RESUMEN
RNA polymerase inhibition plays an important role in the regulation of transcription in response to environmental changes and in the virus-host relationship. Here we present the high-resolution structures of two such RNAP-inhibitor complexes that provide the structural bases underlying RNAP inhibition in archaea. The Acidianus two-tailed virus encodes the RIP factor that binds inside the DNA-binding channel of RNAP, inhibiting transcription by occlusion of binding sites for nucleic acid and the transcription initiation factor TFB. Infection with the Sulfolobus Turreted Icosahedral Virus induces the expression of the host factor TFS4, which binds in the RNAP funnel similarly to eukaryotic transcript cleavage factors. However, TFS4 allosterically induces a widening of the DNA-binding channel which disrupts trigger loop and bridge helix motifs. Importantly, the conformational changes induced by TFS4 are closely related to inactivated states of RNAP in other domains of life indicating a deep evolutionary conservation of allosteric RNAP inhibition.
Asunto(s)
ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/antagonistas & inhibidores , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/química , Virus/metabolismo , Regulación Alostérica , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Proteínas Arqueales/metabolismo , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , ADN/metabolismo , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Unión Proteica , Estructura Secundaria de Proteína , Factores de Tiempo , Proteínas Virales/metabolismo , Viroides/metabolismoRESUMEN
SAGA and NuA4 are coactivator complexes required for transcription on chromatin. Although they contain different enzymatic and biochemical activities, both contain the large Tra1 subunit. Recent electron microscopy studies have resolved the complete structure of Tra1 and its integration in SAGA/NuA4, providing important insight into Tra1 function.
Asunto(s)
Histona Acetiltransferasas/fisiología , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/fisiología , Modelos Genéticos , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/fisiología , Histona Acetiltransferasas/química , Histona Acetiltransferasas/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/química , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Transactivadores/metabolismo , Transactivadores/fisiología , Activación TranscripcionalRESUMEN
Coactivator complexes SAGA and NuA4 stimulate transcription by post-translationally modifying chromatin. Both complexes contain the Tra1 subunit, a highly conserved 3744-residue protein from the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family and a direct target for multiple sequence-specific activators. We present the Cryo-EM structure of Saccharomyces cerevsisae Tra1 to 3.7 Å resolution, revealing an extensive network of alpha-helical solenoids organized into a diamond ring conformation and is strikingly reminiscent of DNA-PKcs, suggesting a direct role for Tra1 in DNA repair. The structure was fitted into an existing SAGA EM reconstruction and reveals limited contact surfaces to Tra1, hence it does not act as a molecular scaffold within SAGA. Mutations that affect activator targeting are distributed across the Tra1 structure, but also cluster within the N-terminal Finger region, indicating the presence of an activator interaction site. The structure of Tra1 is a key milestone in deciphering the mechanism of multiple coactivator complexes.