Vaccine Coverage at 36 Months and 7 Years by Parental Birth Country, Washington State.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ensuring equitable vaccination access for immigrant communities is critical for guiding efforts to redress health disparities, but vaccine coverage data are limited. We evaluated childhood vaccination coverage by parental birth country (PBC) through the linkage of Washington State Immunization Information System data and birth records. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort evaluation of children born in Washington from January 1, 2006 to November 12, 2019. We assessed up-to-date vaccination coverage status for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP), and poliovirus vaccines at ages 36 months and 7 years. Children with ≥1 parent(s) born in selected non-US countries were compared with children with 2 US-born parents, using Poisson regression models to provide prevalence ratios. RESULTS: We identified 902 909 eligible children, of which 24% had ≥1 non-US-born parent(s). Vaccination coverage at 36 months by PBC ranged from 41.0% to 93.2% for ≥1 MMR doses and ≥3 poliovirus doses and 32.6% to 86.4% for ≥4 DTaP doses. Compared with children of US-born parents, the proportion of children up to date for all 3 vaccines was 3% to 16% higher among children of Filipino-, Indian-, and Mexican-born parents and 33% to 56% lower among children of Moldovan-, Russian-, and Ukrainian-born parents. Within-PBC coverage patterns were similar for all vaccines with some exceptions. Similar PBC-level differences were observed at 7 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The linkage of public health data improved the characterization of community-level childhood immunization outcomes. The findings provide actionable information to understand community-level vaccination determinants and support interventions to enhance vaccine coverage.

Serogroup B meningococcal disease in persons previously vaccinated with a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine - United States, 2014-2019.

Since serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) vaccines became available in the United States, six serogroup B meningococcal disease cases have been reported in MenB-4C (n = 4) or MenB-FHbp (n = 2) recipients. Cases were identified and characterized through surveillance and health record review. All five available isolates were characterized using whole genome sequencing; four isolates (from MenB-4C recipients) were further characterized using flow cytometry, MenB-4C-induced serum bactericidal activity (SBA), and genetic Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (gMATS). Three patients were at increased meningococcal disease risk because of an outbreak or underlying medical conditions, and only four of the six patients had completed a full 2-dose MenB series. Isolates were available from 5 patients, and all contained sub-family A FHbp. The four isolates from MenB-4C recipients expressed NhbA but were mismatched for the other MenB-4C vaccine antigens. These four isolates were relatively resistant to MenB-4C-induced SBA, but predicted by gMATS to be covered. Overall, patient risk factors, incomplete vaccine series completion, waning immunity, and strain resistance to SBA likely contributed to disease in these six patients.

Mortality Rate and Causes of Death Among Refugees Resettled in Washington State, 2006-2016.

Cause of death among refugees resettled in the United States is not well documented. This evaluation determined cause of death among refugees who resettled to and died in Washington State. Records of refugees who arrived in Washington State from 2006 to 2016 were linked to state death records for the same period. Rates and proportions of death were calculated and compared to those for all Washingtonians. From 2006 to 2016, 171 of 30,243 refugees (0.6%) resettled to and died in Washington. The age-adjusted all-cause mortality rate was 3.93 (95% CI 3.12-4.75) per 1000 refugees, compared to 6.98 (95% CI 6.96-7.00) per 1000 Washingtonians. Malignant neoplasms and heart disease were the leading causes of death for both refugees and Washingtonians. Determining cause of death among refugee populations can identify emerging trends in mortality. This information can be used to help inform disease and injury prevention interventions for refugee communities.

Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Washington State: Estimated Coverage and Missed Opportunities, 2006-2013.

OBJECTIVE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes almost all cervical cancer in women and contributes to vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal, and penile cancer morbidity and mortality. Although vaccines effective in preventing up to nine types of HPV are available, vaccination rates are low nationally. We assessed HPV vaccination coverage by age, sex, and county using Washington State Immunization Information System data. METHODS: We calculated on-time dose coverage by county and statewide among adolescents aged 11-12 years and assessed coverage by age 18 years. We calculated missed opportunities as the number of visits at which doses of other adolescent vaccines were administered without administration of the first dose of HPV vaccine (HPV1). RESULTS: In 2013, HPV vaccination coverage estimates with one, two, and three doses (HPV1-3) for adolescents aged 11-12 years were 48.5%, 32.4%, and 18.3% among girls and 31.2%, 17.1%, and 8.1% among boys. The three-dose HPV vaccine coverage estimate increased to 40.1% among girls by age 18 but was unchanged for boys. Coverage estimates varied by age, sex, and county. One-third of eligible unvaccinated girls and two of five eligible boys aged 11-17 years had at least one missed opportunity to receive HPV1. CONCLUSION: Despite a recommendation to vaccinate adolescents aged 11-12 years, HPV vaccination is often delayed and coverage levels among all age groups are below national target levels. Improved understanding of the variability of HPV vaccination coverage rates by age, sex, and county can inform targeted interventions statewide.

Use of Death Records to Augment Notifiable Conditions Reporting in Washington State.

CONTEXT: Health care providers are required to report newly diagnosed notifiable conditions including the case's vital status according to state regulations, but it is uncertain how many cases remain unreported. Death certificates could potentially serve as a data source for detecting unreported deaths due to notifiable conditions. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the usefulness of electronic death records to augment notifiable conditions reporting in Washington State. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: All residents of Washington State. PARTICIPANTS: Decedents from 2010-2012. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total number of fatal cases of acute infectious notifiable conditions in Washington residents estimated by capture-recapture analysis, proportion of estimated fatal cases reported to Washington's notifiable conditions database (Public Health Issue Management System [PHIMS]), and the proportion of estimated fatal cases identified solely from the death records. Information was obtained by searching multiple cause-of death fields on 2010-2012 death records for keywords for acute infectious notifiable conditions. RESULTS: Capture-recapture analysis estimated 317 fatal cases of these conditions could be expected over the 3 years studied (95% CI: 276,358). Public Health Issue Management System alone identified 38% of total estimated cases; using PHIMS and death record data increased identification to 71%. Electronic filing of death records was very timely, with a median of 4 days to visibility. Death record data were highly complete. CONCLUSIONS: Use of death records will augment the notifiable condition reporting system and potentially improve mortality estimates and disease control.