Polymorphism of triphenyl phosphite.

The glass-forming liquid triphenyl phosphite (TPP) has recently attracted much attention due to the possible existence of a polyamorphism, i.e., the existence of two or more amorphous phases. In the present work we provide experimental evidence of the existence of a polymorphism in TPP. In addition to the already known conventional crystalline phase, which melts at 299.1 K, it has been found that TPP can crystallize in another polymorphic phase. The new polymorph can be obtained from the liquid phase due to direct cooling from the room temperature up to 245 K where it is held for 15 min and then heated up to 270 K. At 270 K crystallization of the new polymorph occurs, which melts at 291.6 K.

Infrared spectroscopy study of structural changes in glass-forming salol.

We report the investigation of glass-forming salol upon different courses of the temperature changes from liquid to glass state and back using FT-IR spectroscopy measurements in the wide spectral and temperature ranges. The formation of the ordered clusters in supercooled liquid salol has been observed at 250 K. When the temperature is decreased further to 11 K these ordered clusters become an element of the glass structure. With increasing temperature to 270 K through the glass transition noticeable evolutions of the IR spectrum occurs up till the ordered clusters are developed into crystal. So produced crystal melts in the temperature range 300-310 K, that corresponds to the melting temperature of the metastable phase (Tmelt=302 K) . Thus, the crystalline structure of the ordered clusters corresponds to the structure of metastable phase and is monoclinic.

The role of nucleation in vitrification of supercooled liquids.

Low-frequency Raman and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigations were carried out during a structural transformation of supercooled liquid salol (phenyl salicylate) in a wide temperature range. DSC experiments indicate that in the supercooled liquid salol at temperature ~40 K above the glass transition temperature metastable nuclei start to form. During subsequent cooling the nuclei become an important element of the glass structure, and thereby are considered as a measure of the intermediate range order in this glass. It was shown that the crystalline structure of the metastable nuclei differ from that of the stable nuclei. Low-frequency Raman spectra of the glassy salol show a broad band in the spectral range from 14.5 to 17.2 cm(-1); the so called 'Boson peak', which can be interpreted in terms of its relationship to the formation of structured clusters, with typical sizes in the nanometer range (critical radii).

[Polymorphism of glutathion-S-transferase genes in patients with prostatic cancer].

The study of polymorphic variants of GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 genes from 61 patients with prostatic cancer (PC) has shown that incidence of 0/0 genotype GSTT1 and GSTM1 in PC patients was significantly higher of that in healthy men (n = 100) (34.4 and 15% in p = 0.007 and 60.7 and 43% in p = 0.04, respectively). PC risk in carriers of a GSTT1 deletion form was 2.97, CI95%--1.3-6.84, GSTM1--2.04 in CI95% 1.02-4.1. The analysis of combinations of pathological genotypes of xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes has demonstrated that 89.8% PC patients have a mutation in one of the genes GSTT1, GSTM1 or GSTP1.

[Cerebral metabolism and the exchange of biogenic amines in the brain of patients under various types of anesthesia in the surgery of intracranial aneurysms].

During intracranial surgical interventions, the major tasks of an anesthetic procedure are to maintain cerebral perfusion, adequate oxygen delivery, and brain tissue metabolism at all surgical stages. The authors have compared cerebral metabolism and the exchange of biogenic amines that regulate cerebral oxygen consumption and cerebral blood flow, by using neuroleptic anesthesia and balanced anesthesia on the basis of enflurane during operations on intracranial vessels. There is evidence for the equal efficiency of both types of anesthesias and for a unidirectional impact on the body's neurohumoral systems.

[Genetic polymorphism of glutathione-s-transferases theta1 and mu1 in lung cancer].

Polymorphism of GSTT1 and GSTM1 variant genes of phase II biotransformation of xenobiotics was studied in 181 patients with lung cancer. Null genotype frequency in cancer patients was higher than in healthy subjects. It was still higher in metastatic cancer disseminated to the regional lymph nodes as compared with localized tumor.

[Anesthetic support of operations on the hip joint in senile patients].

The impact of spinal anesthesia on a surgical stress response during prosthetic repair of the hip joint was studied in 56 senile patients (mean age 76 +/- 2.1 years). Hemodynamic changes, the time course of fluid distribution in different sectors, the activities of sympathoadrenal, cholinergic, serotoninergic, and histaminergic systems were analyzed. Studies were conducted in 4 steps: before a planned operation, before anesthesia, after the end of surgery, and 24 hours after intervention. The characteristic features of hemodynamic changes were elevated left ventricular filling pressure and high specific peripheral resistance, which was regarded as signs of latent heart failure and age-related vascular tone regulatory changes. Involutional tissue processes in senile patients appeared as decreased water levels in the cellular sector. The patients' sympathoadrenal and enterochromaffin systems were in a state of hypofunction. The adequacy of anesthesia supports no trend in the study neurohumoral regulatory parameters. The low level of hormones and mediators confirms the true depletion of the neurohumoral regulatory system.

[The system of neurohumoral regulation during bypass surgery without extracorporeal blood circulation]. / Sostoianie sistemy neirogumoral'noi reguliatsii organizma vo vremia operatsii koronarnogo shuntirovaniia bez iskusstvennogo krovoobrashcheniia.

The activity of sympathyco-adrenal, and of serotonin-hystain-cholinergic systems was studied in 34 patients operated for the ischemic heart disease without extracorporeal blood circulation. A moderate increase of parameters characterizing the condition of sympathyco-adrenal, and of serotonin-hystain-cholinergic systems was noted in patients in the perioperative period. The activity of the studied systems reduced due to a total anesthetization. At the same time, the activation of the factors of the neurohumoral system was limited by the adaptation norms with sufficient reserves being preserved.

[Who thinks clearly--writes in plain terms...(about the problems of the terminology in epidemiology)]. / Kto iasno myslit--tot iasno islagaet...( o probleme terminologii v épidemiologii).

The work deals with the tendency of introducing superfluous terms in epidemiology and other medical sciences. Four groups of foreign terminology, occurring in scientific literature on different problems of epidemiology, are presented. Examples of publications containing terms and notions whose interpretation is absent in dictionaries are given.

[Effect of sodium hypochlorite on neuroregulatory systems in acute psychotropic drug poisoning]. / Vliianie gipokhlorita natriia na sostoianie neiroreguliatornykh sistem organizma pri ostrykh otravleniiakh psikhotropnymi preparatami.

The effect of sodium hypochlorite (SHC) on neuroregulatory systems was studied in patients with acute poisoning with psychotropic drugs infused intravenously as components of infusion therapy. Infusion therapy alone or in complex with SHC does not affect the cholinergic system of the organism. The corrective effect of SHC on the sympathetic, serotonin- and histaminergic systems was more pronounced in comparison with infusion therapy and was the most expressed on day 2 after the treatment.

[Characterization of Vibrio cholerae eltor in the city of Kazan in 2001]. / Kharakteristika kholernykh vibrionov él'tor, vydelennykh v g. Kazan' v 2001 g.

Information on V. cholerae eltor isolated in the focus of cholera in Kazan in 2001 at different periods of the outbreak is presented. The identity of strains isolated from patients, vibriocarriers and environmental objects, including their antibioticograms (sensitivity to cyprofloxacin and resistance to trimethoprim--sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid, which may be regarded as markers), is shown. Variable tandem repetitions in the DNA of 30 isolates strains of different origin have been determined. The results of this determination make it possible to classify all these strains as one genotype, which confirms the suggestion on the circulation of one subclone of the infective agent of cholera in the focus. As revealed in this investigation, the isolated strains are labile with respect to diagnostic phage eltor, while ctx+ strains are resistant to phage eltor ctx+.

[Epidemiological surveillance of nosocomial pyo-septic infections]. / Epidemiologicheskii nadzor za gospital'nymi gnoino-septicheskimi infektsiiami.

The paper analyzes the parameters of epidemiological surveillance of nosocomial pyoseptic infections (NPSI) at surgical hospitals. It considers its basic concepts and presents the authors own findings. Particular emphasis is laid on guidelines for detecting NPSI cases and on epidemiological surveillance. A method of a follow-up is proposed to solve problems in the informational and analytical support of surveillance.

[Prospective observation of pyo-septic infections in frame of epidemiologic surveillance]. / Prospektivnoe nabliudenie v sisteme épidemiologicheskogo nadzora za gospital'nymi gnoino-septicheskimi infektsiiami.

The main principles of prospective observation in cardiosurgical hospitals have been worked out. The method of dynamic observation on hospital pyo-septic infections (HPSI) has shown its high effectiveness and permitted the more complete and timely detection of morbidity, as well as the determination of the groups and factors of risk. In the process of prospective observation and the timely realization of epidemic control measures a considerable decrease in HPSI morbidity has been achieved.

[Epidemiologic features of hospital pyo-septic infection in a cardiosurgical hospital]. / Epidemiologicheskie osobennosti gospital'noi gnoino-septicheskoi infektsii v kardiokhirurgicheskom statsionare.

The results of the epidemiological analysis of morbidity in purulent septic infection in a cardiosurgical hospital during the period of 1990-1963 is presented. As revealed by this analysis, until 1993 the dominating causative agent of this infection was Pseudomonas aeruginosa O16, and since 1994 Staphylococcus epidermidis prevailed. The morbidity dynamics for several years and during individual years is shown. The main risk factors were established. The reanimation department was found to be the main areas where the contamination of patients occurred.

[Characteristics of the responses of the sympathoadrenal system in cosmonauts undergoing prolonged cosmic flight on the Saliut-7 orbital station]. / Osobennosti reaktsii simpatiko-adrenalovoi sistemy u kosmonavtov, sovershivshikh dlitel'nye kosmicheskie polety na orbital'noi stantsii "Saliut-7".

Sympathico-adrenal activity of cosmonauts was studied before, during and after 211- and 237-day flights on the Salyut-7 station. During flight blood and urine samples were drawn, collected and stored using a Plasma-01 unit. Blood was withdrawn from two crewmembers on flight days 217-219 by the physician-cosmonaut and brought to the Earth in a frozen state. After the 211-day flight the sympathico-adrenal system showed stimulation of the hormonal component and inhibition of the transmitter component on the recovery day as well as activation of the transmitter component and metabolic changes during the subsequent recovery period. On days 217-219 of the 237-day flight blood catecholamines slightly increased while their renal excretion remained unchanged and their metabolite excretion decreased. All the parameters under study increased significantly during the recovery period. These observations give evidence that the sympathico-adrenal system was not activated on flight days 217-219 and was significantly stimulated during the recovery period after 211- and 237-day flights.

[Study of the activity of various systems of neurohumoral body regulation and ways of its correction in an arid area]. / Izuchenie aktivnosti nekotorykh sistem neirogumoral'noi reguliatsii organizma u putei ee korrektsii v usloviiakh aridnoi zony.

The sympatho-adrenal system, i.e. its hormonal and mediator components, were examined in test subjects who made a 23-day expedition across a desert. The activity of the system was modified using food supplements: whey protein concentrate (50 g) and polyvitamins (Komplivit). It was found that in the arid area the hormonal and mediator components of the sympatho-adrenal system were stimulated. The stimulation degree was reduced by the food supplements which can be used to help the human body get adapted to an arid environment.