Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia complex with positive 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated dementia (HAD) is a subcortical form of dementia characterized by memory deficits and psychomotor slowing. However, HAD often presents with symptoms similar to those of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), particularly in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). CASE SUMMARY: We report the case of a 54-year-old male who exhibited cognitive dysfunction and secondary behavioral changes following HIV infection and suspected prion exposure. The patient was diagnosed with HIV during hospitalization and his cerebrospinal fluid tested positive for 14-3-3 proteins. His electroencephalogram showed a borderline-abnormal periodic triphasic wave pattern. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging revealed moderate encephalatrophy and demyelination. Initially, symptomatic treatment and administration of amantadine were pursued for presumed CJD, but the patient's condition continued to deteriorate. By contrast, the patient's condition improved following anti-HIV therapy. This individual is also the only patient with this prognosis to have survived over 4 years. Thus, the diagnosis was revised to HAD. CONCLUSION: In the diagnostic process of rapidly progressive dementia, it is crucial to rule out as many potential causes as possible and to consider an autopsy to diminish diagnostic uncertainty. The 14-3-3 protein should not be regarded as the definitive marker for CJD. Comprehensive laboratory screening for infectious diseases is essential to enhance diagnostic precision, especially in AIDS patients with potential CJD. Ultimately, a trial of diagnostic treatment may be considered when additional testing is not feasible.

Degradation of FAK-targeting by proteolytic targeting chimera technology to inhibit the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Liver cancer is a prevalent malignant cancer, ranking third in terms of mortality rate. Metastasis and recurrence primarily contribute to the high mortality rate of liver cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has low expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which increases the risk of metastasis and recurrence. Nevertheless, the efficacy of FAK phosphorylation inhibitors is currently limited. Thus, investigating the mechanisms by which FAK affects HCC metastasis to develop targeted therapies for FAK may present a novel strategy to inhibit HCC metastasis. This study examined the correlation between FAK expression and the prognosis of HCC. Additionally, we explored the impact of FAK degradation on HCC metastasis through wound healing experiments, transwell invasion experiments, and a xenograft tumor model. The expression of proteins related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was measured to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that FAK PROTAC can degrade FAK, inhibit the migration and invasion of HCC cells in vitro, and notably decrease the lung metastasis of HCC in vivo. Increased expression of E-cadherin and decreased expression of vimentin indicated that EMT was inhibited. Consequently, degradation of FAK through FAK PROTAC effectively suppressed liver cancer metastasis, holding significant clinical implications for treating liver cancer and developing innovative anti-neoplastic drugs.

Exploring the psychological experience of novice nurses in stomatological hospitals in China: a phenomenological study.

BACKGROUND: At the onset of their professional journey, novice nurses often undergo a multifaceted psychological experience as they transition from theoretical knowledge to clinical practice, potentially impacting their development of professional identity. However, limited research has been conducted on the psychological aspects pertaining to newly graduated nurses in stomatological hospitals in our country. METHODS: The phenomenological method and semi-structured interviews were used in this study, and the sample size of the interview was purposive sampling method. A semi-structured virtual interview was conducted with 21 new nurses in the department of stomatology. Colaizzi's analysis method was used to analyse the interview data. RESULTS: Based on Kramer's reality shock theoretical framework and analyzing interview data, this study extracted the psychological experiences of novice nurses during their first year of employment across four distinct stages. The four stages include: cheerful period, frustration period, adjustment period and competency period. Six themes and nine sub-themes were derived from the four period. CONCLUSION: Due to the lack of professional knowledge, novice oral nurses will experience a series of complex positive and negative emotions at the beginning of their career. Through the research, the training of oral specialty theory, good psychological counseling and peer support can improve their participation in oral outpatient nursing. At the same time, the establishment of oral care quality assurance system and the improvement of oral care higher education in our country will become the focus of future research.

Radioactive Iodine-Refractory Pulmonary Metastases of Papillary Thyroid Cancer in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults.

CONTEXT: Few studies have explored radioactive iodine-refractory (RAIR) disease in children, adolescents, and young adults with papillary thyroid cancer (CAYA-PTC). OBJECTIVE: This study systematically investigated the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of CAYA-PTC with RAIR disease. METHODS: Sixty-five patients with PTC aged ≤20 years were enrolled in this study, and all patients were confirmed to have pulmonary metastases. Clinicopathologic profiles were compared between the radioactive iodine-avid (RAIA) and RAIR groups. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for RAIR status and progressive disease (PD). Gene alterations were detected in 17 patients. RESULTS: Overall, 20 patients were included in the RAIR group, accounting for 30.8% (20/65) of all patients. No significant difference in pathologic characteristics was observed between patients aged <15 years and patients aged 15-20 years, but younger patients were more likely to develop RAIR disease (hazard ratio [HR] 3.500, 95% CI 1.134-10.803, P = .023). RET fusions were the most common genetic alterations in CAYA-PTC, but an association with RAIR disease was not detected (P = .210). RAIR disease (HR 10.008, 95% CI 2.427-41.268, P = .001) was identified as an independent predictor of PD. The Kaplan-Meier curve revealed a lower progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) rate in the RAIR group than in the RAIA group (P < .001 and P = .039). Likewise, RAIR disease was a risk factor for unfavorable PFS in patients aged <15 years (P < .001). CONCLUSION: RAIR disease occurs in one-third of CAYA-PTC with pulmonary metastases. Younger patients (aged < 15 years) are more susceptible to RAIR status, which leads to unfavorable PFS and DSS.

Comparative Study of Initial Post-Therapeutic 131I Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography and Reoperation for the Detection of Residual Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients With Papillary Thyroid Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic performance of initial post-therapeutic 131I single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) compared with that of reoperation in detecting residual lymph node metastasis (LNM). METHODS: Patients with iodine-avid LNM detected on the initial post-therapeutic 131I SPECT/CT and who underwent reoperative dissection within 6 months were included. LNMs (numbers and locations) detected via both methods were compared. The American Thyroid Association dynamic risk stratification was performed for patients receiving second radioactive iodine therapy after reoperation. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients with 95 iodine-avid LNMs detected by 131I SPECT/CT were enrolled. Fifty-one (96.2%) patients had 212 LNMs confirmed by reoperation (P = .004). The sensitivity and specificity of 131I SPECT/CT in detecting LNM were 44.8% (95/212) and 91.6% (87/95), respectively. The location frequency of residual LNMs found by 131I SPECT/CT was similar to that of reoperation (P = .057). Thirty-two patients received a second radioactive iodine treatment, and 6 (18.8%) patients still had residual iodine-avid LNM on SPECT/CT. Therapeutic response was evaluated by American Thyroid Association dynamic risk stratification in 16 patients. The number of patients with structural incomplete response, biochemical incomplete response, indeterminate response, and excellent response was 4 (23.5%), 4 (23.5%), 5 (29.4%), and 3 (17.6%), respectively. CONCLUSION: 131I SPECT/CT has high specificity but relatively low sensitivity in detecting all residual LNMs. Approximately 80% of patients were rendered structurally disease free after reoperation.

MALAT1 modulates alternative splicing by cooperating with the splicing factors PTBP1 and PSF.

Understanding how long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) cooperate with splicing factors (SFs) in alternative splicing (AS) control is fundamental to human biology and disease. We show that metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), a well-documented AS-implicated lncRNA, regulates AS via two SFs, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and PTB-associated SF (PSF). MALAT1 stabilizes the interaction between PTBP1 and PSF, thereby forming a functional module that affects a network of AS events. The MALAT1-stabilized PTBP1/PSF interaction occurs in multiple cellular contexts; however, the functional module, relative to MALAT1 only, has more dominant pathological significance in hepatocellular carcinoma. MALAT1 also stabilizes the PSF interaction with several heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoparticle proteins other than PTBP1, hinting a broad role in AS control. We present a model in which MALAT1 cooperates with distinct SFs for AS regulation and pose that, relative to analyses exclusively performed for lncRNAs, a comprehensive consideration of lncRNAs and their binding partners may provide more information about their biological functions.

Positive BRAFV600E mutation of primary tumor influences radioiodine avidity but not prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer with lung metastases.

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between BRAFV600E mutation of the primary tumor and radioiodine avidity in lung metastases (LMs) and then further evaluated the impact of BRAFV600E mutation and radioiodine avidity status on the prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) with LMs. Methods: Ninety-four PTC patients with LMs after total thyroidectomy and cervical lymph node dissection between January 2012 and September 2021 were retrospectively included. All patients received BRAFV600E mutation examination of primary tumors and radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy. The therapeutic response was evaluated by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) assessments (version 1.1). For patients with target lesions, the response was divided into complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD); for patients without target lesions, the response was divided into CR, non-CR/non-PD, and PD. In therapeutic response, PR and SD were classified as non-CR/non-PD for analysis. The chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the impact factor on PD and mortality. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) curves were constructed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: It was found that 21.2% (7/33) of patients with positive BRAFV600E mutation and 62.3% (38/61) of patients with negative BRAFV600E mutation had radioiodine-avid LMs (χ2 = 14.484, p = 0.000). Patients with positive BRAFV600E mutation are more likely to lose radioiodine avidity; the odds ratios (ORs) were 5.323 (95% CI: 1.953-14.514, p = 0.001). Finally, 25 patients had PD, and six patients died; loss of radioiodine avidity was the independent predictor for PD, and the ORs were 10.207 (95% CI: 2.629-39.643, p = 0.001); BRAFV600E mutation status was not correlated with PD (p = 0.602), whether in the radioiodine avidity group (p = 1.000) or the non-radioiodine avidity group (p = 0.867). Similarly, BRAFV600E mutation status was not correlated with mortality; only loss of radioiodine avidity was the unfavorable factor associated with mortality in univariate analyses (p = 0.030). Conclusion: Patients with LMs of PTC were more likely to lose radioiodine avidity when their primary tumor had positive BRAFV600E mutation; however, only radioiodine avidity and not BRAFV600E mutation status affected the clinical outcome of patients with lung metastatic PTC.

Allosteric aptasensor-initiated target cycling and transcription amplification of light-up RNA aptamer for sensitive detection of protein.

The early detection of biomarker proteins in clinical samples is of great significance for the diagnosis of diseases. However, it is still a challenge to detect low-concentration protein. Herein, a label-free aptamer-based amplification assay, termed the ATC-TA system, that allows fluorescence detection of very low numbers of protein without time-consuming washing steps and pre-treatment was developed. The target induces a conformational change in the allosteric aptasensor, triggers the target cycling and transcription amplification, and ultimately converts the input of the target protein into the output of the light-up aptamer (R-Pepper). It exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity with a detection limit of 5.62 fM at 37 â„ƒ and the accuracy is comparable to conventional ELISA. ATC-TA has potential application for the detection of endogenous PDGF-BB in serum samples to distinguish tumor mice from healthy mice at an early stage. It also successfully detects exogenous SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins in human serum. Therefore, this high-sensitive, universality, easy-to-operate and cost-effective biosensing platform holds great clinical application potential in early clinical diagnosis.

Electroacupuncture at PC6 (Neiguan) Attenuates Angina Pectoris in Rats with Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Regulating the Alternative Splicing of the Major Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Receptor GABRG2.

Angina pectoris is the most common manifestation of coronary heart disease, causing suffering in patients. Electroacupuncture at PC6 can effectively alleviate angina by regulating the expression of genes, whether the alternative splicing (AS) of genes is affected by acupuncture is still unknown. We established a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion by coronary artery ligation and confirmed electroacupuncture alleviated the abnormal discharge caused by angina pectoris measured in EMG electromyograms. Analysis of the GSE61840 dataset established that AS events were altered after I/R and regulated by electroacupuncture. I/R decreased the expression of splicing factor Nova1 while electroacupuncture rescued it. Further experiments in dorsal root ganglion cells showed Nova1 regulated the AS of the GABRG2, specifically on its exon 9 where an important phosphorylation site is present. In vivo, results also showed that electroacupuncture can restore AS of GABRG2. Our results proved that electroacupuncture alleviates angina results by regulating alternative splicing.

The hypoglossal nerve palsy involved by papillary thyroid carcinoma detected on 18F-FDG PET/MRI.

A 51-year-old woman with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) complained of headache.Physical examination found the tongue derivation torightside. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (18F-FDG PET/MRI) detected a hypermetabolic soft-tissue mass in the right retropharyngeal carotid space, where the nasopharyngeal carotid segment of right hypoglossal nerve passing inferiorly. The musculature in the right side of tongue was inflammatory instead of fatty infiltration, with hyperintense on T2-weighted image and hypermetabolism on PET. These images together indicated the early phase of hypoglossal nerve palsy caused by PTC invasion.

Unusual unilateral renal mass with pulmonary multiple nodules as the initial presentation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

We report a case of a 32-year-old man with recurrent fever, cough and left lumbago for more than one month. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) found bilateral multiple pulmonary nodules and a tumor-like mass in the left kidney. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) revealed increased uptake in the right pharyngeal recess along with pulmonary and renal hypermetabolic lesions. The pathologic findings of pulmonary and renal specimens were suggestive of granulomatous inflammatory changes. Further laboratory examinations showed an elevated level of serum cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (c-ANCA) and serum proteinase 3-ANCA (PR3-ANCA). Clinical symptoms were significantly improved, and the size of pulmonary and renal lesions reduced following the use of steroids and cyclophosphamide together. Therefore, a final diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) was made.

Investigating 18F-FDG PET/CT Parameters as Prognostic Markers for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine whether 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) parameters might be prognostic markers for patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Methods: We searched for eligible articles in PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to February 2021. We included studies addressing the association between 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters and clinical outcomes among patients with DTC. Quality assessment was performed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. Results: A total of 25 studies including 2,954 patients (1,994 females, 67.5%) were included; 2,416 patients (81.8%) had papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and the mean or median follow-up time ranged from 19.1 months to 17.1 years. Thirteen (52.0%) studies were assessed as "unclear" for the domain of study participation. The most common timing of PET/CT scans was after thyroidectomy (in 20 of 25 studies, 80%), especially in patients with an elevated thyroglobulin (Tg) and a negative radioiodine whole-body scan (WBS). The most common PET parameter was FDG uptake. Twelve of 17 (70.6%) and 12 of 12 (100%) studies showed an association between PET/CT parameters and disease progression and survival in patients with DTC, respectively. Conclusion: 18F-FDG PET/CT parameters alone or combined with other variables can serve as prognostic markers to identify DTC patients with poor outcomes, especially in the setting of an elevated Tg and a negative WBS. Future research is needed to confirm these findings and to examine the prognostic value of PET/CT parameters for DTC patients, considering the heterogeneity in PET/CT parameters, unclear information of patients, and PET/CT-adapted treatment modifications.

Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients hospitalized with hematological malignancies after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a survey to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients hospitalized with hematological malignancies after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. METHODS: In total, 130 eligible patients completed the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale at week 4 after CAR-T cell infusion. We collected sociodemographic information during the same period. We studied factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms at week 4 after infusion were 13.8% and 40.0%, respectively. A cutoff value of 50 or above indicates significantly anxiety and depressive symptoms. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that high school education and above (OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.06-0.78) and middle age (OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.03-0.90) were associated with lower risk of anxiety symptoms, and increased odds of depressive symptoms was associated with old age (OR = 11.39, 95% CI = 2.50-51.88), non-manual occupations before illness (OR = 3.72, 95% CI = 1.20-11.58), and higher healthcare expenditure (OR = 3.93, 95% CI = 1.50-10.33), while lower risk of depressive symptoms was associated with rural household location (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.08-0.76) and being cared for by spouse (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.63). CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving CAR-T therapy with lower education background, old ages, urban household location, or who used to work as non-manual workers require more attention and psychological care. Support from a spouse and medical expense deductions from the government may help patients develop positive attitudes.

Radioiodine Retention Within Dilated Common Biliary Duct Mimicking Metastatic Thyroid Cancer Diagnosed by the Combination of SPECT/CT and MRI.

A 55-year-old woman with papillary thyroid carcinoma under total thyroidectomy and cervical lymph node dissection was referred for I radioiodine therapy. Posttherapeutic whole-body scintigraphy revealed increased focal uptake in the right upper abdomen, which localized to the region of the head of the pancreas on SPECT/CT fusion images. Further evaluation with MRI affirmed the radioiodine retention corresponded to bile duct dilation.

Guillain-Barré syndrome in southern China: retrospective analysis of hospitalised patients from 14 provinces in the area south of the Huaihe River.

OBJECTIVES: The clinical and epidemiological profiles of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in southern China have yet to be fully recognised. We aimed to investigate the subtypes of GBS in southern China, compare the clinical features of demyelinating form with that of axonal form and test whether preceding infections and age have influence on the clinical phenotype, disease course and severity of GBS. METHODS: Medical records of patients with a diagnosis of GBS admitted to 31 tertiary hospitals, located in 14 provinces in southern China, from 1 January 2013 to 30 September 2016, were collected and retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Finally. 1056 patients, including 887 classic GBS and 169 variants, were enrolled. The 661 classic patients with available electromyographic data were grouped as having acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP, 49.0%), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN, 18.8%), inexcitable (0.9%) and equivocal (31.3%). In contrast to AIDP, patients with AMAN were characterised by earlier nadir (P=0.000), higher Hughes score at nadir (P=0.003) and at discharge (P=0.000). Preceding upper respiratory infections were identified in 369 (34.9%) patients, who were more inclined to develop AIDP (P=0.000) and Miller-Fisher syndrome (P=0.027), whereas gastrointestinal infection were found in 89 (8.4%) patients, who were more prone to develop AMAN (P=0.000), with more severe illness (P=0.001) and longer hospital stay (P=0.009). Children (≤15 years) and the elderly (≥56 years) were more severe at nadir, the elderly had the longest hospital stay (P=0.023). CONCLUSION: AIDP is the predominant form in southern China, which is different from data of northern China. The different subtypes, preceding infection and age of onset can partially determine the disease progression, severity and short-term recovery speed of GBS. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR-RRC-17014152.

[The relationship between the aquaporin-4 and brain edema, pathologic change, ultrastructure in peri-hematoma tissue in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) mRNA and study the relationship between AQP-4, brain edema, pathological changes and ultrastructure of peri-hematoma tissue in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients. METHODS: Intracranial operation was performed via nonfunctional area with a funnel-like approach on 30 ICH patients. The brain tissue which must be removed 1 cm away the hematoma was removed within 12 hours for observation as normal brain tissue and taken as the control group (7 patients), and which of the brain tissue within 1 cm around hematoma was taken as the study specimens. The experimental group was subdivided into five groups according to the time interval after ICH: <6 hours (6 cases), 6-12 hours (7 cases), 12-24 hours (5 cases), 24-72 hours (6 cases), and >72 hours ( 6 cases ). Expression of the AQP-4 mRNA, brain edema, pathological and ultrastructural changes were observed with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), light microscope and electron microscope. RESULTS: The expression of the AQP-4 mRNA was not remarkable, the morphology and construction were basically normal in control group. The expression of AQP-4 mRNA was mild (1.17+/-0.41)and there was edema of neuroglia in the <6 hours group. After 6 hours, besides neuroglial edema, the expression of the AQP-4 mRNA was gradually obvious, capillary endothelial cells began to swell too, and tight junctions gradually began to loosen. In the 12-72 hours group the expression of the AQP-4 mRNA reached its peak (3.50+/-0.55, 3.60+/-0.55, both P<0.01), and brain edema was most prominent, and electron microscopy showed that neurons, neuroglia, and capillary endothelial cells were markedly deformed. After 72 hours, the expression of AQP-4 mRNA gradually recovered, and brain cells showed less damage. On the 5th day the damage began to repair, and on the 8th day, the damage was basically repaired. The correlation analysis showed that there was a remarkable positive correlation between the expression of the AQP-4 mRNA and the degree of brain edema and the size of hematoma (r(1)=0.67, P<0.01; r(2)=0.44, P<0.05) . CONCLUSION: Secondary edema and brain damage may correlate with the expression of the AQP-4 mRNA in the peri-hematoma brain edema area. Removal of hematoma will help decrease the AQP-4 mRNA expression and brain edema damage in the early stage.

[Study of relationship between inflammatory response and apoptosis in perihematoma region in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in the perihematoma region in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS: Surgical specimens were obtained from the area 1 cm adjacent to the hematoma. Thirty patients with ICH were divided into five groups: 6, 7, 5, 6, 6 patients in surgery<6 hours, 6-12 hours, 12-24 hours, 24-72 hours and >72 hours groups after the onset, respectively. The control group specimens were obtained from the brain tissues distant to the hematoma in the process of craniotomy in the patients of two former groups. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for the examination of pathological changes. Immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were applied to determine apoptosis cells, Bax and Bcl-x protein and mRNA. RESULTS: The tissues from perihematoma region were almost normal in control group and <6 hours group. They were slightly damaged in 6-12 hours group, became worse in 12-24 hours group and most severe in 24-48 hours group, and they became better latter and were similar to the control group on 8th day. Infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocyte appeared gradually at 6-12 hours, and became much more prominent at 12-24 hours (all P<0.01). The reactive gliosis began to appear at 24-72 hours, and enhanced after 72 hours (all P<0.01). The expression of the apoptosis and Bax protein increased gradually after 6 hours, reaching the peak at 12-24 hours (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and decreased gradually later. The changes in the levels of Bax mRNA were similar to that of the result of immunohistochemistry. Although the expression of Bcl-x protein and mRNA seemed to be increased at 12-72 hours, there was no significant difference between groups (P>0.05). The correlation analysis showed that the infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocyte was positively correlated to the TUNEL positive cells and expression of Bax protein and mRNA (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and showed no correlation to Bcl-x protein and mRNA (all >0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a close relationship between inflammatory response and apoptosis and tissue damage in the perihematoma area in ICH.