Orofacial antinociceptive effects of perillyl alcohol associated with codeine and its possible modes of action.

This study evaluated the orofacial antinociceptive effect of (S)-(-)-perillyl alcohol (PA) associated with codeine (C) and investigated the possible molecular anchorage mechanisms of PA. Mice (n = 5 per group) were treated with PA alone and associated with codeine and assigned to the following groups: 75.0 mg/kg PA; 75.0 mg/kg PA + C 30 mg/kg; PA 37.5 mg/kg + C 15.0 mg/kg; C 30.0 mg/kg; and control. Nociception was induced by formalin, capsaicin, and glutamate, and was quantified based on the duration (in seconds) of face grooming. The possible mechanisms of action were evaluated by molecular docking study. In the formalin test, PA75/C30 presented an effect in the neurogenic (p < 0.0001) and inflammatory (p < 0.005) phases. Mice treated with PA75 (p < 0.0001) and PA75/C30 (p < 0.0005) showed a reduced nociceptive behavior in the capsaicin test. Glutamate-induced nociception also was blocked by PA75 (p < 0.0005) and C30 (p < 0.0005). The molecular anchorage analysis indicated high negative binding energy values for the evaluated receptors, especially glutamate receptors (AMPA -79.57 Kcal/mol, mGLUR6 -71.25, and NMDA -66.33 Kcal/mol). PA associated with codeine showed orofacial antinociceptive activity, with theoretical evidence of interaction with glutamate receptors.

Orofacial antinociceptive effects of perillyl alcohol associated with codeine and its possible modes of action

Abstract This study evaluated the orofacial antinociceptive effect of (S)-(-)-perillyl alcohol (PA) associated with codeine (C) and investigated the possible molecular anchorage mechanisms of PA. Mice (n = 5 per group) were treated with PA alone and associated with codeine and assigned to the following groups: 75.0 mg/kg PA; 75.0 mg/kg PA + C 30 mg/kg; PA 37.5 mg/kg + C 15.0 mg/kg; C 30.0 mg/kg; and control. Nociception was induced by formalin, capsaicin, and glutamate, and was quantified based on the duration (in seconds) of face grooming. The possible mechanisms of action were evaluated by molecular docking study. In the formalin test, PA75/C30 presented an effect in the neurogenic (p < 0.0001) and inflammatory (p < 0.005) phases. Mice treated with PA75 (p < 0.0001) and PA75/C30 (p < 0.0005) showed a reduced nociceptive behavior in the capsaicin test. Glutamate-induced nociception also was blocked by PA75 (p < 0.0005) and C30 (p < 0.0005). The molecular anchorage analysis indicated high negative binding energy values for the evaluated receptors, especially glutamate receptors (AMPA -79.57 Kcal/mol, mGLUR6 -71.25, and NMDA -66.33 Kcal/mol). PA associated with codeine showed orofacial antinociceptive activity, with theoretical evidence of interaction with glutamate receptors.

O lazer no Acre: a perspectiva de estudantes do ensino médio / Leisure on Acre: the perspective of high school students

Este estudo tem como objetivo trazer a perspectiva dos estudantes do Ensino Médio do Acre a respeito do Lazer. Foi desenvolvido estudo transversal com 674 estudantes do Ensino Médio de Instituições Federais das cinco regionais do Estado do Acre. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário composto por módulos temáticos com questões abertas e fechadas. Destaca-se como resultado: os estudantes consideram o lazer importante e o relacionam com a prática, como o lazer social e de atividades físicas; e destinam um tempo para sua vivência. As barreiras apontadas para a prática do lazer foram: cansaço, falta de tempo e de dinheiro. Os estudantes também indicam a insuficiência de espaços destinados ao lazer e atribuem este fato à falta de interesse do poder público. As atividades mais frequentes são as sociais, as físicas e intelectuais, sendo suas escolhas mais influenciadas pelo meio social.

This study aims to bring the perspective of high school students from the Acre, Brazil about Leisure. A cross-sectional study was developed with 674 students from Federal Institutions in five regions of the State of Acre. The data were collected through a questionnaire composed of thematic modules with open and closed questions. It stands out as a result: students consider leisure to be important and relate it to practice such as social and physical activity leisure; and they set time aside for their experience. The barriers pointed to the practice of leisure were: tiredness, lack of time and money. Students also indicate the insufficiency of leisure spaces and attribute this fact to the lack of interest from public authorities. The most frequent activities are social, physical and intellectual and their choices are more influenced by the social environment. This study aims to bring the perspective of high school students from the Acre, Brazil about Leisure. A cross-sectional study was developed with 674 students from Federal Institutions in five regions of the State of Acre. The data were collected through a questionnaire composed of thematic modules with open and closed questions. It stands out as a result: students consider leisure to be important and relate it to practice such as social and physical activity leisure; and they set time aside for their experience. The barriers pointed to the practice of leisure were: tiredness, lack of time and money. Students also indicate the insufficiency of leisure spaces and attribute this fact to the lack of interest from public authorities. The most frequent activities are social, physical and intellectual and their choices are more influenced by the social environment.

Plastic intake does not depend on fish eating habits: Identification of microplastics in the stomach contents of fish on an urban beach in Brazil.

This study aims to identify, classify, quantify the ingested microplastic by marine teleost fish, in order to analyze the relationship between microplastic and trophic guilds. Food items of 214 individuals of Opisthonema oglinum, Bagre marinus, Cathorops spixii, Sciades herzbergii, Chloroscombrus chrysurus, Conodon nobilis, Haemulopsis corvinaeformis were analyzed. The species were classified according to their trophic guilds (zoobenthivorous or opportunistic/omnivorous). All species ingested microplastic and contamination occurred independently of the trophic guild. Of the sampled fish, 55% were contaminated by microplastic. The most consumed categories were blue (28%) and transparent filaments (20%). Raman spectroscopy measurements detected that most sampled filament corresponds to blue synthetic fiber (polyester). This study can contribute by filling gaps in knowledge regarding sandy beach impacts, which are environments so highly threatened by human activities around the world and are neglected in terms of use and conservation plans.

Apoio matricial em saúde mental no sus de belo horizonte: perspectiva dos trabalhadores / The matrix support in mental health in the health unified system of belo horizonte: perspective of workers / El apoyo de matriz en salud mental en el sistema único de salud de belo horizonte: perspectiva de los trabajadores

Resumo Trata-se de pesquisa empírica com o objetivo de analisar a prática do apoio matricial em saúde mental com base no estudo de caso da experiência da cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, ocorrida entre os anos de 2013-2014. Mediante uma abordagem qualitativa, realizaram-se entrevistas do tipo semiestruturado e individual com cinco psicólogos e dois representantes da gestão envolvidos com o apoio matricial em saúde mental do município, além de observação-participante em reuniões de matriciamento. Os dados foram analisados segundo a metodologia da análise de conteúdo. Nas reflexões finais, percebeu-se que o apoio matricial tem transformado a relação de trabalho nas unidades básicas de saúde no sentido da corresponsabilização e do trabalho integrado entre as equipes. No entanto, ainda é preciso avançar no tocante à construção do projeto terapêutico, ampliando o escopo de intervenções além do atendimento clínico-individual, incluindo a perspectiva do trabalho com grupos e no território.

Abstract This research aims to examine the practice of matrix support in mental health from the case study of the experience of the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, between the years 2013-2014. From a qualitative approach, there were semi-structured and individual type of interviews with five psychologists and two representatives of management involved with this in mental health in the city, as well as participant observation in matricial meetings. Data were analyzed using the methodology of content analysis. In the final reflections, it is clear that the support matrix has transformed the employment relationship in basic health units in the sense of co-responsibility and integrated work between the teams. Nevertheless, we still need to move forward with regard to the construction of the treatment plan, expanding the scope of interventions beyond the clinical and individual care, including the prospect of working with groups and in the territory.

Resumen Este artículo presenta una investigación empírica con el objetivo de analizar la práctica del apoyo matricial en salud mental teniendo por base el estudio de caso dela experiencia de la ciudad de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre los años 2013-2014. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, fueron realizadas entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas con cinco psicólogos y dos representantes de la gestión, así como observación participante en las reuniones matriciales. Los datos fueron analizados utilizándose la metodología de análisis de contenido. En las reflexiones finales, está claro que el apoyo matricial viene transformando la relación de trabajo en las unidades básicas de salud en el sentido de la corresponsabilidad y el trabajo integrado entre los equipos. Sin embargo, todavía tenemos que avanzar hacia la construcción del plan terapéutico, ampliando las intervenciones más allá de la atención clínica individual, incluyendo la posibilidad de trabajar con grupos y en el territorio.

Diel Variations and Ecological Aspects in Fish Assemblages of a Sandy Beach in the Semi-Arid Region of Northeast Brazil

ABSTRACT For the demersal fish that inhabit sandy beaches, the variation between day and night periods represents a determinant factor in their behavior, especially for species that live in shallow waters. This research aims at determining whether there are differences in the fish assemblage structure of the sandy beach of São Cristóvão, RN, Brazil, between diurnal and nocturnal periods. Samplings were carried out in 2011, during spring high tide period, with an otter trawl net. Dissimilarity between diurnal and nocturnal fish assemblages was confirmed by PERMANOVA results. No statistical differences were observed for richness and diversity of fish assemblage between day and night periods. The first and third order carnivores were the significantly more representative trophic categories during night and day periods, respectively. Only four species presented significant differences regarding total length of fish between the periods. The demersal fish assemblage of São Cristóvão beach presented variations in the density of individuals between day and night periods. Dissimilarities were also recorded in trophic categories and in total lengths of individuals; however this occurred as a result of the high density of some species. The low depth of the beach may prevent the establishment of larger size adult fish, thus becoming a favourable environment for juveniles and small-sized fish species.

Structural and functional brain rewiring clarifies preserved interhemispheric transfer in humans born without the corpus callosum.

Why do humans born without the corpus callosum, the major interhemispheric commissure, lack the disconnection syndrome classically described in callosotomized patients? This paradox was discovered by Nobel laureate Roger Sperry in 1968, and has remained unsolved since then. To tackle the hypothesis that alternative neural pathways could explain this puzzle, we investigated patients with callosal dysgenesis using structural and functional neuroimaging, as well as neuropsychological assessments. We identified two anomalous white-matter tracts by deterministic and probabilistic tractography, and provide supporting resting-state functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence for their functional role in preserved interhemispheric transfer of complex tactile information, such as object recognition. These compensatory pathways connect the homotopic posterior parietal cortical areas (Brodmann areas 39 and surroundings) via the posterior and anterior commissures. We propose that anomalous brain circuitry of callosal dysgenesis is determined by long-distance plasticity, a set of hardware changes occurring in the developing brain after pathological interference. So far unknown, these pathological changes somehow divert growing axons away from the dorsal midline, creating alternative tracts through the ventral forebrain and the dorsal midbrain midline, with partial compensatory effects to the interhemispheric transfer of cortical function.

Composition and assemblage structure of demersal fish from São Cristóvão beach, Areia Branca, RN / Composição e estrutura da assembléia de peixes demersais da praia de São Cristóvão, Areia Branca, RN

Fish assemblages are an important element of sandy beaches, as they are fundamental for these ecosystems' balance of energy. Descriptions of the structure of fish assemblages in the sandy beaches of northeastern Brazil are scarce; this is especially true for the state of Rio Grande do Norte, which northern coast is poorly studied. This study aimed to identify the fish fauna of São Cristóvão Beach and to determine their assemblage structure. Three trawlings, considered as replicates, were undertaken monthly, in the same day, during 10 minutes each time, parallel to the coastal line, and in the direction of current, from February 2010 to January 2011. To describe the general pattern of the fish assemblage, the abundance, frequency and trophic categories of each species were estimated. On São Cristóvão Beach, 8894 individuals were captured, belonging to 58 species, 48 genera and 28 families. The most abundant and frequent species were Pomadasys corvinaeformis (Steindachner, 1868), Cathorops spixii (Agassiz, 1829), Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan, 1889), Pellona harroweri (Fowler, 1917), Stellifer stellifer (Bloch, 1790), Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867), Larimus breviceps Cuvier, 1830, Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758)and Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758). The most abundant trophic category was first order carnivores. The ichthyofauna of São Cristóvão Beach is diversified and the most representative families match those observed in sandy beach ecosystems from other Brazilian regions. The results presented here reflect the basic knowledge necessary to conduct further research in the region.

As assembléias íctias são um elemento importante das praias arenosas, pois são fundamentais no balanço energético desses ecossistemas. Descrições da estrutura da assembléia de peixes de praias arenosas do nordeste brasileiro são escassas, em especial no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, cujo litoral norte é pobremente estudado. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo inventariar a ictiofauna da praia de São Cristóvão, bem como conhecer a estrutura desta assembléia. Foram realizados três arrastos mensais com portas, com 10 minutos de duração cada (considerados como réplicas), paralelos à linha da costa, na direção da corrente, no período de fevereiro de 2010 a janeiro de 2011. Para descrever o padrão geral da comunidade de peixes, foram calculadas as abundâncias, frequências e os hábitos alimentares das espécies. Na praia de São Cristóvão foram capturados 8.894 indivíduos, pertencentes a 58 espécies, 48 gêneros e 28 famílias. As espécies mais abundantes e frequentes foram Pomadasys corvinaeformis (Steindachner, 1868), Cathorops spixii (Agassiz, 1829), Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan, 1889), Pellona harroweri (Fowler, 1917), Stellifer stellifer (Bloch, 1790), Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867), Larimus breviceps Cuvier, 1830, Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) e Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758). Quanto às proporções das categorias tróficas das espécies, a predominante é carnívora de primeira ordem. A ictiofauna da praia de São Cristóvão pode ser considerada diversificada e as famílias mais representativas coincidem com aquelas observadas nos ecossistemas praiais de outras regiões brasileiras. Os resultados aqui apresentados refletem o conhecimento básico necessário para a realização de pesquisas futuras na região.