A high-resolution neutron spectroscopic camera for the SPARC tokamak based on the Jet European Torus deuterium-tritium experience.

Dedicated nuclear diagnostics have been designed, developed, and built within EUROFUSION enhancement programs in the last ten years for installation at the Joint European Torus and capable of operation in high power Deuterium-Tritium (DT) plasmas. The recent DT Experiment campaign, called DTE2, has been successfully carried out in the second half of 2021 and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of the new nuclear diagnostics and for an understanding of their behavior in the record high 14 MeV neutron yields (up to 4.7 × 1018 n/s) and total number of neutrons (up to 2 × 1019 n) achieved on a tokamak. In this work, we will focus on the 14 MeV high resolution neutron spectrometers based on artificial diamonds which, for the first time, have extensively been used to measure 14 MeV DT neutron spectra with unprecedented energy resolution (Full Width at Half Maximum of ≈1% at 14 MeV). The work will describe their long-term stability and operation over the DTE2 campaign as well as their performance as neutron spectrometers in terms of achieved energy resolution and high rate capability. This important experience will be used to outline the concept of a spectroscopic neutron camera for the SPARC tokamak. The proposed neutron camera will be the first one to feature the dual capability to measure (i) the 2.5 and 14 MeV neutron emissivity profile via the conventional neutron detectors based on liquid or plastics scintillators and (ii) the 14 MeV neutron spectral emission via the use of high-resolution diamond-based spectrometers. The new opportunities opened by the spectroscopic neutron camera to measure plasma parameters will be discussed.

Upgrades to the gamma ray imager on DIII-D enabling access to high flux hard x-ray measurements during the runaway electron plateau phase (invited).

The Gamma Ray Imager (GRI) is a pinhole camera providing 2D imaging of MeV hard x-ray (HXR) bremsstrahlung emission from runaway electrons (REs) over the poloidal cross section of the DIII-D tokamak. We report a series of upgrades to the GRI expanding the access to RE scenarios from the diagnosis of a trace amount of REs to high flux HXR measurements during the RE plateau phase. We present the implementation of novel gamma ray detectors based on LYSO and YAP crystals coupled to multi-pixel photon counters, enabling a count rate in excess of 1 MHz. Finally, we highlight new insights into the RE physics discovered during the current quench and RE plateau phase experiments as the result of these upgrades.

Role of neutron attenuators for gamma-ray measurements in deuterium-tritium magnetic confinement plasmas.

The Joint European Torus (JET) is the only tokamak in the world able to operate in Deuterium-Tritium (DT) plasmas. A successful DT experimental campaign, the DTE2, has recently been carried out, providing unique opportunities for studying both physics and technological aspects. In particular, it allowed us to investigate and benchmark the solutions adopted to attenuate the significant 14 MeV neutron flux, needed to enable high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements on a tokamak. While in inertial confinement experiments, gamma-rays and neutrons are discriminated through time-of-flight techniques; in magnetic confinement experiments, the neutron attenuators are a key element to allow gamma-ray measurements in order to reestablish the 1 × 105 to 1 background to signal ratio. In this paper, the role of the reference neutron attenuators at JET, based on LiH, has been analyzed and described.

A new dedicated signal processing system for gamma-ray spectrometers in high power deuterium-tritium plasma scenarios in tokamaks.

The most performant deuterium-tritium (DT) plasma discharges realized by the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak in the recent DT campaign have produced neutron yields on the order of 1018 n/s. At such high neutron yields, gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements with scintillators are challenging as events from the neutron-induced background often dominate over the signal, leading to a significant fraction of pileup events and instability of the photodetector gain along with the consequent degradation of the reconstructed spectrum. Here, we describe the solutions adopted for the tangential lanthanum bromide spectrometer installed at JET. A data acquisition system with free streaming mode digitization capabilities for the entire duration of the discharge has been used to solve dead-time related issues and a data reconstruction code with pileup recovery and photodetector gain drift restoration has been implemented for off-line analysis of the data. This work focuses on the acquired data storage and parsing, with a detailed explanation of the pileup recovery and gain drift restoration algorithms.

Readiness for practice in undergraduate nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic negatively impacted nursing students' opportunity to gain experience through clinical placement, potentially threatening their readiness for practice and their clinical competence. The aim of this study was to explore whether and to what extent the third-year undergraduate nursing students perceived that their readiness for practice was impacted by changes to clinical placement and classroom learning implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The study was conducted in a university of North-western Italy that provides nursing education across five sites. All sites stopped in-person classroom learning at the beginning of March 2020, but each site was free to decide whether to continue in-person clinical placement based on the local epidemiological situation. All 228 third-year nursing students who completed their degree by June 2020 were invited to participate. Data were collected via online questionnaire, which included the question "What impact do you think that COVID-19 safety measures employed by your nursing programme had on your readiness for practice?" Answers were given on a 5-point Likert scale (none, minimal, moderate, major, and severe). Explanatory variables were collected at the individual, nursing programme, and university site levels. Results: A total of 126 (response rate 55.3%) nursing students completed the questionnaire. Overall, 84 (66.7%) perceived that COVID-19 safety measures had a moderate to severe impact on their readiness for practice. These students often had lower grade point averages (p=0.037) and received no clinical placement during the pandemic (72.6% vs 90.5% of students who reported no or minimal impact, p=0.022). Average duration of third-year clinical placement was also lower among these students, though it was not statistically significant. No differences emerged at the university site level. Conclusions: Despite important advances in technology-based educational activities, clinical placement remains the best educational strategy to allow nursing students to feel prepared to work effectively during a pandemic.

First spatially resolved measurements of the D-3He α-particle source with the upgraded JET gamma-ray camera.

The Joint European Torus (JET) gamma-ray camera has been recently upgraded with the installation of new gamma-ray detectors, based on LaBr3(Ce) scintillation crystals, which add spectroscopic capability to the existing system allowing measurements with good energy resolution (5% at 0.622 MeV), a dynamic range from hundreds of keV up to about 30 MeV, and high counting rate capabilities of MCps. First gamma-ray measurements during the C38 campaign of the JET have been successfully carried out, in particular, in D-3He plasmas from three-ion ion cyclotron resonance heating experiments, where the detection of 16.4 MeV γ-rays from D + 3He → γ + 5Li reactions with the gamma-ray camera upgrade allowed determining the spatial profile of alpha particles born in D + 3He fusion reactions.

A new tangential gamma-ray spectrometer for fast ion measurements in deuterium and deuterium-tritium plasmas of the Joint European Torus.

A new tangential gamma-ray spectrometer has been developed for fast ion measurements in deuterium and deuterium-tritium plasmas of the Joint European Torus (JET). The instrument is based on a LaBr3 crystal with a photo-multiplier tube and replaces a pre-existing bismuth germanate detector, providing enhanced energy resolution and a counting rate capability in the MHz range. The line of sight is equipped with a LiH attenuator, which reduces the background due to 14 MeV neutron interactions with the crystal by more than two orders of magnitude and enables the observation of gamma-ray emission from confined α particles in JET deuterium-tritium plasmas. Thanks to its tangential line of sight, the detector can distinguish co- and counter-passing ions. The performance of the instrument is demonstrated through the results of recent JET fast ion experiments in deuterium plasmas.

Novel compact hard x-ray spectrometer with MCps counting rate capabilities for runaway electron measurements on DIII-D.

A novel compact spectrometer optimized for the measurement of hard x rays generated by runaway electrons is presented. The detector is designed to be installed in the fan-shaped collimator of the gamma-ray imager diagnostic at the DIII-D tokamak. The spectrometer is based on a 1 × 1 cm2 cerium doped yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator crystal coupled with a silicon photomultiplier. The detector dynamic energy range is in excess of 10 MeV, with an energy resolution of ∼10% at 661.7 keV. The fast detector signal (≈70 ns full width at half maximum) allows for operation at counting rates in excess of 1 MCps. The gain stability of the system can be monitored in real time using a light-emitting diode embedded in the instrument. The detector is expected to be deployed in the forthcoming DIII-D runaway electron experimental campaign.

Providing a nurse-led complex nursing INtervention FOcused on quality of life assessment on advanced cancer patients: The INFO-QoL pilot trial.

PURPOSE: Unmet needs for advanced-disease cancer patients are fatigue, pain, and emotional support. Little information is available about the feasibility of interventions focused on patient-reported outcome measurement developed according to the Medical Research Council (MRC) Framework in advanced-disease cancer patients. We aimed to pilot a nurse-led complex intervention focused on QoL assessment in advanced-disease cancer patients. METHODS: The INFO-QoL study was based on an exploratory, nonequivalent comparison group, pre-test-post-test design. Study sites received either the INFO-QoL intervention or usual care. Adult advanced-disease cancer patients admitted to hospice inpatient units that gave their informed consent were included in the study. Subjects were 187 patients and their families and 19 healthcare professionals. We evaluated feasibility, acceptability, and patients' outcomes using the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale. RESULTS: Nineteen healthcare professionals were included. The mean competence score increased significantly over time (p < 0.001) and the mean usefulness score was high 8.63 (±1.36). In the post-test phase, 54 patients were allocated to the experimental unit and 36 in the comparison unit. Compared to the comparison unit, in the experimental unit anxiety (R2 = 0.07; 95% CI = -0.06; 0.19), family anxiety (R2 = 0.22; 95% CI = -0.03; 0.41), depression (R2 = 0.31; 95% CI = -0.05; 0.56) and sharing feelings (R2 = 0.09; 95% CI = -0.05; 0.23), were improved between pre-test and post-test phase. CONCLUSIONS: The INFO-QoL was feasible and potentially improved psychological outcomes. Despite the high attrition rate, the INFO-QoL improved the quality and safety culture for patients in palliative care settings.

The novel Mechanical Ventilator Milano for the COVID-19 pandemic.

This paper presents the Mechanical Ventilator Milano (MVM), a novel intensive therapy mechanical ventilator designed for rapid, large-scale, low-cost production for the COVID-19 pandemic. Free of moving mechanical parts and requiring only a source of compressed oxygen and medical air to operate, the MVM is designed to support the long-term invasive ventilation often required for COVID-19 patients and operates in pressure-regulated ventilation modes, which minimize the risk of furthering lung trauma. The MVM was extensively tested against ISO standards in the laboratory using a breathing simulator, with good agreement between input and measured breathing parameters and performing correctly in response to fault conditions and stability tests. The MVM has obtained Emergency Use Authorization by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in healthcare settings during the COVID-19 pandemic and Health Canada Medical Device Authorization for Importation or Sale, under Interim Order for Use in Relation to COVID-19. Following these certifications, mass production is ongoing and distribution is under way in several countries. The MVM was designed, tested, prepared for certification, and mass produced in the space of a few months by a unique collaboration of respiratory healthcare professionals and experimental physicists, working with industrial partners, and is an excellent ventilator candidate for this pandemic anywhere in the world.

Knowledge and attitude of pain management among Italian nurses in intensive care unit: a multicentric descriptive study.

Aim: The main objective of the study was to document the current knowledge and attitudes towards pain management among Italian nurses working in intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study design was carried out. In order to assess the knowledge and attitudes of pain management, the KASRP questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was submitted online through Google Forms platform. Results: A total of 864 nurses completed and returned the study questionnaire (58% were males). The mean of the total correct answers was 31.21 (SD 2.92) out of 40 (total score if all items answered correctly) with range of 22-38. No significant differences were observed with regard to gender (t = 1.875, P = .061). Spearman's correlation test showed a positive significant relationship between knowledge and attitude of pain management and years of ICU experience (r = -.424, P <.001) and between knowledge and attitude of pain management and the attendance of a pain update course in the last 3 years (r= -0.83, P =.014). We haven't found any correlation neither between age and knowledge nor between age and attitude score (r = -0.32, P = .351). Conclusions: This study has shown that Italian ICU nurses have good level of pain management knowledge and attitudes of pain medication. It is recommended to consider pain management in the context of continuing professional development.

Neotropical Species of Metaphycus (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) Parasitoids of Ceroplastes (Hemiptera, Coccidae): New Species, Interaction Records, and a Checklist.

Parasitoids of Ceroplastes Gray were surveyed in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Among the parasitoids reared, seven species of Metaphycus Mercet (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) were obtained. Metaphycusanaluciaesp. nov., M. floridensissp. nov., and M. grandissp. nov., are described as new species, and M. ceros Noyes, M. comes Noyes, M. dardanus Noyes, M. opis Noyes are recorded for the first time from Brazil. Ten new host-parasitoid associations are reported: M. analuciaesp. nov. parasitizing C. formicarius Hempel, C. glomeratus Peronti and C. iheringi Cockerel; M. ceros parasitizing C. cirripediformis Comstock; M. comes parasitizing C. formicarius; M. dardanus parasitizing C. glomeratus; M. floridensissp. nov. parasitizing C. floridensis; M. grandissp. nov. parasitizing C. grandis Hempel; and M. opis parasitizing C. glomeratus and C. janeirensis (Gray). A checklist of Metaphycus species associated with Ceroplastes, their distribution and host ranges are summarized and discussed.

RNA-binding proteins RBM20 and PTBP1 regulate the alternative splicing of FHOD3.

Regulation of alternative splicing events is an essential step required for the expression of functional cytoskeleton and sarcomere proteins in cardiomyocytes. About 3% of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy cases present mutations in the RNA binding protein RBM20, a tissue specific regulator of alternative splicing. Transcripts expressed preferentially in skeletal and cardiac muscle, including TTN, CAMK2D, LDB3, LMO7, PDLIM3, RTN4, and RYR2, are RBM20-dependent splice variants. In the present study, we investigated the RBM20 involvement in post-transcriptional regulation of splicing variants expressed by Formin homology 2 domain containing 3 (FHOD3) gene. FHOD3 is a sarcomeric protein highly expressed in the cardiac tissue and required for the assembly of the contractile apparatus. Recently, FHOD3 mutations have been found associated with heart diseases. We identified novel FHOD3 splicing variants differentially expressed in human tissues and provided evidences that FHOD3 transcripts are specific RBM20 and PTBP1 targets. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the expression of RBM20 and PTBP1 promoted the alternative shift, from inclusion to exclusion, of selected FHOD3 exons. These results indicate that RBM20 and PTBP1 play a role in the actin filament functional organization mediated by FHOD3 isoforms and suggest their possible involvement in heart diseases.

Development of a new compact gamma-ray spectrometer optimised for runaway electron measurements.

A new compact gamma-ray spectrometer was developed in order to optimise the measurement of bremsstrahlung radiation emitted from runaway electrons in the MeV range. The detector is based on a cerium doped lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO:Ce) scintillator coupled to a silicon photomultiplier and is insensitive to magnetic fields. A dedicated electronic board was developed to optimise the signal readout as well as for online control of the device. The detector combines a dynamic range up to 10 MeV with moderate energy non-linearity, counting rate capabilities in excess of 1 MHz, and an energy resolution that extrapolates to a few % in the MeV range, thus meeting the requirements for its application to runaway electron studies by bremsstrahlung measurements in the gamma-ray energy range.

Social media and nurse education: an integrative review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: The exponential advance of social media has touched all areas of society, no exception for the professional and personal lives of healthcare people. The issue to be considered is not whether or not social media are being used, but how they are used. The line between proper and improper use, and even abuse, of social media is a subtle one. Thus, the key issue is to be aware of the tool that is being used and this should be supported with suitable training for healthcare professionals and, at an even earlier stage, for students at healthcare training institutions during their studies. OBJECTIVE: To describe, through an integrative review of the literature, the use of social media by teachers and students during teaching activity and practical training courses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An integrative review of the literature was conducted in October 2014. The literature search was performed by consulting the main biomedical databases: PubMed, CINAHL and Embase. RESULTS: The literature search brought up a total of 854 citations. 804 abstracts were excluded as they were not relevant. Of the remaining 50, 31 were excluded for not meeting the general criteria and, hence, only 19 articles were included. Two aspects emerged from the works selected: the use and potential of social media in nursing education and the ethical and professional implications of their use. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the literature reveals two areas for further investigation: evaluating the level of moral awareness in nursing education with regards to the use of Web 2.0 communication tools and implementing teaching methods to promote the construction and development of moral reasoning in professionals.

Nursing research priorities in internal medicine nursing practice: an Italian Delphi study.

INTRODUCTION: In order to develop an effective and accountable nursing practice is necessary to launch research projects through coordinated studies and one of the main strategies to achieve this goal is to define research priorities. METHODS: he aim of this study is define the nursing priority research in Internal Medicine and explore the possibility to define the nursing priority research in Internal Medicine. This is an observational study using a three-round Delphi method. RESULTS: Fifty-five nurses (77%) completed all three rounds. Two hundred eighty-four research priorities were recorded, organized in eighty areas. The technical - care and organized - management are the areas in which were identify more priorities. CONCLUSIONS: The top five priorities, identify as the most important, suggest the attention of Italian nurses in care of patients, management and in safe-care.

Validity and reliability of the Italian Constipation Assessment Scale.

Constipation is a common problem among oncology patients and requires careful assessment. Use of validated instruments is important to improving its management. The aim of this study was to validate the Italian translation of the Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS). To test construct validity, patients and apparently healthy adults were asked to complete the CAS. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the median CAS of the patient group and that of the apparently healthy group. Test-retest reliability was very high (r=0.96; P=0.0001), and the internal consistency as assessed by Cronbach's alpha was 0.768. These findings suggest that the Italian CAS can be used in clinical practice to document the presence and severity of constipation in cancer patients. However, further studies should be conducted in a larger sample of patients to confirm the results.

Management of totally implantable vascular access devices in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease associated with recurrent lung infections, that represent a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Cystic fibrosis requires frequent antibiotic treatments, sometimes by mouth or via aerosol but often via the intravenous route. Totally implanted venous access devices (ports) allow an easy and safe vascular access for unlimited periods of time, and they can be used in CF to administer antibiotics and other i.v. infusions; if compared to external central venous catheters, ports are better tolerated, since they permit almost unlimited physical activity and do not interfere with patient's self-image. Though ports require a minimal level of care, they may be sometimes associated with relevant complications, which can be insertion-related (pneumothorax, arterial puncture, local hematoma), or management-related (infection, occlusion of the lumen, venous thrombosis). This article summarizes some recommendations on the management of ports in CF, considering the existing literature. Still, some issues remain unsolved and will need further research and studies.

The management of totally implanted venous ports in the ambulatory oncologic patient.

Totally implanted venous access devices (ports) are widely used in all oncology units, because of the many advantages that they offer if compared to external central venous catheters, particularly in terms of safety. Nonetheless, infection, lumen occlusion and venous thrombosis may still occur, and they are often caused or facilitated by inappropriate insertion or inappropriate management. Reviewing the management protocols of ports in ambulatory patients of 50 Italian oncology units, we have been able to detect the lack of common standardized behavior regarding the technical management of these devices: in addition, some aspects of management differ significantly from what suggested by international guidelines.