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The physiological processes in animal production are regulated through biologically active molecules like peptides, proteins, and hormones identified through the development of the fundamental sciences and their application. One of the main polypeptides that plays an essential role in regulating physiological responses is the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). PACAP belongs to the glucagon/growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)/vasoactive intestinal proteins (VIP) family and regulates feed intake, stress, and immune response in birds. Most of these regulations occur after PACAP stimulates the cAMP signaling pathway, which can regulate the expression of genes like MuRF1, FOXO1, Atrogin 1, and other ligases that are essential members of the ubiquitin system. On the other hand, PACAP stimulates the secretion of CRH in response to stress, activating the ubiquitin signaling pathway that plays a vital role in protein degradation and regulates oxidative stress and immune responses. Many studies conducted on rodents, mammals, and other models confirm the regulatory effects of PACAP, cAMP, and the ubiquitin pathway; however, there are no studies testing whether PACAP-induced cAMP signaling in poultry regulates the ubiquitin pathway. Besides, it would be interesting to investigate if PACAP can regulate ubiquitin signaling during stress response via CRH altered by HPA axis stimulation. Therefore, this review highlights a summary of research studies that indicate the potential interaction of the PACAP and ubiquitin signaling pathways on different molecular and physiological parameters in poultry species through the cAMP and stress signaling pathways.
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Polipéptido Hipofisario Activador de la Adenilato-Ciclasa , Transducción de Señal , Ubiquitina , Animales , Polipéptido Hipofisario Activador de la Adenilato-Ciclasa/metabolismo , Polipéptido Hipofisario Activador de la Adenilato-Ciclasa/genética , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Aves de CorralRESUMEN
Nutritional limitation is a common phenomenon in nature that leads to trade-offs among processes competing for limited resources. These trade-offs are mediated by changes in physiological traits such as growth factors and circulating lipids. However, studies addressing the sex-specific effect of nutritional deficiency on these physiological variables are limited in birds. We used dietary restriction to mimic the depletion of resources to various degrees and investigated sex-specific effects on circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and triglycerides in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) subjected to ad libitum, 20%, 30% or 40% restriction of their daily requirement, for 2 weeks. We also explored the association of both physiological variables with body mass and egg production. While dietary restriction showed no effects on circulating IGF-1, this hormone exhibited a marked sexual difference, with females having 64.7% higher IGF-1 levels than males. Dietary restriction significantly reduced plasma triglyceride levels in both sexes. Females showed more than six-fold higher triglyceride levels than males. Triglyceride levels were positively associated with body mass in females while showed not association in males. Overall, our findings revealed sex-specific expression of physiological variables under dietary restriction conditions, which coincide with body size.
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Limited resources affect an organism's physiology through the conserved metabolic pathway, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Males and females often react differently to nutritional limitation, but whether it leads to differential mTOR pathway expression remains unknown. Recently, we found that dietary restriction (DR) induced significant changes in the expression of mTOR pathway genes in female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). We simultaneously exposed 32 male and female Japanese quails to either 20%, 30%, 40% restriction or ad libitum feeding for 14 days and determined the expression of six key genes of the mTOR pathway in the liver to investigate sex differences in the expression patterns. We found that DR significantly reduced body mass, albeit the effect was milder in males compared to females. We observed sex-specific liver gene expression. DR downregulated mTOR expression more in females than in males. Under moderate DR, ATG9A and RPS6K1 expressions were increased more in males than in females. Like females, body mass in males was correlated positively with mTOR and IGF1, but negatively with ATG9A and RS6K1 expressions. Our findings highlight that sexes may cope with nutritional deficits differently and emphasise the importance of considering sexual differences in studies of dietary restriction.
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Coturnix , Sirolimus , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Coturnix/metabolismo , Sirolimus/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismoRESUMEN
Resources are needed for growth, reproduction and survival, and organisms must trade off limited resources among competing processes. Nutritional availability in organisms is sensed and monitored by nutrient-sensing pathways that can trigger physiological changes or alter gene expression. Previous studies have proposed that one such signalling pathway, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), underpins a form of adaptive plasticity when individuals encounter constraints in their energy budget. Despite the fundamental importance of this process in evolutionary biology, how nutritional limitation is regulated through the expression of genes governing this pathway and its consequential effects on fitness remain understudied, particularly in birds. We used dietary restriction to simulate resource depletion and examined its effects on body mass, reproduction and gene expression in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Quails were subjected to feeding at 20%, 30% and 40% restriction levels or ad libitum for 2 weeks. All restricted groups exhibited reduced body mass, whereas reductions in the number and mass of eggs were observed only under more severe restrictions. Additionally, dietary restriction led to decreased expression of mTOR and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), whereas the ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (RPS6K1) and autophagy-related genes (ATG9A and ATG5) were upregulated. The pattern in which mTOR responded to restriction was similar to that for body mass. Regardless of the treatment, proportionally higher reproductive investment was associated with individual variation in mTOR expression. These findings reveal the connection between dietary intake and the expression of mTOR and related genes in this pathway.
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Coturnix , Reproducción , Transducción de Señal , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR , Animales , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/genética , Coturnix/fisiología , Coturnix/genética , Reproducción/fisiología , Femenino , Masculino , Restricción Calórica , Dieta/veterinariaRESUMEN
Embryonic development is one of the most sensitive and critical stages when maternal effects may influence the offspring's phenotype. In birds and other oviparous species, embryonic development is confined to the eggs, therefore females must deposit resources into the eggs to prepare the offspring for the prevailing post-natal conditions. However, the mechanisms of such phenotypic adjustments remain poorly understood. We simulated a maternal nutritional transfer by injecting 1 mg of L-methionine solution into Japanese quail eggs before the onset of incubation. The increase in early methionine concentration in eggs activated the insulin/insulin-like signalling and mechanistic target of rapamycin (IIS/mTOR) signalling pathways and affected post-natal developmental trajectories. Chicks from methionine-supplemented eggs had higher expression of liver IGF1 and mTOR genes at hatching but were similar in size, and the phenotypic effects of increased growth became apparent only a week later and remained up to three weeks. Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and expression of ribosomal protein serine 6 kinase 1 (RPS6K1), the mTOR downstream effector, were elevated only three weeks after hatching. These results show that specific nutritional cues may have phenotypic programming effects by sequentially activating specific nutrient-sensing pathways and achieving transgenerational phenotypic plasticity.
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Coturnix , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Metionina , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR , Animales , Metionina/administración & dosificación , Metionina/farmacología , Coturnix/crecimiento & desarrollo , Coturnix/embriología , Coturnix/metabolismo , Coturnix/genética , Femenino , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/genética , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Transducción de Señal , Hígado/metabolismo , Desarrollo Embrionario/efectos de los fármacos , Insulina/sangre , Insulina/metabolismo , Embrión no MamíferoRESUMEN
Methionine (Met) plays a substantial role in poultry due to its involvement in several pathways, including enhancing antioxidant status and improving growth performance and health status. This study examined how in ovo feeding of Met affects hatching performance, antioxidant status, and hepatic gene expression related to growth and immunity in the TETRA-SL LL hybrid (TSL) commercial layer and Hungarian partridge colored hen (HPC) indigenous genotypes. The eggs were injected with saline, DL-Met, and L-Met on 17.5 days of embryonic development. The results showed that the in ovo feeding of DL-Met significantly increased the hatching weight and ferric reducing the ability of the plasma (FRAP) compared with L-Met. The in ovo feeding of either Met source enhanced the liver health and function and hepatic antioxidant status of the chicks. The genotype's differences were significant; the TSL genotype had better hatching weight, an antioxidant defense system, and downregulated growth-related gene expression than the HPC genotype. In ovo feeding of either Met source enhanced the chicks' health status and antioxidant status, and DL-Met improved the hatching weight of the chicks more than L-Met. Genotype differences were significantly evident in the responses of growth performance, antioxidant status, blood biochemical parameters, and gene expression to Met sources.
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Antioxidantes , Pollos , Animales , Femenino , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Pollos/metabolismo , Metionina/metabolismo , Hungría , Racemetionina/metabolismo , Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Methionine (Met) is an essential and first limiting amino acid in the poultry diet that plays a significant role in chicken embryonic development and growth. The present study examined the effect of in ovo injection of DL-Met and L-Met sources and genotypes on chicken embryonic-intestinal development and health. Fertilized eggs of the two genotypes, TETRA-SL layer hybrid (TSL) - commercial layer hybrid and Hungarian Partridge colored hen breed (HPC) - a native genotype, were randomly distributed into four treatments for each genotype. The treatment groups include the following: 1) control non-injected eggs (NoIn); 2) saline-injected (SaIn); 3) DL-Met injected (DLM); and 4) L-Met injected (LM). The in ovo injection was carried out on 17.5 d of embryonic development; after hatching, eight chicks per group were sacrificed, and the jejunum was extracted for analysis. The results showed that both DLM and LM groups had enhanced intestinal development as evidenced by increased villus width, villus height, and villus area (P < 0.05) compared to the control. The DLM group had significantly reduced crypt depth, glutathione content (GSH), glutathione S-transferase 3 alpha (GST3), occludin (OCLN) gene expression and increased villus height to crypt depth ratio in the TSL genotype than the LM group (P < 0.05). The HPC genotype has overexpressed insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene, tricellulin (MD2), occludin (OCLN), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and GST3 genes than the TSL genotype (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these findings showed that in ovo injection of Met enhanced intestinal development, and function, with genotypes responding differently under normal conditions. Genotypes also influenced the expression of intestinal antioxidants, tight junction, and growth-related genes.
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In the broiler industry, the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio are extremely favorable, but the birds are beginning to approach the maximum of their genetic capacity. However, as a consequence of strong genetic selection, the occurrence of certain metabolic diseases, such as myopathies, ascites, sudden cardiac death and tibial dyschondroplasia, is increasing. These metabolic diseases can greatly affect the health status and welfare of birds, as well as the quality of meat. The main goal of this study was to investigate the changes in the main parameters of redox homeostasis during the rearing (1-42 days of age) of broilers with high genetic capacity, such as the concentrations of malondialdehyde, vitamin C, vitamin E, and reduced glutathione, the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, and the inhibition rate of superoxide dismutase. Damage to the transsulfuration pathway during growth and the reason for changes in the level of homocysteine were investigated. Further, the parameters that can characterize the biochemical changes occurring in the birds were examined. Our study is the first characterize plasma albumin saturation. A method was developed to measure the levels of other small molecule thiol components of plasma. Changes in redox homeostasis induce increases in the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha and inflammatory interleukins interleukin 2, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 in broilers reared according to current large-scale husbandry technology and feeding protocols. A significant difference in all parameters tested was observed on the 21st day. The concentrations of cytokines and homocysteine increased, while the concentrations of glutathione and cysteine in the plasma decreased. Our findings suggest that observed changes in the abovementioned biochemical indices have a negative effect on poultry health.
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Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Fenómenos Fisiológicos , Animales , Pollos , Homeostasis , Oxidación-Reducción , GlutatiónRESUMEN
Haemonchus contortus is a parasitic nematode of small ruminants responsible for significant economic losses and animal health concerns globally. Detection of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in veterinary practice typically relies on microscopy-based methods such as the faecal egg count and morphological identification of larval culture. However, mixed co-infections are common and species-specific identification is typically time-consuming and expertise-intensive. Compounded by increasing anthelmintic resistance, there is an urgent need to implement the molecular diagnosis of GIN in the livestock industry, preferably in field settings. Advances in isothermal amplification techniques including recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assays could improve this. Yet, constraints in RPA kit availability and amplicon detection systems limit the use of this technology in point of care settings. In this study, we present an early-stage, proof-of-concept demonstration of RPA targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region of H. contortus. Having tested against eight closely related nematodes and also against five farm isolates in Eastern Hungary, preliminary results derived from a comparative analysis of 3 primer sets showed the assay detects H. contortus DNA and has a limit of detection of 10-5 ng/µl. We also tested an end-result naked eye detection system using various DNA binding dyes, of which EvaGreen® dye was successful for a qualitative RPA detection that could be adaptable at farm sites.
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Hemoncosis , Haemonchus , Animales , Haemonchus/genética , Hungría , Recombinasas , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Hemoncosis/parasitología , RumiantesRESUMEN
Due to the legislation of antibiotic usage, natural substances are required for application in the poultry industry. Because of their potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, carotenoids are great sources. Capsanthin, a major carotenoid giving the red color of pepper, is a promising feed additive, as it can reduce chronic inflammation. This study was conducted to determine the effects of capsanthin supplementation at 80â¯mgâ¯kg-1 in feed on the immune response of broiler chickens under Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Ross 308 male broilers were divided into treatments: control (basal diet) and feed-supplemented groups. At 42â¯d of age, chickens were weighed and then challenged with 1â¯mg LPS per kilogram of body weight intraperitoneally. Four hours after injection, birds were euthanized, and then spleen and blood samples were collected. Capsanthin supplement at 80â¯mgâ¯kg-1 did not change the growth parameters and the relative spleen weight. LPS immunization resulted in higher splenic interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA expressions. Capsanthin addition reached lower gene expression levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ compared to the LPS-injected birds. At plasma level, dietary capsanthin resulted in lower IL-1ß and IL-6 levels. These results may indicate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of capsanthin supplementation in broiler chickens.
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic and multifunctional neuropeptide; it takes part in the regulation of various physiological processes, such as feeding, reproduction, catecholamine synthesis, thermoregulation, motor activity, brain development and neuronal survival. Since PACAP plays important regulatory roles, we hypothesized that the level of PACAP in blood is associated with expression of other proteins, which are involved in different metabolic pathways. The objective of the present study was to compare plasma protein profiles of cows with high and low plasma PACAP levels. Differential proteome analyses were performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) followed by tryptic digestion and protein identification by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A total of 210 protein spots were detected, and 16 protein spots showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the expression levels between groups. Ten spots showed a higher intensity in the high-PACAP-concentration group, while six spots were more abundant in the low-PACAP-concentration group. The functions of the differentially expressed proteins indicate that the PACAP level of plasma is related to the lipid metabolism and immune status of cattle.
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In this study, we present an optimised colourimetric and a lateral flow LAMP assay for the detection of Haemonchus contortus in small ruminant faecal samples. Using a previously published LAMP primer set, we made use of commercially available colourimetric LAMP and lateral flow kits and combined this into an optimised diagnostic assay which was then tested on field faecal samples from Eastern and South-Eastern Hungary as well as a pure H. contortus egg faecal sample from Kosice, Slovakia. Both assays showed no conflicts in visual detection of the results. Additionally, we modified and tested several centrifuge-free DNA extraction methods and one bead-beating egg lysis DNA extraction method to develop a true point of care protocol, as the source of the starting DNA is the main rate-limiting step in farm-level molecular diagnosis. Out of the various methods trialed, promising results were obtained with the magnetic bead extraction method. Sample solutions from the Fill-FLOTAC® technique were also utilised, which demonstrated that it could be efficiently adapted for field-level egg concentration to extract DNA. This proof of concept study showed that isothermal amplification technologies with a colourimetric detection or when combined with a lateral flow assay could be an important step for a true point of care molecular diagnostic assay for H. contortus.
TITLE: Dosage LAMP colorimétrique et à flux latéral pour la détection au point d'intervention d'Haemonchus contortus dans les échantillons de selles de ruminants. ABSTRACT: Dans cette étude, nous présentons un test colorimétrique optimisé et un test LAMP à flux latéral pour la détection d'Haemonchus contortus dans des échantillons de selles de petits ruminants. À l'aide d'un ensemble d'amorces LAMP publié précédemment, nous avons utilisé des kits colorimétriques LAMP à flux latéral disponibles dans le commerce et les avons combinés dans un test de diagnostic optimisé qui a ensuite été testé sur des échantillons de matières fécales de terrain provenant de l'est et du sud-est de la Hongrie ainsi que d'un échantillon d'Åufs de H. contortus provenant de selles de Kosice, Slovaquie. Les deux tests n'ont montré aucun conflit dans la détection visuelle des résultats. De plus, nous avons modifié et testé plusieurs méthodes d'extraction d'ADN sans centrifugation et une méthode d'extraction de l'ADN des Åufs par lyse par billes pour développer un véritable protocole de point d'intervention, car la source d'ADN de départ est la principale étape limitante du diagnostic moléculaire au niveau de la ferme. Parmi les différentes méthodes testées, des résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus avec la méthode d'extraction par billes magnétiques. Des solutions d'échantillons de la technique Fill-FLOTAC® ont également été utilisées, ce qui a démontré qu'elle pouvait être efficacement adaptée à la concentration d'Åufs sur le terrain pour extraire l'ADN. Cette étude de preuve de concept a montré que les technologies d'amplification isotherme avec une détection colorimétrique ou lorsqu'elles sont combinées avec un test de flux latéral pourraient être une étape importante pour un véritable test de diagnostic moléculaire au point d'intervention pour H. contortus.
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Hemoncosis , Haemonchus , Animales , Colorimetría , Heces , Hemoncosis/diagnóstico , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Haemonchus/genética , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico , Sistemas de Atención de Punto , RumiantesRESUMEN
In pig nutrition, there are some periods when natural alternatives to antibiotics are more required, such as during suckling and weaning. Fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) are a group of prebiotics applied as feed ingredients in animal nutrition since their positive effects on growth performance, immunological parameters, intestinal microbiota, and gut morphology are reported. Accordingly, FOS may be candidate molecules to improve the mentioned properties in pigs. Previous studies defined FOS as inhibiting the activity of pathogens and increasing the colonization of beneficial bacteria in the gut, although metabolites of FOS decreased the intestinal pH value. Beneficial effects on digestive-enzyme activities and on protein digestion were determined in some studies. All of the three types of FOS (inulin, oligomeric fructans, and short-chain FOSs) promoted the microbial composition of the gut by increasing the colonizations of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Prevotella genus. FOS also affected the immune response directly and indirectly and increased vaccine-specific IgA, serum IgG, and IgE levels. Moreover, FOS enhanced the activation of T cells and altered the secretions of some cytokines. Levels of vaccine-specific IgG could not be increased after FOS supplements. In most cases, FOS modified intestinal morphological parameters, such as longer villi, villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio, and thicker mucosa, which could suggest better absorptive functions. Results are contradictory on growth performance, which might be influenced by the chemical structure, the duration, and the dose of FOS, so further studies are required. This review aims to gather information regarding immunological, antimicrobial, intestine morphological, and growth performance properties of fructooligosaccharides in pigs.
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The primary purpose of this research was to examine the bacteriological properties of raw ovine milk produced by Merino, Tsigai, Dorper, Lacaune, and British Milk Sheep flocks on four sheep farms located in the eastern part of Hungary. In addition to individual raw milk (IRM) and bulk tank milk (BTM) samples, the udder surface (US) of ewes was also tested for bacteriological quality. A total of 77 US, 77 IRM, and 10 BTM samples were collected in the early morning during regular milking sessions. The samples, kept cooled at temperatures below 4 °C, were delivered to the microbiological laboratory and were examined immediately. The relatively low numbers of bacteria in both US and IRM samples reflected good housing conditions of ewes kept on the four farms studied. However, BTM samples had up to 3.5-4.0 log10 CFU/mL higher mean bacterial counts than their IRM counterparts, and the mean levels of bacteria in BTM on two farms even exceeded the regulatory limit of 6.18 log10 CFU/mL. Further studies need to be performed to clarify this issue.
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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of carotenoid, oligosaccharide and anthocyanin supplementation in broiler diets under Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Ross 308 chickens were fed 5 diets: basal diet (control diet), diet supplemented with ß-glucan in 0.05% (positive control) and diets with 0.5% carotenoid-, oligosaccharide- or anthocyanin contents. On the 26th days of age, chickens were challenged intraperitoneally 2 mg LPS per kg of body weight. 12 h after injection, birds were euthanized, then spleen and ileum samples were collected. LPS induced increased relative mRNA expression of splenic (p = 0.0445) and ileal (p = 0.0435) interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), which was lower in the spleen in carotenoid (p = 0.0114), oligosaccharide (p = 0.0497) and anthocyanin (p = 0.0303)-treated chickens compared to LPS-injected control birds. Dietary supplementation of carotenoids also decreased relative gene expression of splenic interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p = 0.0325). In the ileum, ß-glucan supplementation showed lower relative mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5) (p = 0.0387) compared to anthocyanin treatment. Gene expression of both splenic and ileal interferon-α (IFN-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and toll-like receptor 5 (TLR-5) were not influenced by dietary supplements. In conclusion, carotenoids, oligosaccharides and anthocyanins could partially mitigate the immune stress caused by LPS challenge. All of the compounds impacted longer villus height (p < 0.0001), villus height:crypt depth ratios were higher after ß-glucan (p < 0.0001) and anthocyanin (p = 0.0063) supplementations and thickened mucosa was observed in ß-glucan (p < 0.0001), oligosaccharide (p < 0.0001) and anthocyanin (p = 0.048) treatments. All of these findings could represent a more effective absorption of nutrients.
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Chronic stress is often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms, which might be due to stress-induced shift of gut microbiome to pathogenic bacteria. It has been hypothesized that stress alters gut permeability and results in mild endotoxemia which exaggerates HPA activity and contributes to anxiety and depression. To reveal the relationship between microbiome composition, stress-induced gastrointestinal functions and behavior, we treated chronically stressed mice with non-absorbable antibiotic, rifaximin. The "two hits" stress paradigm was used, where newborn mice were separated from their mothers for 3 h daily as early life adversity (maternal separation, MS) and exposed to 4 weeks chronic variable stress (CVS) as adults. 16S rRNA based analysis of gut microbiome revealed increases of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and more specifically, Clostridium species in chronically stressed animals. In mice exposed to MS + CVS, we found extenuation of colonic mucosa, increased bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph node, elevation of plasma LPS levels and infiltration of F4/80 positive macrophages into the colon lamina propria. Chronically stressed mice displayed behavioral signs of anxiety-like behavior and neophobia. Rifaximin treatment decreased Clostridium concentration, gut permeability and LPS plasma concentration and increased colonic expression of tight junction proteins (TJP1, TJP2) and occludin. However, these beneficial effects of rifaximin in chronically stressed mice was not accompanied by positive changes in behavior. Our results suggest that non-absorbable antibiotic treatment alleviates stress-induced local pathologies, however, does not affect stress-induced behavior.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiota , Rifaximina , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/microbiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Privación Materna , Ratones , Permeabilidad/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Rifaximina/farmacología , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity. We studied if administration of broth with beef meat enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids influenced glucose-stimulated insulin release in healthy male volunteers. Broth was made either from cattles undergone dietary supplementation with lightly bruised whole linseed in addition to feeding ad libitum on grass silage (test meal) or from those fed grass silage alone (control meal). Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed in patients after a 6-day period of eating 300 ml broth containing 100 g meat once a day in addition to their otherwise normal mixed nourishment. During OGTT, blood samples were taken for blood glucose level and plasma insulin immunoreactivity before and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after the glucose load. Glucose-stimulated maximum increase in plasma insulin immunoreactivity was 42 ± 6.6 and 81 ± 7.4 mU/ml (p < 0.05) after the test and the control meals, respectively. However, both fasting and postload blood glucose levels were the same after either meal period. The results suggest an insulin-sensitizing effect of food produced from beef cattle maintained on linseed diet in healthy human volunteers.
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Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/farmacología , Lino , Glucosa/farmacología , Secreción de Insulina/efectos de los fármacos , Carne/análisis , Ensilaje , Adulto , Glucemia/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/aislamiento & purificación , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The small intestine is the longest part of the chicken (Gallus gallus) gastrointestinal system that is specialized for nutrient absorption. It is known that decrease in intestinal villi area or height in early age can cause a reduction in essential nutrient intake, which may lead to delayed growth and consequently poorer performance of broiler chickens. The small intestinal absorptive surface is known to be affected by various factors, among others things the nutritional state. In our experiment, we aimed to investigate the possible protein expression alterations that lie behind the villus area and height decrease caused by feed deprivation. A total of 24 chickens were divided into three groups, namely ad libitum fed, fasted for 24 h, fasted for 24 h then refed for 2 h. The morphometric parameters were also measured in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum tissue sections using image analysis. Differential proteome analyses from jejunum samples were performed using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis followed by tryptic digestion and protein identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Overall 541 protein spots were detected after 2D. Among them, eleven showed 1.5-fold or higher significant difference in expression and were successfully identified. In response to 24 h fasting, the expression of nine proteins was higher and that of two proteins was lower compared to the ad libitum fed group. The functions of the differentially expressed proteins indicate that the 24 h fasting mainly affects the expression of structural proteins, and proteins involved in lipid transport, general stress response, and intestinal defense.
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We aimed to quantify the gene expression changes of the potent orexigenic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in chicken (Gallus gallus) hypothalamus with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and for the first time determine peptide concentrations with a novel radioimmunoassay (RIA) under different feeding status. Three different experimental conditions, namely ad libitum feeding; fasting for 24 h; fasting for 24 h and then refeeding for 2 h, were applied to study changes of the aforementioned target and its receptor (MCHR4) gene expression under different nutritional status. The relative changes of MCH and MCHR4 were also studied from 7 to 35 days of age. Expression of PMCH and MCHR4 along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was also investigated. We found that expression of both targets was significant in the hypothalamus, while only weak expression was detected along the GIT. Different nutritional states did not affect the PMCH and MCHR4 mRNA levels. However, fasting for 24 h had significantly increased the MCH-like immunoreactivity by 25.65%. Fasting for 24 h and then refeeding for 2 h had further significantly increased the MCH peptide concentration by 32.51%, as compared to the ad libitum state. A decreasing trend with age was observable for both, the PMCH and MCHR4 mRNA levels, and also for the MCH-like immunoreactivity. Correlation analysis did not result in a significant correlation between MCH peptide concentration and abdominal fat mass in ad libitum fed birds. In conclusion, MCH peptide concentration altered in response to 24 h fasting, which indicated that this peptide may take part in feed intake regulation of broiler chickens.