Epidemiología de la enfermedad celíaca pediátrica en dos Áreas Sanitarias de Asturias / EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PEDIATRIC CELIAC DISEASE IN TWO HEALTH AREAS OF ASTURIAS (SPAIN)

Introducción y objetivos. En las últimas décadas se ha descrito un aumento de la incidencia de enfermedad celíaca (EC) y un predominio de formas de presentación menos sintomáticas. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características clínicas de la EC en población pediátrica de dos Áreas Sanitarias de Asturias y estimar su incidencia. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio observacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico de pacientes de las Áreas Sanitarias III (Avilés) y V (Gijón) incluidos en el Registro Español de Pacientes Celíacos pediátricos REPAC2 (2011-2017). Se recogieron datos demográficos, síntomas, somatometría y pruebas diagnósticas. Se utilizaron criterios ESPGHAN 2020 para el estudio descriptivo y el cálculo de la incidencia, y criterios ESPGHAN 2012 para el análisis comparativo con el resto de España. Resultados. Se incluyen 99 casos (50,5% niñas): 72 del Área V y 27 del Área III. Mediana de edad: 3,1 años (P25-P75: 1,6-7,7). La forma de presentación más frecuente fue la EC clásica (76,8%), con un 2,0% de asintomáticos. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron la pérdida/estancamiento de peso (55,7%) y la diarrea (49,5%). Respecto al resto de España (4.681 casos), en Asturias (82 casos) se registró una menor frecuencia de asintomáticos (2,4% vs. 9,8%, p=0,026) y de realización de biopsias (28% vs. 62,1%, p<0,001). La tasa de incidencia de EC basada en diagnósticos hospitalarios fue de 32,1 (IC95%: 26,1-39,1) por 100.000 personas/año. Conclusiones. Se identifican diferencias geográficas en la presentación y diagnóstico de EC, y una mayor incidencia respecto a estudios previos. (AU)

Introduction and aims. Over the last few decades, it has been reported an increase in the incidence of celiac disease (CD) and a predominance of less symptomatic clinical presentations. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of CD in the paediatric population of two Health Areas of Asturias and to estimate its incidence. Patients and methods. Observational, prospective, multicentre study of patients from Health Areas III (Avilés) and V (Gijón) included in the Spanish Registry of Paediatric Celiac Patients REPAC2 (2011-2017). Demographic data, symptoms, somatometry and diagnostic tests were collected. The incidence rate was calculated using the municipal register. ESPGHAN 2020 diagnostic criteria were used for the descriptive study and incidence calculation, and ESPGHAN 2012 criteria were used for the comparative analysis with the rest of Spain. Results. 99 patients (50.5% girls) were included: 72 from Area V and 27 from Area III. Median age: 3.1 years (P25-P75: 1.6-7.7). The most frequent clinical presentation was classic CD (76.8%), whereas 2.0% were asymptomatic. The most frequent symptoms were failure to thrive (55.7%) and diarrhoea (49.5%). Compared with the rest of Spain (4681 patients), Asturias (82 patients) had fewer asymptomatic patients (2.4% vs. 9.8%, p=0.026) and fewer biopsies performed (28% vs. 62.1%, p<0.001). The incidence rate of CD based on hospital diagnoses according to ESPGHAN 2020 criteria was 32.1 (95%CI: 26.1-39.1) per 100,000 person-years. Conclusions. Geographic differences were identified in the presentation and diagnosis of CD, with a higher incidence compared to previous studies. (AU)

Influence of nutrition education in paediatric coeliac disease: impact of the role of the registered dietitian: a prospective, single-arm intervention study.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of coeliac disease (CD) involves a change in the diet of the individual, which may influence their quality of life and nutritional status. The present study aimed to determine whether nutrition education by a registered dietitian is able to improve eating habits and body composition in children with CD. METHODS: Dietary, physical activity and body composition changes were analysed, comparing baseline assessments with those 1 year after receiving education on healthy eating. At both time points, a 3-day dietary survey, a food frequency consumption questionnaire, an adherence to the Mediterranean diet test (Kidmed), duration of activity and an electrical bioimpedance study were conducted. Student's paired t-test and the McNemar test were also employed. RESULTS: Seventy-two subjects (42 girls) with an mean (range) age of 10 (2-16) years were included. Before the intervention, an unbalanced diet was observed, rich in protein and fat, and deficient in complex carbohydrates. Only 14% consumed an adequate Mediterranean diet. After nutrition intervention, a significant increase in the consumption of plant-based foods and a concomitant decrease in meat, dairy and processed food intake (P < 0.001) were observed. Moreover, 92% of the patients (P < 0.001) managed to consume an adequate Mediterranean diet. Similarly, an increase was observed in the duration of physical activity undertaken [mean (SD) 1.02 (1.79) h, P < 0.001] and improvements in body composition were recorded, with a 17% decrease in fat mass percentage (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition intervention focused on healthy eating is effective with respect to improving the nutritional status and diet quality in CD patients.

[The introduction of gluten into the infant diet. Expert group recommendations]. / La introducción del gluten en la dieta del lactante. Recomendaciones de un grupo de expertos.

At present there is a degree of uncertainty regarding when, how and in what form gluten should be introduced into the infant diet. For years the recommendations of the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition have prevailed, which include avoiding early introduction, before 4 months, and late, after 7 months, and gradually introducing gluten into the diet while the infant is being breastfed, with the aim of reducing the risk of celiac disease, diabetes and gluten allergy. However, 2 independent studies published in The New England Journal of Medicine in October 2014 reached the conclusion that the age of introduction of gluten does not modify the risk of developing celiac disease, and that breastfeeding at any age does not confer protection against celiac disease development. On the other hand, according to available scientific evidence, the introduction of foods other than breast milk or formula into the infants diet is generally recommended around 6 months of age, since the introduction before 4 months could be associated with an increased risk of food allergy and autoimmune diseases, and delaying it beyond 7 months would not have a protective effect. In this context, a group of experts has considered it appropriate to produce a consensus document based on the current scientific evidence and present general recommendations for daily clinical practice on the introduction of gluten into the diet.

[Use of sugars and sweeteners in children's diets. Recommendations of the Nutrition Committee of the Spanish Paediatric Association]. / Uso de azúcares y edulcorantes en la alimentación del niño. Recomendaciones del Comité de Nutrición de la Asociación Española de Pediatría.

The term «sweetener¼ refers to a food additive that imparts a sweet flavour and usually provides no or very low energy. It is used to sweeten foods, medicines and food supplements with no nutritional purposes. For years, no-calorie sweeteners have been used as substitutes for all or part of the sugar content in foods and beverages. In recent decades its consumption has risen to prevent tooth decay, or as an aid in weight control, obesity and diabetes and, in general, to achieve an optimal energy balance. However, consumption of sugary or sweetened food and soft drinks is high, making this situation of special interest in calorie intake and in the poor behavioural pattern of eating habits in children. In addition, questions remain among consumers about the risks to health associated with their use, whether they are artificial or natural. The «artificial sweeteners¼ are the group of greatest interest in research in order to demonstrate their safety and to provide firm data on their possible therapeutic effects. The aim of the present document is to increase information for paediatricians on the characteristics of different sweeteners, and to advise on the choice of sweeteners, based on their properties.

[Expert consensus on the nutritional aspects of initial and follow-on infant formulas]. / Consenso experto sobre los aspectos nutricionales de las leches infantiles de inicio y continuación.

INTRODUCTION: Infant feeding in the first months/years of life affects the health in the short and long term. Breastfeeding is the perfect food due to its many benefits. However, when breastfeeding is not possible, infant formulas are the best alternative. The aim of this study is to define the role of the supplemented formulas in infant nutrition using the opinion of a panel of experts in infant gastroenterology and nutrition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey, using 62 items, stratified into 5 blocks, was performed by 48 panelists using the Delphi method to achieve a professional criteria consensus on nutritional aspects of infant formulas. RESULTS: A consensus was reached in 64.6% of the items, with a non-unified agreement being established as regards the nutritional aspects of infant formulas, and their influence in body and brain development and immune maturity. CONCLUSIONS: According to the experts surveyed, there is consensus as regards the suitable composition of lipids, lactose, calcium, vitamin D, and prebiotics in infant formulas, for a correct cerebral, immune and somatic development. There was no consensus on the not yet well-defined subjects, such as nutritional quality of proteins, use of thickeners, taurine supplementation, probiotic, and symbiotic aspects. More studies are necessary to confirm these subjects.

[Effectiveness of a school-based program to prevent obesity]. / Efectividad de una intervención escolar contra la obesidad.

INTRODUCTION: Intervention for childhood obesity is a public health priority. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an elementary school-based intervention against obesity in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Non-randomised controlled trial was conducted on children from first to fifth grade from two public schools of Avilés (Spain). The intervention lasted for 2 school years comprising healthy diet workshops, educational chats, educational meetings, informative written material, and promotion of physical activities. Primary outcome measure was body mass index z-score. Secondary outcomes included: obesity and overweight prevalence, waist circumference, dietary habits, and physical activity. RESULTS: A total of 382 (177 girls, 205 boys) out of 526 pupils of both schools were included in the study. Complete anthropometric data were obtained in 340 of the 382 individuals. Compared to children in control group, those in intervention group decreased body mass index z-score from 1.14 to 1.02 (P=.017), and improved KIDMED score from 7.33 to 7.71 points (P=.045). The percentage of students who carried on an optimal diet increased from 42.6% to 52.3% (P=.021). There were no statistical differences in the prevalence of obesity and overweight, or in waist circumference between the intervention and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: This school-based program resulted in modest beneficial changes in body mass index and diet quality.

Eficacia y seguridad de una pauta rush de inducción de tolerancia oral en pacientes con alergia a proteínas de leche de vaca: evolución clínica e inmunológica / Oral rush desensitization for cow milk allergy: Clinical and immunological follow-up

Introducción: Evaluar la seguridad y la eficacia de la inducción de tolerancia oral mediante pauta rush en pacientes con alergia a proteínas de leche de vaca persistente. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo realizado en 3 hospitales españoles. Se incluyó a niños mayores de 3 años con alergia IgE-mediada a proteínas de leche de vaca, a los que se administraron dosis crecientes de leche durante 5 días, desde 1 cc al 1% hasta 200 cc de leche pura en régimen de hospital de día. Las reacciones adversas a la administración de leche fueron registradas y se trataron atendiendo a la clasificación de Clark. Se realizó seguimiento clínico durante 2 años. Se determinaron los niveles de IgE específica basales y a los 6, 12 y 24 meses. Resultados: Se incluyó a 18 niños (13 varones) entre 3 y 14 años (media 5,96). De 271 dosis administradas, 55 presentaron algún tipo de reacción. Un 84% de las mismas fueron leves. Al finalizar el protocolo, el 100% presentaba algún grado de tolerancia (39% total). Tras 2 años, el 72% de los pacientes realizaba una dieta sin restricción de productos lácteos. Dos pacientes presentaron pérdida de la tolerancia alcanzada. Se observó un descenso significativo de los niveles de IgE específica a leche de vaca y α-lactoalbúmina a los 24 meses, y de caseína a los 6, 12 y 24 meses respecto de los niveles basales. Conclusiones: La desensibilización mediante pauta rush es una opción terapéutica eficaz y segura a medio plazo para pacientes con alergia persistente a proteínas de leche de vaca (AU)

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral rush desensitization in children with cow milk allergy. Material and methods: Prospective study. We included IgE-mediated cow milk allergy children over 3 years in 3 Spanish hospitals. Increasing doses of cow milk for 5 days from 1 cc of 1% to 200cc of pure milk were administered. Clinical follow-up was conducted and we compared specific IgE levels at onset, 6, 12 and 24 months after desensitization. Results: We included 18 children (13 males) between 3 and 14 years (mean 5.96). A total of271 doses were administered; there were 55 adverse reactions (84% mild). At the end of the protocol, 100% showed some degree of tolerance (39% total). Full tolerance was achieved in 72%of patients after two years. Two children failed to achieve tolerance. There was a significant decrease in the levels of specific IgE to cow milk and alpha-lactalbumin at 24 months, and to casein at 6, 12 and 24 months, compared to baseline. Conclusions: Oral rush desensitization is a safe and effective therapeutic option for patients with persistent cow milk allergy to medium term (AU)

[Oral rush desensitization for cow milk allergy: Clinical and immunological follow-up]. / Eficacia y seguridad de una pauta rush de inducción de tolerancia oral en pacientes con alergia a proteínas de leche de vaca: evolución clínica e inmunológica.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral rush desensitization in children with cow milk allergy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study. We included IgE-mediated cow milk allergy children over 3 years in 3 Spanish hospitals. Increasing doses of cow milk for 5 days from 1 cc of 1% to 200 cc of pure milk were administered. Clinical follow-up was conducted and we compared specific IgE levels at onset, 6, 12 and 24 months after desensitization. RESULTS: We included 18 children (13 males) between 3 and 14 years (mean 5.96). A total of 271 doses were administered; there were 55 adverse reactions (84% mild). At the end of the protocol, 100% showed some degree of tolerance (39% total). Full tolerance was achieved in 72% of patients after two years. Two children failed to achieve tolerance. There was a significant decrease in the levels of specific IgE to cow milk and alpha-lactalbumin at 24 months, and to casein at 6, 12 and 24 months, compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Oral rush desensitization is a safe and effective therapeutic option for patients with persistent cow milk allergy to medium term.

Resistencia insulínica en pacientes pediátricos con fibrosis quística y sobrepeso / Insulin resistance in overweight cystic fibrosis paediatric patients

Introducción y objetivos: Conocer la prevalencia de sobrepeso en pacientes pediátricos con fibrosis quística (FQ) y su importancia como factor de resistencia insulínica diabetogénica y riesgo de hipertrigliceridemia. Material y métodos: Ciento nueve pacientes con FQ (47% varones) de 5-18 años se calificaron por su índice de masa corporal (IMC): desnutridos, normales o con sobrepeso. Se determinaron colesterol, triglicéridos y proteína C reactiva (PCR), glucohemoglobina y los índices HOMA-IR y QUICKI y en la sobrecarga oral de glucosa (SOG) su índice insulinogénico e ISI composite y áreas bajo la curva (ABC) de glucosa e insulina. Resultados: Seis pacientes (5,5%) tenían sobrepeso. Su edad, distribución sexual y base genética son similares al resto; aunque la proporción de suficientes pancreáticos (3/6; 50%) es superior (p=0,003). Los trastornos glucídicos no son más frecuentes que en el resto; pero la insulina basal, HOMA-IR, y la insulina durante la SOG (pico máximo y ABC) identifican su hiperinsulinismo, diferenciándolos de los otros dos grupos. Todos los pacientes muestran en la SOG respuesta insulínica tardía, sin diferencias en los índices derivados. Conclusiones: Entre los pacientes FQ con sobrepeso no hay mayor incidencia de trastornos glucídicos pero sí de hiperinsulinismo y resistencia insulínica, con el consiguiente riesgo añadido a la tendencia diabetogénica inherente a estos pacientes(AU)

Aim: To determine the prevalence of overweight in paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and to analyse its role as diabetogenic insulin resistance factor and risk of hypertriglyceridaemia. Patients and methods: A total of 109 CF patients (47% males) between 5 and 18 years were divided into 3 groups according to body mass index (BMI): underweight, normal and overweight. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, C- reactive protein (CRP), glycosylated haemoglobin, HOMA-IR and QUICKI index were determined. Insulinogenic index, ISI composite and areas under the curve (AUC) for glucose and insulin were obtained by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Results: Six patients (5.5%) were overweight. All groups had similar distribution by age, sex and CFTR mutation, although the proportion of pancreatic sufficient (3/6, 50%) was higher in overweight patients (P=.003). The prevalence of glycaemic disorders was similar between groups. Baseline insulin, HOMA-IR, and insulin during the OGTT (peak and AUC) were higher in overweight patients. All patients had a delayed insulin response in OGTT. Conclusions: Overweight CF patients do not have a higher incidence of glycaemic disorders, but their hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance may be additional diabetogenic risk factors(AU)

[Insulin resistance in overweight cystic fibrosis paediatric patients]. / Resistencia insulínica en pacientes pediátricos con fibrosis quística y sobrepeso.

AIM: To determine the prevalence of overweight in paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and to analyse its role as diabetogenic insulin resistance factor and risk of hypertriglyceridaemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 109 CF patients (47% males) between 5 and 18 years were divided into 3 groups according to body mass index (BMI): underweight, normal and overweight. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, C- reactive protein (CRP), glycosylated haemoglobin, HOMA-IR and QUICKI index were determined. Insulinogenic index, ISI composite and areas under the curve (AUC) for glucose and insulin were obtained by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). RESULTS: Six patients (5.5%) were overweight. All groups had similar distribution by age, sex and CFTR mutation, although the proportion of pancreatic sufficient (3/6, 50%) was higher in overweight patients (P=.003). The prevalence of glycaemic disorders was similar between groups. Baseline insulin, HOMA-IR, and insulin during the OGTT (peak and AUC) were higher in overweight patients. All patients had a delayed insulin response in OGTT. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight CF patients do not have a higher incidence of glycaemic disorders, but their hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance may be additional diabetogenic risk factors.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos y emergentes en escolares asturianos / Classic and emergent cardiovascular risk factors in schoolchildren in Asturias

Introducción: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos son detectables en la infancia. La proteína C reactiva ultrasensible, la leptina y la adiponectina constituyen los factores de riesgo cardiovascular inflamatorio más importantes. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo. Se seleccionó a alumnos de entre 6 y 12 años de dos colegios de la ciudad de Avilés. Se determinaron datos somatométricos y de prevalencia de obesidad y sobrepeso. Asimismo, se determinaron la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica y la presencia de síndrome metabólico. El nivel de ingresos familiares, los hábitos alimentarios y de estilo de vida se calcularon mediante las encuestas GRAFFAR, KIDMED y Self Report Instrument of Measuring Physical Activity, respectivamente. Analíticamente se determinaron el perfil lipídico, de insulinorresistencia, hepático, proteína C reactiva ultrasensible, leptina y adiponectina. Resultados: Se incluyó a 459 alumnos. El 31% presentaba sobrepeso y un 10,9% obesidad. Los individuos obesos presentaron valores más elevados de peso, índice de masa corporal, perímetro abdominal, presión arterial, proteína C reactiva ultrasensible y leptina, y más bajos de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad y apolipoproteína A que los no obesos. No se observaron diferencias en las actividades físicas y sedentarias; por el contrario, los obesos siguieron una dieta de peor calidad que los no obesos. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de obesidad y sobrepeso está alcanzando valores preocupantes en escolares. La obesidad se asocia de forma consistente a otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos y emergentes. Los escolares obesos presentan peor calidad en su alimentación aunque no realizan menos actividades físicas ni más actividades sedentarias que sus compañeros no obesos (AU)

Introduction: Classic cardiovascular risk factors are present in infancy. C-reactive protein, leptin and adiponect in are the most important inflammatory cardiovascular risk markers. Patients and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study, including children aged 6-12 years old from two local primary schools in the city of Avilés. Body measurements were made to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured and the presence of metabolic syndrome was determined. Family income, dietary, and life-style habits were collected using the questionnaires GRAFFAR, KIDMED and Self-report instruments for measuring physical activity, respectively. Blood analysis included lipid profile, insulin resistance profile, liver profile, C-reactive protein, leptin and adiponectin. Results: A total of 459 schoolchildren were included of whom 31% were overweight and 10.9%were obese. Obese children were heavier with higher levels of body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, C- reactive protein, leptin, and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A than non-obese children. No differences were found in physical and sedentary activities, but obese children had a worse quality diet than non-obese children. Conclusions: Prevalence of obesity and overweight is reaching worrying levels in school age children. Obesity is associated with other classic and inflammatory cardiovascular risk factors. Obese children have a worse quality diet, although they do not do any less physical activities or any more sedentary than non-obese children (AU)

[Classic and emergent cardiovascular risk factors in schoolchildren in Asturias]. / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos y emergentes en escolares asturianos.

INTRODUCTION: Classic cardiovascular risk factors are present in infancy. C-reactive protein, leptin and adiponectin are the most important inflammatory cardiovascular risk markers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study, including children aged 6-12 years old from two local primary schools in the city of Avilés. Body measurements were made to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured and the presence of metabolic syndrome was determined. Family income, dietary, and life-style habits were collected using the questionnaires GRAFFAR, KIDMED and Self-report instruments for measuring physical activity, respectively. Blood analysis included lipid profile, insulin resistance profile, liver profile, C-reactive protein, leptin and adiponectin. RESULTS: A total of 459 schoolchildren were included of whom 31% were overweight and 10.9% were obese. Obese children were heavier with higher levels of body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, C- reactive protein, leptin, and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A than non-obese children. No differences were found in physical and sedentary activities, but obese children had a worse quality diet than non-obese children. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of obesity and overweight is reaching worrying levels in school age children. Obesity is associated with other classic and inflammatory cardiovascular risk factors. Obese children have a worse quality diet, although they do not do any less physical activities or any more sedentary than non-obese children.

Patología gastrointestinal en niños con parálisis cerebral infantil y otras discapacidades neurológicas / Gastrointestinal disorders in children with cerebral palsy and neurodevelopmental disabilities

A pesar de los constantes avances en la medicina perinatal, la prevalencia de los niños con parálisis cerebral infantil no ha disminuido en los últimos 20 años. La patología gastrointestinal constituye uno de los principales problemas de estos y otros pacientes con discapacidades neurológicas. El manejo multidisciplinar de estos pacientes, por parte de neurólogos, gastroenterólogos, enfermeras, dietistas y otros especialistas, contribuye a una mejora sustancial de su calidad de vida y la de sus cuidadores. En este artículo discutiremos sobre los métodos diagnósticos y las opciones terapéuticas disponibles para los principales problemas nutricionales y gastrointestinales en los pacientes con discapacidades neurológicas: el reflujo gastroesofágico, el estreñimiento y los trastornos de la deglución (AU)

Recent data suggest that, contrary to initial expectations with improvements in perinatal medicine, the prevalence of cerebral palsy has not decreased over the last 20 years. Gastrointestinal disorders are a major chronic problem in most of children with cerebral palsy and in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. A multidisciplinary approach, with input from neurologists, gastroenterologists, nurses, dieticians and other specialists, can make a major contribution to the medical wellbeing and quality of life of these children and their caregivers. This article focuses on diagnostic methods and therapeutic options available for major nutritional and gastrointestinal problems in patients with neurological disabilities: gastroesophageal reflux, constipation and swallowing disorders (AU)

[Gastrointestinal disorders in children with cerebral palsy and neurodevelopmental disabilities]. / Patología gastrointestinal en niños con parálisis cerebral infantil y otras discapacidades neurológicas.

Recent data suggest that, contrary to initial expectations with improvements in perinatal medicine, the prevalence of cerebral palsy has not decreased over the last 20 years. Gastrointestinal disorders are a major chronic problem in most of children with cerebral palsy and in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. A multidisciplinary approach, with input from neurologists, gastroenterologists, nurses, dieticians and other specialists, can make a major contribution to the medical wellbeing and quality of life of these children and their caregivers. This article focuses on diagnostic methods and therapeutic options available for major nutritional and gastrointestinal problems in patients with neurological disabilities: gastroesophageal reflux, constipation and swallowing disorders.

Perfil ingestivo salino y presión arterial en la fibrosis quística / Salt intake profile and blood pressure in cystic fibrosis

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial no se ha considerado un problema en el seguimiento de los pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ). Las pérdidas de sodio en estos pacientes condicionan deshidrataciones hiponatrémicas que pueden repercutir en su sensibilidad gustativa a la sal. Objetivo: Estudiar los valores de presión arterial (PA) y analizar el perfil ingestivo salino y su relación con la PA en un grupo de pacientes con FQ. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico con un grupo control: grupo de estudio de 20 sujetos de 4 a 30 años con diagnóstico de FQ y grupo control de 73 sujetos sanos. Realización de examen físico, medición de PA y test específicos para determinar el perfil ingestivo salino. Resultados: Los valores de PA sistólica (PAS) y de PA diastólica (PAD) fueron significativamente menores en el grupo de pacientes con FQ (PAS de 99,63±9,11mmHg frente a 111,94±10,71mmHg, p=0,001; PAD de 57,84±7,40mmHg frente a 70,05±8,11mmHg, p=0,001). Al ajustar estos valores por edad, sexo, peso y talla, las diferencias no mantuvieron significación estadística. Los valores del estudio del perfil ingestivo salino no presentaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. Mientras que el grupo control presentó una correlación negativa entre la PAS y la sensibilidad gustativa a la sal (coeficiente de correlación de Pearson [r] de −0,341; p=0,003), en el grupo de pacientes con FQ esta relación no se confirmó (r de −0,115; p=0,6). Conclusiones: Los valores de PA y los valores de estudio del perfil ingestivo salino de los pacientes con FQ son equivalentes a los valores de la población normal cuando se ajustan sus diferencias por los posibles factores de confusión. No hay correlación entre los valores de PA y la sensibilidad gustativa a la sal en los pacientes con FQ (AU)

Background: High blood pressure (BP) is not considered a problem in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The loss of sodium in these patients may affect their sensitivity to the taste of salt. Objectives: To study the BP in a group of patients with CF and to analyse their salt intake profile and the relationship with their BP levels. Patients and methods: Cross-sectional analytical study with control group. Index group: 20 subjects, 4–30 years old with diagnosis of CF. Control group: 73 healthy subjects. Physical examination, BP measurement and specific tests to determine the salt ingestion profile. Results: Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) values were lower in the CF group. SBP: 99.63±9.11mmHg vs. 111.94±10.71mmHg, P: 0.001. DBP: 57.84±7.40mmHg vs. 70.05±8.11mmHg, P: 0.001. When these values were adjusted for age, sex, weight and height of the participants, differences did not remain statistically significant. Values of the salt intake profile did not differ significantly between the two groups. While the control group showed a significant negative correlation between SBP and salt taste sensitivity (r: −0.341, P=0.003), this correlation was not confirmed in CF patients (r: −0.115 P=0.6). Conclusions: BP values and the salt intake profile values in CF patients are equivalent to the normal population values when their differences are adjusted to the potential confounding factors. There is no correlation between BP levels and salt taste sensitivity in patients with CF (AU)

[Salt intake profile and blood pressure in cystic fibrosis]. / Perfil ingestivo salino y presión arterial en la fibrosis quística.

BACKGROUND: High blood pressure (BP) is not considered a problem in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The loss of sodium in these patients may affect their sensitivity to the taste of salt. OBJECTIVES: To study the BP in a group of patients with CF and to analyse their salt intake profile and the relationship with their BP levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional analytical study with control group. Index group: 20 subjects, 4-30 years old with diagnosis of CF. CONTROL GROUP: 73 healthy subjects. Physical examination, BP measurement and specific tests to determine the salt ingestion profile. RESULTS: Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) values were lower in the CF group. SBP: 99.63+/-9.11mmHg vs. 111.94+/-10.71mmHg, P: 0.001. DBP: 57.84+/-7.40mmHg vs. 70.05+/-8.11mmHg, P: 0.001. When these values were adjusted for age, sex, weight and height of the participants, differences did not remain statistically significant. Values of the salt intake profile did not differ significantly between the two groups. While the control group showed a significant negative correlation between SBP and salt taste sensitivity (r: -0.341, P=0.003), this correlation was not confirmed in CF patients (r: -0.115 P=0.6). CONCLUSIONS: BP values and the salt intake profile values in CF patients are equivalent to the normal population values when their differences are adjusted to the potential confounding factors. There is no correlation between BP levels and salt taste sensitivity in patients with CF.

Obejtividad y subjetividad de la preferencia salina: implicación clínica / Objectivity and subjectivity of saline preference: clinical implications

Introducción: El consumo de sal está relacionado con la etiología de determinadas formas de hipertensión arterial (HTA). La divulgación científica ha trasmitido a la población general la inconveniencia del consumo elevado de sodio. La estimación del consumo de sodio puede hacerse mediante pruebas funcionales, como la EFNa, la recogida de información a través de encuestas y raramente mediante cuantificación directa del contenido sódico de los alimentos. Objetivo: La valoración del impacto de la información sobre consumo de sal declarado y su relación con aspectos objetivos del metabolismo sódico, en familias controles y familias con algún progenitor afecto de HTA esencial. Metodología: Se estudian 124 familias, de ellas 73 actúan como controles y 51 tienen, al menos, uno de los padres afectados de hipertensión arterial esencial (grupo hijos HTA). Se recogen encuestas sobre hábitos alimenticios familiares, y se realizan determinaciones de función renal estimada, excreción fraccionada de sodio (EFNa) y tensión arterial (TA) en los descendientes. Resultados: Globalmente, un 80% de las madres de familia declaran cocinar con 'poca sal' (84% en el grupo control, frente al 74% de hijos HTA, sin que las diferencias alcancen significación estadística). Los valores de EFNa de los descendientes del grupo control son de 0,65±0,03 y de 0,71±0,05 en hijos de HTA (N.S.). Tampoco se hallaron correlaciones significativas entre TAS y TAD con la EFNa, globalmente, ni en el grupo control aisladamente. La EFNa y la TAS del grupo de hijos HTA presentaron una correlación próxima a la significación estadística (P=0,06). La satisfacción gustativa, en una escala analógica de 0 a 10 puntos, para siete alimentos 'salados' (aceitunas, patatas 'chips', etc.) resultó de 5,59±0,16, sin correlación significativa con los valores de EFNa, TAS ni TAD. Un ANOVA reveló la ausencia de influencia de la adición de sal (poca, normal o mucha sal) al cocinar, declarada, sobre la EFNa. Conclusión: Las recomendaciones publicadas y asumidas por la población general sobre el efecto deletéreo de la sal, parecen sesgar la opinión sobre el consumo, detectándose una tendencia a la declaración de consumos pequeños, sin que puedan evidenciarse correlaciones positivas con variables objetivas de relevancia, incluyendo TA y EFNa. Igualmente negativa resultó su su asociación con el gusto por alimentos salados

Salt intake is closed related to the etiology of several types of hypertension. Scientific popularisation has been able to spread to the general population the inconvenience of high sodium intake. Sodium intake estimation can be achieved by means of functional tests, like NaFE, information obtained from questionnaires and rarely by direct quantification of food sodium content. Objective: To evaluate the impact of information on declared salt intake and its relationship with objective aspects about sodium metabolism, in control families and families with at least one parent affected with essential hypertension. Patients and methods: 124 families were included in the study, 73 as control group (C) and 51 with at least one of the parents with essential hypertension (EHT). Questionnaires about familiar eating habits were collected. Estimated renal function, sodium fractional excretion (NaFE) and blood pressure (BP) values were obtained from the descendants. Results. Overall, 80% of the mothers stated to cook with 'little salt' (84% in the C group vs. 74% in the EHT, without significant difference). NaFE values in the control group descendants were 0.65 ±0.03 and 0.71±0.05 in the EHT (NS). Moreover, no significant correlations were found between systolic nor diastolic blood pressure with NaFE, neither globally, nor in the study groups. NaFE and systolic BP in EHT presented correlation values close to the statistical signification (P=0.06). The mean value of the positive taste appreciation for seven 'salty' products (olives, chip potatoes, etc…) was 5.59±0.16, with no significant correlation against NaFE, systolic and diastolic BP. The influence of declared salt addition while cooking (little, normal or much salt), on NaFE was not significant. Conclusion: Published and assumed recommendations followed by the general population about deleterious effect of salt, seem to slant the opinion about intake. Abias towards the declaration of little intakes was detected. We could not found any positive correlation between objective variables, including BP, NaFE and declared (subjective) familial salt consumption

Alteraciones de la sensibilidad gustativa a la sal en hijos de hipertensos esenciales / Alteration of salt gustatory sensitivity in children of essential hypertensive subjects

Introducción. Trabajos experimentales sobre animales y humanos sugieren que el desarrollo de los mecanismos integradores centrales o periféricos sensitivos de la ingesta salina están influidos por la historia hidromineral temprana. Este trabajo estudia en jóvenes sanos el perfil gustativo salino y la presión arterial y su relación con la predisposición o condicionamiento genético por ascendentes hipertensos. Material y método. Cincuenta y un niños y jóvenes sanos con al menos un progenitor afecto de hipertensión esencial y 73 sanos sin dicho antecedente. Se determinaron parámetros somatométricos y presión arterial y se valoraron las capacidades gustativo-sensoriales salinas: sensibilidad (umbral de detección), consistencia (discriminación), preferencia (elección) y tolerancia (rechazo). Resultados. La presión arterial en ambos grupos fue similar. El umbral de sensibilidad gustativa salino fue menor (p = 0,028) en hijos de hipertensos, mientras la consistencia, preferencia y tolerancia no mostraron diferencias en ninguno de los grupos. El umbral de sensibilidad salino y la presión arterial sistólica se correlacionaron significativamente en controles (p = 0,015), pero no en hijos de hipertensos, salvo que se introdujeran edad, sexo e índice de masa corporal como variables de control (coeficiente ß = 0,94; p = 0,012). El sentido de la correlación presentó valores contrarios en ambos grupos. Conclusiones. Ambos grupos de estudio presentaron asociación significativa entre el umbral de sensibilidad gustativa salina y presión arterial sistólica. El umbral de sensibilidad gustativo salino y la consistencia en individuos control presentó correlación positiva (individuos con mayor sensibilidad gustativa salina mostraron mayor capacidad de discriminación). La aplicación de ambas pruebas constituye una herramienta coherente y eficaz para determinar el perfil gustativo y reveló la existencia de cambios tempranos en los hijos de hipertensos

Introduction. Experimental studies on animals and humans suggest that the development of central or peripheral sensitive integrating mechanisms of salt intake are influenced by early hydromineral history. This work studies salt gustatory profile and blood pressure in healthy young subjects and their relationship with genetic predisposition or conditioning by hypertensive ascendants. Material and methods. Fifty one children and healthy young subjects, with at least one parent affected by essential hypertension, and 73 healthy ones without said background. Somatometric parameters and blood pressure were determined and salt gustatory-sensorial capacities were assessed: sensitivity (detection threshold), consistence (discrimination), preference (choice) and tolerance (rejection). Results. Blood pressure in both groups was similar. Salt gustatory sensitivity threshold was lower (p = 0.028) in children of hypertensive subjects while cosistence, preference and tolerance showed no differences in any other the groups. Salt sensitivity threshold and systolic blood pressure were significantly correlated in controls (p = 0.015), but not in children of hypertensive subjects, except when age, gender and body mass index were introduced as control variables (coefficient ß = 0.94; p = 0.012). The sense of the correlation had contrary values in both groups. Conclusions. Both study groups had significant association between the salt gustatory sensitivity threshold and systolic blood pressure. Salt gustatory sensitivity threshold and consistence in control individuals had a positive correlation (individuals with greater salt gustatory sensitivity showed greater discrimination capacity). Application of both tests constitutes a coherent and effective tool to determine gustatory profile and revealed the existence of early changes in children of hypertensive subjects