Relação entre os achados audiológicos e de consciência fonológica em um grupo de crianças com fissura labial e/ou palatina / Relationship between audiological and phonological awareness findings in a group of children with cleft lip and / or palate / Relación entre hallazgos audiológicos y conciencia fonológica en un grupo de niños con labio leporino y/o paladar hendido

Introdução: Crianças com perdas auditivas podem apresentar comprometimento na fala e, consequentemente, desvantagens no desenvolvimento das competências linguísticas, como a consciência fonológica. Indivíduos com fissura labial e/ou palatina apresentam predisposição para perda auditiva e dificuldades de consciência fonológica, no entanto, há poucos estudos que demonstrem correlatos sobre esta inter-relação. Objetivo: Analisar os achados audiológicos e de consciência fonológica em um grupo de crianças com fissura labial e/ou palatina. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (1.974.629), realizado com um grupo de 36 crianças com fissura labial e/ou palatina. Critérios de inclusão: crianças com fissuras labiais e/ou palatinas com idades entre 4 e 12 anos, de ambos os gêneros, sem diagnóstico de síndromes associadas. Para investigar o histórico de otite média foi aplicado um recordatório junto aos responsáveis pelas crianças. A consciência fonológica foi avaliada com o Instrumento de Avaliação Sequencial - CONFIAS. Para averiguar a acuidade auditiva, as crianças realizaram a Audiometria Tonal Liminar. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 13 crianças, com idades entre 4 e 8 anos. Todas apresentaram prejuízos nos escores do CONFIAS, sendo 92,3% no nível da sílaba e 84,6% no do fonema. Verificou-se que 69,2% tinham histórico de otite média. Na audiometria, 77% apresentaram perda auditiva condutiva. Não houve correlação entre os resultados de consciência fonológica com os achados audiológicos. Conclusão: As crianças com fissura labial e/ou palatina demonstraram dificuldades de consciência fonológica, mesmo não havendo correlação com os achados audiológicos, não se descartou a hipótese de uma inter-relação entre as variáveis.

Introduction: Children with hearing loss may present speech impairment, consequently disadvantages in the development of language skills, such as phonological awareness. Individuals with cleft lip and / or palate are predisposed to hearing loss and difficulties in phonological awareness; however, there are few studies that demonstrate correlation of this interrelation. Objective: Analyze the audiological and phonological awareness findings in a group of children with cleft lip and palate. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study approved by the Ethical Committee in Research under the number 1.974.629, held with a group of 36 children. Inclusion criteria: children with cleft lip and / or palate aged between 4 and 12 years, of both genders, without a diagnosis of associated syndromes. To investigate the history of otitis media, a reminder was applied to those responsible for the children. The Sequential Evaluation Instrument - CONFIAS was used to analyze phonological awareness. To verify the auditory acuity, the children performed the pure tone audiometry. Results: The sample consisted of 13 children, aged between 4 and 8 years. All of them presented losses in the CONFIAS scores, 92.3% in the syllable level and 84.6% in the phoneme level. It was found that 69.2% had a history of otitis media. In audiometry, 77% presented conductive hearing loss. There was no correlation between phonological awareness and auditory findings. Conclusion: Children with cleft lip and palate presented phonological awareness difficulties, even though there was no correlation with the audiological findings, the hypothesis of an interrelationship between the variables.

Introducción:Los niños con pérdida auditiva pueden presentar problemas del habla y, en consecuencia, desventajas en el desarrollo de las habilidades del lenguaje, como la conciencia fonológica. Las personas con labio leporino y/o paladar hendido están predispuestas a pérdida de audición y dificultades en la conciencia fonológica, sin embargo, hay pocos estudios que demuestren correlatos sobre esta interrelación. Objectivo: Analizar los hallazgos audiológica y de la conciencia fonológica en un grupo de niños con hendidura del labio y/o paladar hendido. Métodos: Estudio observacional transversal aprobado por el Comité de ética de la investigación (1.974.629), realizado con un grupo de 36 niños con hendidura del labio y/o paladar hendido. Criterios de inclusión: niños con labio leporino y/o paladar hendido entre 4 y 12 años, de ambos sexos, sin diagnóstico de síndromes asociados. Para investigar el historial de otitis media, se aplicó una recordatória a los responsables de los niños.La conciencia fonológica se evaluó utilizando el Instrumento de evaluación secuencial - CONFIAS. Para comprobar la agudeza auditiva, los niños realizan la medida cautelar de la audiometría tonal. Resultados: La muestra consistió en 13 niños, con edades entre 4 y 8 años. Todos presentaron pérdidas en los puntajes de CONFIAS, 92.3% en nivel de sílabas y 84.6% en nivel de fonemas. Se encontró que 69.2% tenía antecedentes de otitis media. En audiometría, 77% tenía pérdida auditiva conductiva. No hubo correlación entre conciencia fonológica y los resultados de las audiometrias. Conclusión: Los niños con labio leporino y/o paladar hendido demostraron dificultades en conciencia fonológica, incluso con ninguna correlación con los hallazgos audiológicos, no si descartó la posibilidad de una relación entre las variables.

Tobacco Influence on Taste and Smell: Systematic Review of the Literature.

Introduction In Brazil, estimates show that 14.7% of the adult population smokes, and changes in smell and taste arising from tobacco consumption are largely present in this population, which is an aggravating factor to these dysfunctions. Objectives The objective of this study is to systematically review the findings in the literature about the influence of smoking on smell and taste. Data Synthesis Our research covered articles published from January 1980 to August 2014 in the following databases: MEDLINE (accessed through PubMed), LILACS, Cochrane Library, and SciELO. We conducted separate lines of research: one concerning smell and the other, taste. We analyzed all the articles that presented randomized controlled studies involving the relation between smoking and smell and taste. Articles that presented unclear methodologies and those whose main results did not target the smell or taste of the subjects were excluded. Titles and abstracts of the articles identified by the research strategy were evaluated by researchers. We included four studies, two of which were exclusively about smell: the first noted the relation between the perception of puff strength and nicotine content; the second did not find any differences in the thresholds and discriminative capacity between smokers and nonsmokers. One article considered only taste and supports the relation between smoking and flavor, another considered both sensory modalities and observes positive results toward the relation immediately after smoking cessation. Conclusion Three of the four studies presented positive results for the researched variables.

Tobacco Influence on Taste and Smell: Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract Introduction In Brazil, estimates show that 14.7% of the adult population smokes, and changes in smell and taste arising from tobacco consumption are largely present in this population, which is an aggravating factor to these dysfunctions. Objectives The objective of this study is to systematically review the findings in the literature about the influence of smoking on smell and taste. Data Synthesis Our research covered articles published from January 1980 to August 2014 in the following databases: MEDLINE (accessed through PubMed), LILACS, Cochrane Library, and SciELO.We conducted separate lines of research: one concerning smell and the other, taste. We analyzed all the articles that presented randomized controlled studies involving the relation between smoking and smell and taste. Articles that presented unclear methodologies and those whose main results did not target the smell or taste of the subjects were excluded. Titles and abstracts of the articles identified by the research strategy were evaluated by researchers. We included four studies, two of which were exclusively about smell: the first noted the relation between the perception of puff strength and nicotine content; the second did not find any differences in the thresholds and discriminative capacity between smokers and nonsmokers. One article considered only taste and supports the relation between smoking and flavor, another considered both sensory modalities and observes positive results toward the relation immediately after smoking cessation. Conclusion Three of the four studies presented positive results for the researched variables.