Practical consensus recommendatons for Paget's disease in breast cancer.

Paget's disease of the breast is a rare type of cancer of the nipple-areola complex and that is often associated with an underlying in situ or invasive carcinoma. Diagnosis and treatment of Paget's disease is controversial. Expert oncologists discuss on the update on the approaches of Paget's disease diagnosis and its treatment options. This expert group used data from published literature, practical experience and opinion of a large group of academic oncologists to arrive at this practical consensus recommendations for the benefit of community oncologists.

A gland of diverse pathology and unpredictable behaviour: our experience of primary submandibular gland malignancies.

Submandibular gland tumours are relatively uncommon tumours and demonstrate diverse histological types and a variable prognosis. The aim of this study was to analyze our experience with submandibular malignancies over a period of 6 years (January 2009 to December 2015). Patient data from the 6-year period were reviewed retrospectively and 51 patients with submandibular malignancies were identified. Demographic data, clinicopathological details, treatment received, complications, and follow-up were recorded. The mean age of the 51 patients at presentation was 49.1 years. They were followed up for a mean 20.3 months. Nine of 47 patients (19.1%) developed distant metastasis during follow-up, while only three (6.4%) developed local recurrence. Disease-free survival at 2 years was 69.7% and overall survival at the end of 2 years was 77.8%. Actuarial 5-year survival was 57.8% when all subtypes were considered. The overall mean time to recurrence was 10 months (6-24 months). Nodal positivity was the only prognostic factor that was significant on multivariate analysis, while age, sex, perineural invasion, and grade were not. With advances in surgical and radiotherapy techniques, loco-regional control rates have improved greatly; however, effective adjuvant treatment to prevent systemic relapse is still lacking.

Supplementation of Slow-Release Melatonin Improves Recovery of Ovarian Cyclicity and Conception in Summer Anoestrous Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).

The role of melatonin as a protective neurohormone against restoring cyclicity in summer anoestrous animals in photoperiod species has gained wider acceptance. This study was designed to uncover the evidence the slow-release melatonin (MLT) has on initiation of ovarian cyclicity and conception rate (CR) in summer anoestrous buffaloes. Thus, buffaloes diagnosed as summer anoestrous (absence of overt signs of oestrus, concurrent rectal examination and radioimmunoassay for serum progesterone at 10 days interval) were grouped as untreated (Group I, sterilized corn oil, n = 8) and treated (Group II, single subcutaneous injection of MLT @18 mg/50 kg bwt in sterilized corn oil, n = 20). Animals treated and detected in oestrus were artificially inseminated (AI) followed by division into Group III (second dose of MLT on 5th day post-AI, n = 8) and Group IV (no melatonin administration, n = 10). Blood samples were collected at 4 days interval for estimation of serum MLT, progesterone and oestrogen using radioimmunoassay kit. Mean oestrous induction rate (OIR), oestrous induction interval (OII), interoestrous interval (IOI) and CR were estimated. Compared to control, concentration of melatonin was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in treated group ranging from 14.34 ± 1.72 to 412.31 ± 14.47 pg/ml whereas other two hormones did not show any concentration difference. Melatonin-administered buffaloes showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher (90%) OIR with OII of 18.06 ± 1.57 days. Results showed improvement in conception rate in buffaloes administered with post-insemination melatonin. It can be concluded from the study that slow-release melatonin supplementation restored cyclicity in summer anoestrous animals resulting in improvement in conception rate in buffaloes.

Effect of lead on growth and nitrate assimilation of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek seedlings in a salt affected environment.

The inhibition of seedling growth and nitrate reductase activity in 5 d old Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek cv. Pusa Baisakhi in the presence of 1.0 mM lead acetate increased drastically, if NaCl (6 and 12 EC) was also present in the nutrient media along with the metal salt. Correspondingly higher endogenous Na+ levels were accumulated in the roots and leaves of seedlings in presence of the two stresses. On the other hand, the levels of endogenous lead get reduced in presence of NaCl in both the roots and leaves. Roots accumulated more Pb2+ and Na+ than the leaves. The two stresses affect more drastically in the additive or even synergistic manner during the early growth phase of the seedlings.