but by the latest follow-up, the average lateral TAMBA had increased from 12.04 degrees immediately postoperatively to 28.8 degrees at the latest follow-up ( P = 0.0012). Radiographic recurrence of deformity was seen in 9 (37.5%) feet and additional unplanned surgery was required in 3 (12.5%) feet. Residual radiographic pes planus was seen in 5 (20.8%) feet. PROMIS pain interference and peer relationship scores were near the population mean. Although the recurrence rate in this patient population seems to be higher than that of younger patients, the majority of toddlers who undergo treatment with this method do experience successful outcomes. We recommend attempting this treatment method in toddlers before performing extensive soft tissue releases or salvage procedures.

Patient-Reported Pain and Function Outcomes in Children With Congenital Vertical Talus Treated With the Minimally Invasive Method.

BACKGROUND: In 2006, a new minimally invasive method was introduced for the definitive correction of congenital vertical talus (CVT) deformity. There are no studies to date that have utilized the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) to evaluate long-term quality of life outcomes in these patients. METHODS: We identified all children with CVT who underwent treatment with the minimally invasive method and were seen at our institution after 2015. A retrospective chart review was then performed on these patients, and PROMIS scores were recorded for the following domains: Pain Interference, Mobility, and Peer Relations. Subgroup analysis was performed on patients who experienced recurrence and those who required a second corrective surgery. An alpha level of 0.05 was used for all analyses. RESULTS: There were 24 children who were treated for CVT at our institution after 2015 and had completed PROMIS surveys. Seven (29.2%) of these patients developed recurrence during the follow-up period. Among the entire cohort, the mean PROMIS pain interference score was 48±9, the mean PROMIS mobility score was 42±13, and the mean PROMIS peer relations score was 54±9. There were no statistically significant differences in the PROMIS scores between the entire cohort and those who experienced radiographic recurrence in any of the 3 domains ( P >0.05). Children who initiated treatment after the age of 12 months had lower PROMIS mobility scores than those who initiated treatment before 12 months of age (32.48 vs. 47.31, P =0.02). CONCLUSION: On average, children who undergo treatment with this technique end up within 1 SD of the reference population in all 3 domains that were measured (pain interference, mobility, and peer relations) regardless of sex, age, and status of recurrence. However, there was a trend towards lower mobility scores in this population compared with the reference population (42±13 vs. 50±10). Treatment should be initiated at less than 12 months of age whenever possible to maximize patient-reported outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Minimally Invasive Method in Treatment of Idiopathic Congenital Vertical Talus: Recurrence is Uncommon.

BACKGROUND: Historically, treatment for congenital vertical talus (CVT) has included open reduction of the talonavicular joint and extensive soft tissue release. In 2006, a new minimally invasive method consisting of serial manipulation and casting followed by percutaneous fixation of the talonavicular joint and percutaneous Achilles tenotomy was introduced. Although the early results of this new technique are promising, more research is needed to verify that the talonavicular correction is maintained with time. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with idiopathic CVT who underwent minimally invasive correction by a single surgeon at a tertiary care institution. Radiographic evaluation of the preoperative, immediate postoperative, 1 year postoperative and latest follow-up appointments were performed. Complications and clinical outcomes were recorded. Radiographic recurrence of the deformity was defined as lateral talar axis-first metatarsal base angle >30 degrees. Statistical analysis was performed on the maintenance of radiographic correction and factors associated with recurrence. RESULTS: Forty seven feet in 35 patients were included in the study with average follow-up of 45 months. The average preoperative lateral talar axis-first metatarsal base angle was 74±18 compared with 12±8 after initial surgical intervention. In addition, radiographic correction of all other measured angles was achieved in every child following the initial surgery. Radiographic recurrence of talonavicular deformity was seen in 4 feet (9%). No cases of recurrence required a second corrective surgery during the follow-up period. There was a significant association between patient age at the time of treatment and recurrence of talonavicular deformity with patients older than 12 months being more likely to experience recurrence ( P =0.041). CONCLUSIONS: In this large series, we found that correction of talonavicular deformity can be achieved and maintained in a large majority of children with idiopathic CVT who undergo treatment with this minimally invasive technique and recurrences are uncommon. Treatment with this technique should be initiated as soon as a diagnosis of CVT is confirmed and the patient is medically stable to decrease the likelihood of experiencing recurrence of talonavicular deformity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Nonoperative Management of Closed Displaced Tibia Shaft Fractures in Patients Under 18 Years of Age: Low Failure Rate.

BACKGROUND: Tibial shaft fractures are the third most common pediatric long bone fracture pattern. Historically, these fractures have been initially treated with closed reduction and casting (CRC). Recently, there has been an increasing trend toward surgical intervention as an initial treatment for these injuries. In an effort to better understand whether this trend is warranted, this study seeks to characterize the clinical and radiographic outcomes of a large number of children who underwent nonoperative treatment with CRC as their initial treatment for pediatric tibial shaft fractures at a single tertiary care center. METHODS: Outcomes measured included final alignment, other procedures performed, length of time to full radiographic healing, and length of time in each method of immobilization before progressing to full weight-bearing status. Patients were separated by ages into the following cohorts during statistical analysis: 4 to 8 years, 9 to 12 years, and 13+ years. Differences between continuous variables were analyzed with independent-samples t tests. χ 2 tests were used to analyze differences in categorical variables. An α<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 137 patients met our inclusion criteria. The median age was 10.19 years (4.03 to 17.43). The average initial displacement among all age groups was 27.42% (±15.05%). After the initial intervention with CRC, all age groups demonstrated an average of <5 degrees of residual angulation and <20% of residual displacement. Complete radiographic healing was seen in 127 (92.7%) patients by 3 months. Loss of reduction requiring additional clinical intervention was seen in 30 (21.9%) patients with only 5% requiring surgical intervention, whereas malunion was seen in a total of 16 (11.7%) patients at the final visit. There were no cases of compartment syndrome or deep wound infection. Male and initial angulation were the only factors predictive of loss of reduction. CONCLUSION: Initial intervention with CRC is a safe and effective treatment for the majority of children in all age groups presenting with tibial shaft fractures demonstrating minimal angulation and displacement with surgical intervention being required in only 5% of patients. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the characteristics of patients who may benefit most from initial surgical intervention. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective study.

Socially-assigned race and health: a scoping review with global implications for population health equity.

Self-identified race/ethnicity is largely used to identify, monitor, and examine racial/ethnic inequalities. A growing body of work underscores the need to consider multiple dimensions of race - the social construction of race as a function of appearance, societal interactions, institutional dynamics, stereotypes, and social norms. One such multidimensional measure is socially-assigned race, the perception of one's race by others, that may serve as the basis for differential or unfair treatment and subsequently lead to deleterious health outcomes. We conducted a scoping review to systematically appraise the socially-assigned race and health literature. A systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, 28 EBSCO databases and 24 Proquest databases up to September 2019 was conducted and supplemented by a manual search of reference lists and grey literature. Quantitative and qualitative studies that examined socially-assigned race and health or health-related outcomes were considered for inclusion. Eighteen articles were included in the narrative synthesis. Self-rated health and mental health were among the most frequent outcomes studied. The majority of studies were conducted in the United States, with fewer studies conducted in New Zealand, Canada, and Latin America. While most studies demonstrate a positive association between social assignment as a disadvantaged racial or ethnic group and poorer health, some studies did not document an association. We describe key conceptual and methodological considerations that should be prioritized in future studies examining socially-assigned race and health. Socially-assigned race can provide additional insight into observed differential health outcomes among racial/ethnic groups in racialized societies based upon their lived experiences. Studies incorporating socially-assigned race warrants further investigation and may be leveraged to examine nuanced patterns of racial health advantage and disadvantage.

Emotional and physical reactions to perceived discrimination, language preference, and health-related quality of life among Latinos and Whites.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether emotional and physical reactions to perceived discrimination are associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among whites and Latinos (by language preference) in Arizona. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis using the Arizona Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2012-2014) was restricted to non-Hispanic white and Latino (grouped by English- or Spanish-language preference) participants who completed the Reactions to Race optional module (N = 14,623). Four core items from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Healthy Days Measures were included: self-rated health; physically unhealthy, mentally unhealthy; and functionally limited days. Poisson regression models estimated prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for poor self-rated health. Multinomial logistic models estimated odds ratios and 95% CI for poor mental, physical, and functionally limited days (defined as 14 + more days). Models were adjusted for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and multimorbidity. RESULTS: Reports of emotional and physical reactions to perceived discrimination were highest among Spanish-language preference Latinos. Both Spanish- and English-language preference Latinos were more likely to report poor self-rated health in comparison to whites. In separate fully adjusted models, physical reactions were positively associated with each HRQOL measure. Emotional reactions were only associated with reporting 14 + mental unhealthy (aOR 3.16; 95% CI 1.82; 5.48) and functionally limited days (aOR 1.93; 95% CI 1.04, 3.58). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study suggest that physical and emotional reactions to perceived discrimination can manifest as diminished HRQOL. Consistent collection of population-based measures of perceived discrimination is warranted to track and monitor differential health vulnerability that affect Latinos.

Socially Assigned Race and Diabetes: Findings from the Arizona Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2013-2014.

Socially assigned race, the racial/ethnic categorization of individuals by others, may serve as the basis for differential or unfair treatment. Latinxs are commonly socially assigned to a race/ethnicity with which they do not self-identify. However, it is unclear the degree to which self-identified Latinxs who are socially assigned as white or Latinx may differentially predict health outcomes beyond general health status and healthcare utilization. We examine the association between socially assigned race and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Data from the Arizona's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2013, 2014) was used in a cross-sectional analysis (restricted to Latinxs and non-Hispanic whites; N = 8370) to examine the association between self-identified (SI) and socially assigned (SA) race/ethnicity agreement and T2DM. Latinxs were categorized according to SI-SA race/ethnicity agreement: discordant (SI-SA, different) and concordant (SI-SA, same). T2DM was based on self-reported physician diagnosis. Data were analyzed using Poisson regression models to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Latinxs comprised 28.5% of our sample, of which, 18.5% was discordant and 81.5% was concordant. In fully adjusted models, concordant Latinxs were more likely to have T2DM than whites (aPR 2.01, 95% CI 1.44, 2.82). There were no significant differences in T2DM between discordant Latinxs and whites. Our results suggest that socially assigned race is an understudied determinant of health and may further understanding of the impact of racial stratification on Latinx health inequities. Additional research examining socially assigned race and other health outcomes are warranted to gain further insight of the biological impact of racialized lived experiences.