Intravital Microscopy Evidence That Methylene Blue Should Be a Vasopressor-Sparing Agent in Sepsis Vasoplegia.

Microvasculature failure is expected in sepsis and at higher amine concentrations. Therefore, special attention focused individually on microcirculation is needed. Here, we present that methylene blue can prevent leukocytes from adhering to the endothelium in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. As hypothesis evidence, an intravital microscopy image is presented.

Association between oral health-related quality of life and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder among older adults: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the association between oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and self-reported symptoms of TMD. METHODS: Representative samples of older adults (≥60 years) were included (n = 569). Both TMD symptoms and OHRQoL were assessed by Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI) and Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), respectively. Prevalence (those answering "frequently" or "always" in at least one question), severity (total means scores), and extent (number of questions answered as "frequently" or "always") of OHRQoL were estimated. RESULTS: Overall, 33.4% and 9.5% had mild or moderate/severe TMD symptoms. Those with any symptom of TMD had a prevalence ratio (PR) 38% higher for the worst OHRQoL (95% confidence interval [95%CI]:1.04-1.82) compared to those without TMD symptoms. Worst OHRQoL were observed for those with mild (PR:1.35; 95%CI:1.01-1.81) and moderate/severe TMD (PR:1.53; 95%CI:1.04-2.26). Similar results were detected in the severity and extent of OHRQoL. CONCLUSION: Severity TMD was associated with worse ORHQoL.

Hip joint contact pressure and force: a scoping review of in vivo and cadaver studies.

Aims: Research on hip biomechanics has analyzed femoroacetabular contact pressures and forces in distinct hip conditions, with different procedures, and used diverse loading and testing conditions. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and summarize the available evidence in the literature for hip contact pressures and force in cadaver and in vivo studies, and how joint loading, labral status, and femoral and acetabular morphology can affect these biomechanical parameters. Methods: We used the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews for this literature search in three databases. After screening, 16 studies were included for the final analysis. Results: The studies assessed different hip conditions like labrum status, the biomechanical effect of the cam, femoral version, acetabular coverage, and the effect of rim trimming. The testing and loading conditions were also quite diverse, and this disparity limits direct comparisons between the different researches. With normal anatomy the mean contact pressures ranged from 1.54 to 4.4 MPa, and the average peak contact pressures ranged from 2 to 9.3 MPa. Labral tear or resection showed an increase in contact pressures that diminished after repair or reconstruction of the labrum. Complete cam resection also decreased the contact pressure, and acetabular rim resection of 6 mm increased the contact pressure at the acetabular base. Conclusion: To date there is no standardized methodology to access hip contact biomechanics in hip arthroscopy, or with the preservation of the periarticular soft-tissues. A tendency towards improved biomechanics (lower contact pressures) was seen with labral repair and reconstruction techniques as well as with cam correction.

Smooth muscle contraction of the fundus of stomach, duodenum and bladder from mice exposed to a stress-based model of depression.

Several reports have demonstrated that depressive disorder is related to somatic symptoms including gastrointestinal or genitourinary alterations. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the gastrointestinal or genitourinary alterations associated with the depression are still not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the motor activity of gastrointestinal (fundus of stomach and duodenum) and genitourinary tract (bladder) in a stress-based animal model of depression. Adult male mice were submitted to uncontrollable and unpredictable stress (learned helplessness model), controllable stress and non-stressful situations (control). Then, animals were euthanized and the fundus of stomach, duodenum segments or whole bladder were isolated and mounted in a standard organ bath preparation. We evaluated the contractile effects induced by KCl 80 mM for 5 min or carbachol (acetylcholine receptor agonist). The relaxant effects of isoproterenol (ß-adrenoceptor agonist) were also checked. Animals submitted to the learned helplessness model developed a helpless (depressive-like behavior) or resilient (does not exhibit depressive-like behavior) phenotype. The contractions induced by carbachol were diminished in fundus of stomach isolated from helpless and resilient animals. The isoproterenol-induced fundus of stomach relaxation was reduced in resilient but not helpless mice. The contractions/relaxation of duodenum segments isolated from helpless or resilient animals were not altered. Both helpless and resilient animals showed an increase in the bladder contractions induced by carbachol while the relaxant effects of isoproterenol were reduced when compared to control. Conversely, mice underwent a controllable stress situation did not exhibit alterations in the fundus of stomach or duodenum contraction/relaxation induced by pharmacological agents although a decrease in the bladder contraction induced by carbachol was found. In conclusion, incontrollable and unpredictable stress and not depressive phenotype (helpless animals) or controllable stress could be related to the alterations in motor activity of the fundus of stomach and bladder.

Tratamento de periodontite estágio III localizado grau C em um indivíduo fumante: um relato de caso / Treatment of periodontitis stage III localized grade C in smoker individual: a case report

Objetivo: A periodontite é uma doença infecto-inflamatória que acomete os tecidos de inserção periodontal, e ser fumante representa um risco modificável significativo para todos os graus da doença. Ainda, indivíduos fumantes apresentam uma resposta inflamatória alterada quando comparados a não fumantes. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi reportar um relato de caso de tratamento periodontal de paciente fumante pesado. Relato de caso: O paciente DRS, sexo masculino, 22 anos, foi encaminhado à Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) com a queixa principal de necessidade de "realização de uma limpeza dentária". Na anamnese, relatou fumar 20 cigarros ao dia, há 7 anos (7 maços-ano). Na consulta inicial, foi encontrado índice de placa visível (IPV) de 100% e índice de sangramento gengival (ISG) de 66,67%. Foi encontrado cálculo supragengival como fator retentivo de placa (FRP) em 46,30% dos sítios. Estabeleceu-se o diagnóstico de periodontite estágio III localizado grau C. Os exames periodontais foram realizados por um único pesquisador calibrado e optou-se pelo tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico. Ao exame de 12 meses, o paciente apresentou IPV de 23,45% e ISG de 22,83%. Houve ausência de FRP. De uma forma geral, foi possível constatar a diminuição significativa das bolsas periodontais, bem como o ganho significativo de inserção clínica periodontal. Considerações finais: Dessa forma, é possível concluir a efetividade da terapia periodontal não cirúrgica, aliada à manutenção periodontal e instruções de higiene para o tratamento de periodontite estágio III, grau C, em paciente fumante.(AU)

Objective: Periodontitis is an infect-inflammatory diseases that affects the periodontal attachment tissues, and being smoker represents a significant modifiable risk for all degrees of the disease. Moreover, smokers have an altered inflammatory response when compared to non-smokers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report a case report of periodontal treatment of a heavy smoker. Case report: A patient DRS, male, 22 years old, was referred to the School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) with the main complaint of the need to "perform a dental cleaning". During the anamnesis, he reported smoking 20 cigarettes a day for 7 years (7 pack-years). In the initial appointment, a visible plaque index (VPI) of 100% and a gingival bleeding index (GBI) of 66.67% were found. Supragingival calculus was found as a plaque retentive factor (PRF) in 46.30% of the sites. The diagnosis of periodontitis stage III localized grade C was established. Periodontal examinations were performed by a single calibrated researcher and non-surgical periodontal treatment was chosen. At the 12-month appointment, the patient had an VPI of 23.45% and an GBI of 22.83%. There was absence of PRF. In general, it was possible to observe a significant decrease in periodontal pockets, as well as a significant gain in periodontal clinical attachment. Final considerations: Thus, it is possible to conclude the effectiveness of non-surgical periodontal therapy, combined with periodontal maintenance and hygiene instructions for the treatment of periodontitis stage III localized grade C in a smoker.(AU)

The CDR3 region as the major driver of TREM-1 interaction with its ligands, an in silico characterization.

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is a pattern recognition receptor heavily investigated in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Because of its role in amplifying inflammation, TREM-1 has been explored as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker. Further, as the receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases, therapies aiming at modulating its activity represent a promising strategy to constrain uncontrolled inflammatory or infectious diseases. Despite this, several aspects concerning its interaction with ligands and activation process, remain unclear. Although many molecules have been suggested as TREM-1 ligands, only five have been confirmed to interact with the receptor: actin, eCIRP, HMGB1, Hsp70 and PGLYRP1. However, the domains involved in the interaction between the receptor and these proteins are not clarified yet. Therefore, here we used in silico approaches to investigate the putative binding domains in the receptor, using hot spots analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations between TREM-1 and its five known ligands. Our results indicated the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the receptor as the main mediators of antigen recognition, especially the CDR3 loop. We believe that our study could be used as structural basis for the elucidation of TREM-1's recognition process, and may be useful for prospective in silico and biological investigations exploring the receptor in different contexts.

Immunoinformatics-guided design of a multi-valent vaccine against Rotavirus and Norovirus (ChRNV22).

Rotavirus (RV) and Norovirus (NV) are the main viral etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis (AG), a serious pediatric condition associated with significant death rates and long-term complications. Anti-RV vaccination has been proved efficient in the reduction of severe AG worldwide, however, the available vaccines are all attenuated and have suboptimal efficiencies in developing countries, where AG leads to substantial disease burden. On the other hand, no NV vaccine has been licensed so far. Therefore, we used immunoinformatics tools to develop a multi-epitope vaccine (ChRNV22) to prevent severe AG by RV and NV. Epitopes were predicted against 17 prevalent genotypes of four structural proteins (NV's VP1, RV's VP4, VP6 and VP7), and then assembled in a chimeric protein, with two small adjuvant sequences (tetanus toxin P2 epitope and a conserved sequence of RV's enterotoxin, NSP4). Simulations of the immune response and interactions with immune receptors indicated the immunogenic properties of ChRNV22, including a Th1-biased response. In silico search for putative host-homologous, allergenic and toxic regions also indicated the vaccine safety. In summary, we developed a multi-epitope vaccine against different NV and RV genotypes that seems promising for the prevention of severe AG, which will be further assessed by in vivo tests.

Effects of histamine on the contractility of the rat distal cauda epididymis.

The motor activity of the epididymis duct is an essential process for male fertility and it is regulated by hormonal, neuronal and epithelial mechanisms. However, although there is evidence for the presence of histamine in the epididymis, its effects on epididymal motor activity are unknown. This study sought to evaluate the contractile effects of histamine on the rat distal cauda epididymis duct. Segments of the distal cauda epididymis duct from male Wistar rats were isolated and used in isolated organ bath experiments to evaluate the contractile effects of histamine in the absence or presence of antagonists of histamine receptors, α1-adrenoceptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The effects of histamine on noradrenaline induced contractions were also investigated. Histamine was able to induce phasic contractions on rat distal cauda epididymis duct which were prevented by promethazine 10-1000 nM (H1 receptor antagonist), ranitidine 1-100 µM (H2 receptor antagonist), atropine 100 nM (muscarinic antagonist), and prazosin 100 nM (α1-adrenoceptor antagonist). In addition, histamine was also able to modify noradrenaline-induced contractions possibly via activation of H1 and H2 receptors. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that histamine can induce phasic contractions of rat distal cauda epididymis via H2 receptors and autonomic neurotransmitters. Histamine may also exert modulatory actions on contractions of rat distal cauda epididymis duct induced by adrenergic receptor agonists. Further studies are necessary to unveil the localization of histamine receptors within the epididymal duct and the consequences of manipulation of the histaminergic system on epididymal function and male fertility.

Poor Quality of Sleep is Associated with Lower Academic Performance in Undergraduate Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the quality of sleep and associated factors among dental students. Methods: All dental students regularly enrolled at the Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil, were invited to participate. A structured online questionnaire was applied to collect the independent variables, including academic performance. Quality of sleep was assessed by the validated version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Sample was dichotomized as good sleep quality (total score: ≤ 4) and at least poor quality (total score: ≥ 5). Adjusted analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust variance to detect the association between sleep quality and independent variables. Independent adjusted models were performed to the whole-sample, only undergraduate and only graduate dental students. Results: Poor quality of sleep was detected in 266 (65.2%) dental students, of which 228 (68.9%) and 38 (49.4%) were undergraduate and graduate dental students, respectively. Female students presented a prevalence ratio (PR) 19% higher compared to males (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.41). When only graduate students were considering, those that reported not being the head of the family presented a PR 4.39 higher for poor quality of sleep (95% CI 1.91-10.09). Poor quality of sleep was associated with lower academic performance among undergraduate students (PR: 0.94; 95% CI 0.89-0.99), but not significantly associated when graduate students are considered (PR: 0.99; 95% CI 0.96-1.03). Conclusion: It was concluded that dental students, mainly female ones, have high prevalence of poor quality of sleep, which is associated with undergraduate student's worst academic performance. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41782-022-00223-2.

Modified triangular osteosynthesis in the treatment of bilateral sacroiliac joint dislocation.

Bilateral sacroiliac joint dislocation is a rare injury associated with rotational and vertical instability of the pelvic ring. The ideal strategy for the reduction and fixation of this injury is poorly described in the current literature. Triangular osteosynthesis provides multiplanar stability to the posterior pelvic ring allowing early weight bearing. We present the case of a young female with a bilateral sacroiliac joint dislocation who underwent a modified bilateral triangular osteosynthesis, using S1 pedicle screws to improve the reduction of the sacroiliac joint.

TREM-2: friend or foe in infectious diseases?

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) is an immune receptor expressed on immune and non-immune cells, more frequently investigated in neurodegenerative disorders and considered a marker for microglia activation. In infectious diseases, the receptor was initially believed to be an anti-inflammatory molecule, opposing the inflammation triggered by TREM-1. Currently, TREM-2 is associated with different aspects in response to infectious stimuli, including the induction of bacterial phagocytosis and clearance, containment of exacerbated pro-inflammatory responses, induction of M2 differentiation and activation of Th1 lymphocytes, besides of neurological damage after viral infection. Here, we present and discuss results published in the last two decades regarding the expression, activation and functions of TREM-2 during the course of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. A surprisingly plasticity was observed regarding the roles of the receptor in the aforementioned contexts, which largely varied according to the cell/organ and pathogen type, besides influencing disease outcome. Therefore, our review aimed to critically overview the role of TREM-2 in infectious diseases, highlighting its potential to be used as a clinical biomarker or therapeutic target.

Effects of high-intensity interval training in combination with detraining on mental health in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and detraining on the quality of life and mental health of 23 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Participants were randomly assigned to the HIIT group (n = 12) [26.0 ± 3.92] and the control group (n = 11) [26.6 ± 4.68]. HIIT sessions comprised 40-60 min, 3 days a week for 12 weeks, followed by detraining for 30 days. We assessed the quality of life using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and mental health by the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and we compared group changes on these variables at three time points: 1) at baseline, 2) after 12 weeks of HIIT (or no training), and 3) after 30 days of detraining (or no training). The participants were classified as overweight and had a high percentage of body fat (41.5%) and irregular menstrual cycles (amenorrhea) (66.7%). Throughout training, participants in the HIIT group reported improvements in domains of the quality of life: functional capacity (M = 80.4 ± 3.4 vs. M = 87.0 ± 3.1), physical role functioning (M = 72.5 ± 9.4 vs. M = 81.8 ± 9.7), and general health perception (M = 48.6 ± 4.6 vs. M = 69.0 ± 5.8). Regarding anxiety symptoms (M = 6.4 ± 1.6 vs. M = 3.7 ± 0.7) and depression symptoms (M = 6.7 ± 1.6 vs. M = 3.8 ± 0.9), those reduced significantly after HIIT. After a 30-day detraining period, there was an increase in the significant change in the quality of life; however, domains of mental health showed instability. In summary, the HIIT program promoted improvements in the quality of life and mental health in women with PCOS. The 30 days of detraining changed the benefits in the quality of life and stability in the changes in mental health domains.

Brachial plexus formation in Jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi).

Puma yagouaroundi is a wild felid with wide distribution on the American continent. This paper aims to describe the origin and motor distribution of the nerves of the brachial plexus of P. yagouaroundi and compare the findings with the available descriptions for the Carnivora order. Fourteen brachial plexuses of specimens collected dead on highways were dissected (five males and two females). In most cases (57%), the brachial plexus originated from the ventral spinal branches of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. The C7 branch was the one that most contributed to the formation of the plexus nerves (57.7%). Among all dissected nerves, 23.6% were unisegmental and 76.4% plurisegmental. The radial nerve was the thickest and innervated the largest number of muscles, while the caudal pectoral nerve showed the most varied formation. Intraspecific polymorphisms occurred in the plexus, although the distribution of the nerves to the muscles had an evident constancy among the individuals. Due to the similarities, locoregional blocking techniques may consider the same anatomical landmarks stipulated for domestic cats. Comparison with the descriptions of other carnivorans allows speculating a polymorphism at the plexus origin, in contrast to the conservative innervation of the muscles in the order Carnivora.

Effectiveness of interdental cleaning devices with active substances: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the literature on the efficacy of interdental cleaning devices (ICDs) used with active substances, as adjuncts to toothbrushing, in comparison with toothbrushing alone or with ICDs without active substances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Searches for randomized clinical trials were performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane (CENTRAL), and Web of Science. Two independent researchers performed study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment; a third one resolved any disagreement. Meta-analysis was not feasible, and a narrative approach was used to synthesize the evidence. RESULTS: Seven studies were included. Dental floss with chlorhexidine was used in five studies, whereas interdental brushes with chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride were used in one study each. ICDs with active substances resulted in significantly higher antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacies than without ICDs (n = 3). ICDs with and without active substances demonstrated contrasting results. For this comparison, six studies were included for each outcome. Significantly higher antigingivitis efficacy of ICDs with active substances was noted in four studies, whereas significantly higher antiplaque efficacy of ICDs with active substances was reported in three studies. All comparisons demonstrated a very low certainty of evidence. CONCLUSIONS: There is no robust evidence for the additional clinical efficacy of ICDs with active substances regarding their antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacies. These devices may have additional clinical efficacy when compared with the absence of interproximal hygiene. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of ICDs helps maintain or achieve periodontal health. However, the adjunct use of active substances may not provide additional benefits.

Structural Computational Analysis of the Natural History of Class I aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Suggests their Role in Establishing the Genetic Code.

The evolutionary history of Class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) through the reconstruction of ancestral sequences is presented. From structural molecular modeling, we sought to understand its relationship with the acceptor arms and the tRNA anticodon loop, how this relationship was established, and the possible implications in determining the genetic code and the translation system. The results of the molecular docking showed that in 7 out 9 aaRS, the acceptor arm and the anticodon loop bond practically in the same region. Domain accretion process in aaRS and repositioning of interactions between tRNAs and aaRS are illustrated. Based on these results, we propose that the operational code and the anticodon code coexisted, competing for the aaRS catalytic region, while consequently contributed to the stabilization of these proteins.

Effects of dipyrone and acetylsalicylic acid on contractions of distal cauda epididymis duct, serum testosterone and sperm count in rats.

The effects of dipyrone and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on male fertility are still not fully understood, mainly considering the epididymis as a putative target for their anti-fertility effects. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dipyrone and ASA on the contractions of distal cauda epididymis duct, serum testosterone levels and sperm parameters in rats. Firstly, we checked the in vitro effects of dipyrone and ASA (10-1000 µM) on the contractions of distal cauda epididymis duct by pharmacological experiments. We also evaluated the effects of in vivo treatment with dipyrone and ASA 100 mg/kg (p.o.) for 15 days on epididymal duct contractions, serum testosterone levels and sperm parameters. In vitro dipyrone or ASA decreased the epididymal duct contractions induced by phenylephrine or carbachol. We observed that in vivo treatment with both drugs decreased the daily sperm production, serum testosterone levels and sperm count through epididymis without altering the epididymal duct contractions and sperm transit time through epididymis. In conclusion, in vitro dipyrone and ASA were able to diminish the contractions of epididymal duct, whilst in vivo administration decreased the sperm count throughout epididymis as a consequence of a low sperm production caused by reduced testosterone levels.

The case of 'A Rhino Horn': case report and proposal for modification to the Hetsroni and Kelly classification.

Subspine impingement syndrome by definition involves a prominent antero-inferior iliac spine (AIIS) which can lead to impingement on the femoral neck thereby causing symptoms. We present the case of a 22-year-old semi-professional athlete who presented with a Type III AIIS morphology leading to subspine impingement syndrome and was managed via a mini open anterior approach. Radiological examination revealed a fairly prominent left AIIS resembling the 'horn of a rhino' extending to the trochanteric region anteriorly. A mini-anterior surgical approach was utilized for the resection of the 'rhino horn' and the rectus femoris was reattached. The patient remained asymptomatic at the one-year follow-up and had resumed weightlifting. Following this case, we propose a new classification of the type III AIIS morphology in view of the clinical presentation. The AIIS type III-Standard represents an extension from the acetabular rim to less than 1 cm (type III-S) and type III-Large, with an extension from the acetabular rim beyond 1 cm (type III-L). The type III-L will further be divided into two groups based on its relation to the ilium, type III-Lr ('rib shape') and type III-Lrh ('rhino horn').

Pairs of natural teeth rather than use of dental prosthesis are associated with nutritional status in older adults: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between pairs of natural teeth and nutritional status among older adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated a total of 569 home-dwelling adults from two southern Brazilian cities aged ≥60 years. Present teeth were counted, and pairs of natural teeth were defined as antagonistic teeth. Nutritional status was assessed using Mini Nutritional Assessment. Sociodemographic, behavioral, medical and dental history were collected. Sample was dichotomized into well-nourished and at nutritional risk (including at risk of malnutrition and malnourished). Multiple multivariate models were performed considering different categorizations of pairs of natural teeth. RESULTS: For each number of present teeth, a decrease of 1.8 % in the prevalence ratio (PR) for nutritional risk was detected (p = 0.040). For each pair of natural teeth, there was 4.4 % decrease in PR for nutritional risk (95 % confidence interval [95 % CI]: 0.917 - 0.997). No statistically significant association was found for pairs of natural anterior teeth (p = 0.222). For pairs of natural premolar, molar and posterior teeth, reductions of 15.4 %, 22.8 % and 11.5 %, respectively, in PR for nutritional risk were observed (p < 0.05). The presence of at least two pairs of natural molars or three pairs of natural posterior teeth was significantly associated with nutritional risk (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Older adults with fewer teeth or pairs of natural teeth, especially posterior teeth, presented poorer nutritional status. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Demonstrating threshold correlation between natural teeth and nutrition, data showed significant association between at least two pairs of natural molars or three pairs of natural posterior teeth and lower nutritional status.

TREM-1 isoforms in bacterial infections: to immune modulation and beyond.

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) is an innate immunity receptor associated with the amplification of inflammation in sterile and non-sterile inflammatory disorders. Since its first description, the two isoforms of the receptor, membrane and soluble (mTREM-1 and sTREM-1, respectively) have been largely explored in the immunopathogenesis of several bacterial diseases and sepsis. The role of the receptor in these scenarios seems to be at least partly dependent on the source/type of bacteria, host and context. As uncontrolled inflammation is a result of several bacterial infections, the inhibition of the receptor has been considered as a promising approach to treat such conditions. Further, sTREM-1 has been explored as a biomarker for diagnosis and/or prognosis of several bacterial diseases. Therefore, this review aims to provide an updated insight into how the receptor influences and is influenced by bacterial infections, highlighting the advances regarding the use/manipulation of TREM-1 isoforms in biomedical research and clinical practice.

Hip arthroscopy with initial access to the peripheral compartment provides significant improvement in FAI patients.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) using the technique of initial access to the peripheral compartment. It is based on a single surgeon large case series with a minimum of 2 years follow-up. METHODS: Prospective longitudinal study with consecutive patients. Inclusion criteria were the presence of FAI syndrome that had failed non-operative treatment and had a hip arthroscopy with initial access to the peripheral compartment. Exclusion criteria were previous hip surgery, patients younger than 16 or older than 60 years, Tönnis grade ≥ 2 osteoarthritis, hip dysplasia based on radiographic evidence of LCEA less than 25° and workers compensation cases. One hundred and sixty hips met the inclusion criteria, 84 were female and 70 were male patients (six bilateral cases), with a median age of 36 years (range 16-59). RESULTS: The median alpha angle correction was 22.6º (range 5.9-46.7) (p < 0.01) and the average LCEA correction when acetabuloplasty was undertaken was 6.5º (range - 1.4-20.8) (p < 0.01). The mean NAHS at baseline was 56.1 (range 16-96) and improved to 83.2 at the last follow up (range 44-100) for the patients that had no additional procedure (p < 0.01). The mean average improvement was 27.7º points (range - 16-73). No iatrogenic labral perforation and no full-thickness chondral damage were recorded during the arthroscopic procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Favourable outcomes are reported for the arthroscopic treatment of FAI with initial access to the peripheral compartment. The technique is protective against iatrogenic chondral and labral damage, more conservative to the joint capsule, but the mean traction time was relatively long when suture anchors were used. The results are comparable to the classic initial central compartment approach. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.