RESUMEN
AIM: This study tests the hypothesis that salivary extracellular RNA (exRNA) biomarkers can be developed for gingivitis detection and monitoring disease regression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Salivary exRNA biomarker candidates were developed from a total of 100 gingivitis and non-gingivitis individuals using Affymetrix's expression microarrays. The top 10 differentially expressed exRNAs were tested in a clinical cohort to determine whether the discovered salivary exRNA markers for gingivitis were associated with clinical gingivitis and disease regression. For this purpose, unstimulated saliva was collected from 30 randomly selected gingivitis subjects, the gingival and plaque indexes scores were taken at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks and salivary exRNAs were assayed by means of reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Eight salivary exRNA biomarkers developed for gingivitis were statistically significantly changed over time, consistent with disease regression. A panel of four salivary exRNAs [SPRR1A, lnc-TET3-2:1, FAM25A, CRCT1] can detect gingivitis with a clinical performance of 0.91 area under the curve, with 71% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical values of the developed salivary exRNA biomarkers are associated with gingivitis regression. They offer strong potential to be advanced for definitive validation and clinical laboratory development test.
Asunto(s)
Gingivitis , Biomarcadores , Índice de Placa Dental , Encía , Humanos , SalivaRESUMEN
Recent studies suggest that periodontal disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are bi-directionally associated. Identification of a molecular signature for periodontitis using unbiased metabolic profiling could allow identification of biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of both diabetes and periodontal disease. This cross-sectional study identified plasma and salivary metabolic products associated with periodontitis and/or diabetes in order to discover biomarkers that may differentiate or demonstrate an interaction of these diseases. Saliva and plasma samples were analyzed from 161 diabetic and non-diabetic human subjects with a healthy periodontium, gingivitis and periodontitis. Metabolite profiling was performed using Metabolon's platform technology. A total of 772 metabolites were found in plasma and 475 in saliva. Diabetics had significantly higher levels of glucose and α-hydroxybutyrate, the established markers of diabetes, for all periodontal groups of subjects. Comparison of healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis saliva samples within the non-diabetic group confirmed findings from previous studies that included increased levels of markers of cellular energetic stress, increased purine degradation and glutathione metabolism through increased levels of oxidized glutathione and cysteine-glutathione disulfide, markers of oxidative stress, including increased purine degradation metabolites (e.g. guanosine and inosine), increased amino acid levels suggesting protein degradation, and increased ω-3 (docosapentaenoate) and ω-6 fatty acid (linoleate and arachidonate) signatures. Differences in saliva between diabetic and non-diabetic cohorts showed altered signatures of carbohydrate, lipid and oxidative stress exist in the diabetic samples. Global untargeted metabolic profiling of human saliva in diabetics replicated the metabolite signature of periodontal disease progression in non-diabetic patients and revealed unique metabolic signatures associated with periodontal disease in diabetics. The metabolites identified in this study that discriminated the periodontal groups may be useful for developing diagnostics and therapeutics tailored to the diabetic population.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Enfermedades Periodontales/metabolismo , Saliva/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/metabolismo , Femenino , Gingivitis/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Metabolómica , Persona de Mediana Edad , Periodontitis/metabolismo , Purinas/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy of 0.8% arginine, potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride mouthwashes on dentine hypersensitivity reduction. METHODS: Six week randomized, double blinded, two cell, parallel single centre clinical study in the Dominican Republic; subjects were randomized into three treatment groups: mouthwash containing 0.8% arginine, PVM/MA copolymer, pyrophosphates, and 0.05% sodium fluoride in an alcohol-free base (arginine); mouthwash containing 2.4% potassium nitrate and 0.022% sodium fluoride (potassium nitrate); a control mouthwash containing 0.05% sodium fluoride (negative control). Tactile and air-blast dentine hypersensitivity assessments were conducted at baseline, thirty minutes post rinsing and two, four, and six weeks of twice-daily product use. For treatment group comparisons, ANCOVA and post hoc Tukey's pair-wise comparisons (α=0.05) were done. RESULTS: Seventy-five subjects were enrolled; 69 subjects completed the study. There were no differences after thirty minutes of a single use, among the three groups with respect to mean tactile and air blast hypersensitivity scores compared to potassium nitrate and negative control mouthwashes (p<0.05). The arginine group presented a statistically significant improvement in the mean tactile scores compared to potassium nitrate and negative control groups after two, four, and six weeks (p<0.001) of product use; the arginine group showed a statistically significant enhancement in air blast hypersensitivity mean scores compared to potassium nitrate and negative control groups after two (p=0.001), four (p<0.001), and six weeks (p<0.001) of product use. CONCLUSION: A mouthwash containing arginine provides a significant and superior reduction in dentine hypersensitivity compared to potassium nitrate and a negative control mouthwash after two weeks.
Asunto(s)
Arginina/uso terapéutico , Carbonato de Calcio/uso terapéutico , Desensibilizantes Dentinarios/uso terapéutico , Sensibilidad de la Dentina/tratamiento farmacológico , Difosfatos , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Maleatos/uso terapéutico , Antisépticos Bucales/uso terapéutico , Fosfatos/uso terapéutico , Polietilenos/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Aire , Análisis de Varianza , Arginina/química , Carbonato de Calcio/química , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Dentina , Difosfatos/uso terapéutico , Método Doble Ciego , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Fluoruros/química , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Antisépticos Bucales/química , Fosfatos/química , Estudios Prospectivos , Fluoruro de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Tacto , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To study the effectiveness of a dentifrice containing polyvinylmethyl ether-maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer in occluding dentin tubules and investigate the interaction between PVM/MA and type I collagen using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen volunteers brushed dentin discs in situ using dentifrices with and without PVM/MA copolymer in a cross-over design. Dentin tubule occlusion was evaluated after brushing, after overnight saliva challenge in vivo for 12 h and after drinking 250 ml of orange juice. Dentin tubule occlusion and tubule size were compared between the two groups using repeated ANOVA and before and after erosive challenges using paired t tests. SPR using type I collagen as ligand and PVM/MA as analyte was performed to evaluate the binding of the two macromolecules. RESULTS: A median of 91% of dentin tubules were occluded after a single brushing in the PVM/MA group, as compared to 9% in the controls. After overnight saliva challenge and 10 min of erosion by orange juice, a median of 73% of the dentin tubules remained fully occluded in the PVM/MA group as compared to zero in the controls. Dentin tubule size increased after orange juice erosion in the controls but not in the PVM/MA group. SPR study showed that PVM/MA bound readily to collagen molecules in a 4 to 1 ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Dentifrice containing PVM/MA could effectively occlude dentin tubules and prevent dentin erosion. PVM/MA may improve adhesive retention of intra-tubular dentifrice plugs through binding to dentin surface collagen. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Brushing with dentifrice containing adhesive polymers has preventive effect against dentin erosion and dentin sensitivity.
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Dentífricos/química , Dentífricos/uso terapéutico , Sensibilidad de la Dentina/prevención & control , Dentina/efectos de los fármacos , Maleatos/uso terapéutico , Polietilenos/uso terapéutico , Erosión de los Dientes/prevención & control , Colágeno Tipo I/química , Colágeno Tipo I/metabolismo , Estudios Cruzados , Recubrimiento Dental Adhesivo , Dentina/ultraestructura , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Maleatos/química , Maleatos/metabolismo , Polietilenos/química , Polietilenos/metabolismo , Resonancia por Plasmón de SuperficieRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate whether the long term use of two dentifrices containing arginine, an insoluble calcium compound, and fluoride: (1) 1.5% arginine and 1450 ppm F as sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP) in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (dical) base, and (2) 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm F as NaMFP in a calcium carbonate base, results in an increase in oral malodor potentially associated with increased ammonia production from breakdown of arginine, as compared to a commercially available fluoride dentifrice without arginine (1450 ppm F as NaMFP in a dical base), after 6 months of product use. METHODS: A 6-month clinical study, with 119 subjects, was conducted in Chengdu, China, using a double blind, randomized, parallel, three-treatment design. A panel of four expert judges used a nine-point hedonic scale to evaluate breath odor using a protocol designed in concordance with the ADA Acceptance Program Guidelines for Product Used in the Management of Oral Malodor. After a baseline evaluation, study subjects who scored above the threshold value for unpleasant breath odor were stratified by score and randomized into one of three treatment groups. Subjects were provided with a soft-bristled manual toothbrush (Colgate Classic Clean Toothbrush) and brushed their teeth thoroughly in their regular and customary manner for 1 minute with their assigned dentifrice, twice daily. Before breath-odor evaluations, the subjects refrained from eating odorigenic foods and did not use dental hygiene procedures, breath mints, or mouth rinses for 48 hours and 12 hours, respectively. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in oral malodor levels among subjects using the three dentifrices after 1, 3 and 6 months of product use.
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Arginina/uso terapéutico , Dentífricos/uso terapéutico , Halitosis/etiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Amoníaco/metabolismo , Arginina/metabolismo , Carbonato de Calcio/uso terapéutico , Fosfatos de Calcio/uso terapéutico , Cariostáticos/uso terapéutico , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fosfatos/uso terapéutico , Estudios Prospectivos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Dentin hypersensitivity is a significant clinical problem that affects numerous individuals. This sharp pain, arising from exposed dentin in response to external stimuli, can be a particularly uncomfortable and unpleasant sensation for patients, because it interferes with their quality of life. The objective of this 24-week, single-center, parallel group, double-blind, stratified and randomized clinical study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a single professional treatment with an in-office desensitizing paste followed by twice daily brushing with a desensitizing toothpaste and toothbrush for 24 weeks. METHODS: 100 adults with confirmed dentin hypersensitivity were randomly assigned into two groups. One group received a single in-office treatment with a desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate (marketed as Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Desensitizing Paste and Elmex Sensitive Professional desensitizing paste), after dental scaling, followed by 24 weeks of brushing twice daily with a desensitizing toothpaste containing 8% arginine, calcium carbonate with 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP (marketed as Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste and Elmex Sensitive Professional toothpaste) and using the Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothbrush (Test Group). The other group received a single in-office treatment with Nupro-M pumice prophylaxis paste, after dental scaling, followed by 24 weeks of brushing twice daily with a non-desensitizing toothpaste containing 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP and with the Oral-B Indicator toothbrush (Negative Control Group). Hypersensitivity was reexamined immediately after in-office product application and after 8 and 24 weeks of twice daily brushing. RESULTS: Immediately after professional product application, and after 8 and 24 weeks, subjects assigned to the Test Group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in dentin hypersensitivity compared to subjects assigned to the Negative Control Group in tactile (49.8%, 57.5% and 32.9%, respectively) and air blast (26.0%, 38.4% and 34.3%, respectively) sensitivity scores. The instant reductions in dentin hypersensitivity provided by the single professional application of a desensitizing paste for in-office use, containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate were maintained by twice daily brushing with the 8% arginine, calcium carbonate toothpaste with 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP and the Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothbrush for at least 24 weeks.
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Desensibilizantes Dentinarios/uso terapéutico , Sensibilidad de la Dentina/tratamiento farmacológico , Diaminas/uso terapéutico , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Compuestos de Potasio/uso terapéutico , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Análisis de Varianza , Arginina/uso terapéutico , Fosfatos de Calcio/uso terapéutico , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Mezclas Complejas/uso terapéutico , Método Doble Ciego , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fosfatos/uso terapéutico , Cepillado Dental , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate whether the long-term use (6 months) of an arginine-calcium carbonate-MFP toothpaste would affect calculus formation and/or gingivitis when compared to a calcium carbonate-MFP toothpaste. METHODS: This was a double-blind clinical study. Eligible adult subjects (120) entered a 2-month pre-test phase of the study. After receiving an evaluation of oral tissue and a dental prophylaxis, the subjects were provided with a regular fluoride toothpaste, a soft-bristled adult toothbrush with instructions to brush their teeth for 1-minute twice daily (morning and evening) for 2 months. The subjects were then examined for baseline calculus using the Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index (VMI) and gingivitis using the Löe-Silness Gingival Index (GI), along with an oral tissue examination. Qualifying subjects were randomized to two treatment groups: (1) Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, 1450 ppm MFP and calcium carbonate (Test group), or (2) Colgate Cavity Protection toothpaste containing 1450 ppm MFP and calcium carbonate (Control group). Subjects were stratified by the VMI score and gender. After a dental prophylaxis (VMI=0), the subjects entered a 6-month test phase. Each received the assigned toothpaste and a soft-bristled adult toothbrush for home use with instructions of brushing teeth for 1 minute twice daily (morning and evening). The examinations of VMI, Löe-Silness GI and oral tissues were conducted after 3 and 6 months. Prior to each study visit, subjects refrained from brushing their teeth as well as eating and drinking for 4 hours. RESULTS: 99 subjects complied with the study protocol and completed the 6-month test phase. No within-treatment comparison was performed for the VMI because it was brought down to zero after the prophylaxis at the baseline of the test phase. For the Löe-Silness GI, subjects of the Test group exhibited a significant difference from baseline at the 3- and 6-month examinations. The 3-month Löe-Silness GI of the Control group was significantly different from that of the baseline; however, its 6-month Löe-Silness GI was not statistically significantly different from the baseline values. After 3 and 6 months, there were no significant differences between the Test and Control groups with respect to the mean VMI scores; there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to the Löe-Silness GI results after 3 and 6 months of product use.
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Arginina/uso terapéutico , Carbonato de Calcio/uso terapéutico , Cálculos Dentales/prevención & control , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Gingivitis/prevención & control , Fosfatos/uso terapéutico , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Índice de Higiene Oral , Índice Periodontal , Cepillado Dental/instrumentación , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Dental implants and peri-implant tissue are susceptible to disease conditions that may lead to implant loss. The objective of the present study was to describe teeth and implant surroundings as well as clinical health indices and oral microbiologic parameters. METHOD AND MATERIALS: A group of 83 adults (42 men and 41 women) were enrolled in the study. Clinical assessments of dental implants and contralateral natural teeth included dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and bleeding on probing. Microbiologic assessments included bacterial culture, light and phase contrast microscopy, and DNA probe hybridization for a panel of 14 target microorganisms. Clinical and microbiologic data were compared by paired t test and ANOVA. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The Plaque Index for the implants was 1.85 ± 0.47, whereas the score for natural teeth was significantly higher, 2.15 ± 0.52. Compared to the samples obtained from the dental implants, the samples from natural teeth demonstrated significantly higher total bacterial cell numbers (P < .05). Consistent with the clinical measures of dental plaque, significantly higher numbers of oral bacteria, including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, were found in dental plaque samples from teeth (aerobic 5.648 ± 0.512, anaerobic 6.243 ± 0.535, P < .0001) compared to implants (aerobic 5.430 ± 0.541, anaerobic 5.917 ± 0.523, P < .0001). In addition, there were significantly higher numbers of anaerobic (6.243 ± 0.535 and 5.917 ± 0.523, P < .0001) than aerobic (5.648 ± 0.512 and 5.430 ± 0.541, P < .008) bacteria for samples from teeth and implants, respectively. CONCLUSION: Clinical and microbiologic analyses provide consistent findings that suggest differences in quantity of plaque and bacterial species between teeth and dental implants. For long-term treatment success, the importance of plaque control and oral hygiene of both periodontal and dental implant therapy is emphasized.
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Implantes Dentales/microbiología , Índice de Higiene Oral , Diente/microbiología , Adulto , Anciano , Bacterias Aerobias/clasificación , Bacterias Anaerobias/clasificación , Carga Bacteriana , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , Placa Dental/microbiología , Índice de Placa Dental , Femenino , Hemorragia Gingival/clasificación , Gingivitis/clasificación , Bacterias Gramnegativas/clasificación , Bacterias Grampositivas/clasificación , Humanos , Masculino , Microscopía de Contraste de Fase , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hibridación de Ácido Nucleico , Índice Periodontal , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of a dentifrice containing polymethyl vinyl ether-maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer in a silica base in occluding dentin tubules for treatment of dentin sensitivity. METHODS: Thirty-two human dentin discs were divided into two groups and brushed in the morning for 30s each to study the dentifrices with and without PVM/MA copolymer. Dentin tubule occlusion and dentin permeability were evaluated with a focus variation three dimensional vertical scanning microscope (IFM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After second brushing for 30s in the afternoon the dentin discs were immersed in saliva for 16 h and then subjected to erosion using orange juice for 10 min. The effects of saliva and orange juice on tubule occlusion used in the study of dentifrices were further evaluated with IFM. RESULTS: On average 97.7% of the dentin tubules were occluded after brushing in the PVM/MA group, as compared to 13.3% in the control group (p<0.0001). EIS showed that the impedance of the dentin disc increased after treatment with PVM/MA but not in the control group (p<0.05). After 16 h of storage in saliva and 10 min of erosion by orange juice, 86% of the dentin tubules remained occluded in the PVM/MA treated dentifrice. The sizes of the tubule openings were increased after orange juice erosion in the control group but not in the PVM/MA group. CONCLUSION: Dentifrice containing PVM/MA copolymer in a silica base effectively occluded dentin tubules. The intra-tubular plugs were resistant to saliva and orange juice challenges.
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Dentífricos/uso terapéutico , Sensibilidad de la Dentina/tratamiento farmacológico , Dentina/ultraestructura , Maleatos/uso terapéutico , Polietilenos/uso terapéutico , Dentífricos/química , Permeabilidad de la Dentina , Espectroscopía Dieléctrica , Impedancia Eléctrica , Humanos , Imagenología Tridimensional/instrumentación , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Dióxido de Silicio , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Erosión de los Dientes/prevención & controlRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% sodium fluoride, and specially-designed silica in controlling established dental plaque and gingivitis. METHODS: Qualifying adult male and female subjects from the West Palm Beach, Florida area were randomly assigned into one of two treatment groups: (1) a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% sodium fluoride, and specially-designed silica (Test Dentifrice); and (2) a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Negative Control Dentifrice). All subjects received an oral soft and hard tissue examination, baseline plaque and gingivitis were assessed, and subjects were dispensed their assigned dentifrice product along with a soft-bristled adult toothbrush for home use. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for 1 minute, twice daily (morning and evening), using only the dentifrice provided. Examinations for plaque and gingivitis, and oral soft and hard tissue assessments were repeated after 3 and 6 months of product use. RESULTS: 115 subjects complied with the protocol, and completed the 6-month examination. After 6 months of product use, subjects assigned to the Test Dentifrice group exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline with respect to Plaque Index, Plaque Severity Index, Gingival Index, and Gingivitis Severity Index scores; and subjects assigned to the Negative Control Dentifrice group exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline with respect to Gingival Index scores only. Relative to the Negative Control Dentifrice group, the Test Dentifrice group exhibited an 18.8% reduction in Plaque Index; a 50% reduction in Plaque Severity Index; a 19.6% reduction in Gingival Index; and a 60% reduction in Gingivitis Severity Index after 6 months, all of which were statistically significant.
Asunto(s)
Placa Dental/terapia , Gingivitis/terapia , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Análisis de Varianza , Índice de Placa Dental , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Maleatos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Índice Periodontal , Polietilenos , Dióxido de Silicio , Pastas de Dientes/química , Triclosán , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate the 8-week dentin hypersensitivity efficacy of three toothpastes: (1) a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% sodium fluoride and specially-designed silica (Test Dentifrice 1); (2) a commercially-available dentifrice containing 0.454% stannous fluoride in a silica base with sodium hexametaphosphate and zinc lactate (Test Dentifrice 2); and (3) a commercially-available non-sensitive dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Negative Control Dentifrice). METHODS: For this 8-week randomized controlled clinical study, qualifying subjects had to have at least two hypersensitive teeth with a tactile hypersensitivity score (Yeaple Probe) between 10 and 50 grams of force, and air blast hypersensitivity score of 2 or 3 (Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale). Subjects brushed twice daily for 1 minute, using the assigned toothpaste and toothbrush. Dentin hypersensitivity assessments, as well as examinations of oral hard and soft tissues, were conducted at the baseline examination and after 4 and 8 weeks of brushing. RESULTS: 118 subjects complied with the protocol, and completed the 8-week study. At baseline, the mean tactile sensitivity scores for toothpastes (1), (2) and (3) were 13.6, 14.1 and 13.1; at 4 weeks 28.75, 20.13, and 20.00; and after 8 weeks 33.1, 24.0 and 20.5, respectively. The mean air blast scores for toothpastes (1), (2), and (3) at baseline were 2.5, 2.5, and 2.4; at 4 weeks 1.25, 1.50 and 1.85; and after 8 weeks 0.99, 1.36 and 1.5, respectively. At all time points after the baseline examination, for both tactile and air blast sensitivity scores, the differences between Test Dentifrice 1 and the Negative Control Dentifrice were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The differences between Test Dentifrice 1 and Test Dentifrice 2 were statistically significant (P < 0.05) at 4 and 8 weeks after baseline examination for tactile sensitivity scores and at 8 weeks after baseline examination for air blast sensitivity scores.
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Desensibilizantes Dentinarios/uso terapéutico , Sensibilidad de la Dentina/prevención & control , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Análisis de Varianza , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Desensibilizantes Dentinarios/química , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Maleatos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fosfatos , Polietilenos , Estudios Prospectivos , Dióxido de Silicio , Fluoruro de Sodio , Fluoruros de Estaño , Pastas de Dientes/química , Triclosán , Adulto Joven , ZincRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This single-center, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group clinical study was designed to investigate the extrinsic stain removal efficacy of a new antisensitivity dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2% polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid copolymer (PVM/MA copolymer), 0.243% NaF and a new silica specially-designed to occlude dentin tubules, relative to a Positive Control dentifrice and a Negative Control dentifrice. METHODS: 117 qualifying adults were stratified by baseline Lobene Stain Index scores and randomly assigned to brush twice daily using a soft-bristled toothbrush and one of three dentifrices: (1) the Test Dentifrice; (2) a previously clinically proven dentifrice variant containing 0.3% triclosan, 2% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% NaF in a high cleaning silica base (Positive Control); and (3) a dentifrice containing 0.243% NaF in a silica base (Negative Control). Extrinsic stain area and stain intensity examinations were repeated after 3 and 6 weeks of product use. RESULTS: Relative to the Negative Control group, the Test group and the Positive Control group exhibited statistically significant improvements in mean Lobene composite stain scores after 3 weeks of product use (39.8% and 40.7% respectively) and after 6 weeks of product use (58.8% and 61.8% respectively). There were no statistically significant differences observed between the stain removal performance of the Test Dentifrice and the Positive Control Dentifrice after 3 and 6 weeks of product use.
Asunto(s)
Blanqueadores Dentales/uso terapéutico , Decoloración de Dientes/terapia , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Análisis de Varianza , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Sensibilidad de la Dentina/terapia , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Maleatos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polietilenos , Dióxido de Silicio , Fluoruro de Sodio , Blanqueadores Dentales/química , Pastas de Dientes/química , Triclosán , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy in reducing dental plaque regrowth of two mouthwashes containing 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), one with 6% alcohol and one alcohol-free, as compared to a negative control mouthwash without CPC, using the Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI). METHODS: The study was a double-blind, randomized, three-way crossover, controlled design. Following a washout period, subjects reported to the dental clinic where they were instructed to brush their teeth, used their assigned mouthwash, and were scored by the examining dentist for plaque using the MGMPI method. Subjects were instructed to refrain from all oral hygiene for the next 24 hours, except for rinsing with their assigned mouthwash 12 hours post-brushing. After this 24-hour period, subjects returned to the dental clinic and were once again scored for plaque. This sequence of washout followed by mouthwash use and plaque scoring was repeated until each subject had used all three mouthwashes. An ANOVA was conducted to assess between-group differences. RESULTS: The two test mouthwashes significantly reduced plaque regrowth over a 24-hour period (p < 0.05) as compared to the negative control mouthwash. The difference between the CPC-containing mouthwashes was not significant (p = 0.4868). CONCLUSION: Two mouthwashes containing 0.075% CPC, one with 6% alcohol and the other alcohol-free, were found to be safe and effective in reducing plaque accumulation when compared a negative control mouthwash without CPC. In short-term studies, the MGMPI appears useful for evaluating the antiplaque efficacy of mouthwash products.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos Locales/uso terapéutico , Cetilpiridinio/uso terapéutico , Placa Dental/prevención & control , Antisépticos Bucales/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Colorantes , Estudios Cruzados , Índice de Placa Dental , Método Doble Ciego , Etanol , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vehículos Farmacéuticos , Fluoruro de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to compare the clinical efficacy in reducing dentin hypersensitivity of a test toothpaste containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride as sodium fluoride (NaF) in a silica base, to a positive control toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) in a calcium carbonate base, and a negative control toothpaste containing 1100 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base. METHODS: Subjects identified with two hypersensitive teeth using the tactile (Yeaple Probe) and air blast (Schiff's Scale) hypersensitivity methods were assigned to their treatment group. There were 50 subjects per group. Subjects then self-applied the assigned toothpaste to their hypersensitive teeth using a fingertip, then brushed their teeth at home using the same toothpaste twice daily for seven days. Dentin hypersensitivity and oral tissues were evaluated at baseline, immediately after the single application, and after seven days. A chi-square analysis was conducted to examine the effects with respect to gender between treatments. Comparisons of the age and baseline hypersensitivity data among groups were performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Within-treatment effects were analyzed using the paired t-test, while the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine the between-treatment effects. The post hoc Tukey's test was performed for the pair-wise comparisons using a significance level of alpha = 0.05. RESULTS: All 150 subjects complied with the protocol and completed the study. The positive control toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP in a calcium carbonate base provided statistically significant improvements in mean tactile and air blast dentin hypersensitivity scores compared to the negative control toothpaste containing 1100 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base (p < 0.05). The toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP in a calcium carbonate base (positive control) also provided statistically significant improvements in mean tactile and air blast dentin hypersensitivity scores compared to the test toothpaste containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base. The test toothpaste and the negative control toothpaste were not significantly different from each other. CONCLUSION: The test toothpaste containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base, when used for a single topical application and twice-daily brushing for seven days, does not provide statistically significant relief of dentin hypersensitivity compared to a negative control toothpaste containing 1100 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base. In contrast, the positive control toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP in a calcium carbonate base provided significantly reduced dentin hypersensitivity compared to the negative control toothpaste, and was significantly more effective than the test toothpaste containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm fluoride as NaF in a silica base.
Asunto(s)
Desensibilizantes Dentinarios/uso terapéutico , Sensibilidad de la Dentina/prevención & control , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Acetatos/administración & dosificación , Acetatos/uso terapéutico , Administración Tópica , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Aire , Arginina/administración & dosificación , Arginina/uso terapéutico , Carbonato de Calcio/administración & dosificación , Carbonato de Calcio/uso terapéutico , Desensibilizantes Dentinarios/administración & dosificación , Sensibilidad de la Dentina/diagnóstico , Método Doble Ciego , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Fluoruros/administración & dosificación , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vehículos Farmacéuticos , Fosfatos/administración & dosificación , Fosfatos/uso terapéutico , Autocuidado , Dióxido de Silicio , Fluoruro de Sodio/administración & dosificación , Fluoruro de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Estroncio/administración & dosificación , Estroncio/uso terapéutico , Cepillado Dental/métodos , Pastas de Dientes/administración & dosificación , Tacto , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this eight-week, single-center, three-cell, double-blind, and randomized clinical study was to evaluate the dentin hypersensitivity reduction efficacy of three commercially available toothpastes: 1) Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Toothpaste (also marketed as elmex Sensitive Professional); 2) Sensodyne Rapid Relief Toothpaste; and (3) Crest Cavity Protection Toothpaste. METHODS: 150 subjects, having two teeth with tactile and air blast hypersensitivity, were assigned to one of the three study groups (50/group). Subjects were then asked to brush their teeth for one minute, twice daily, with the given toothpaste. The dentin hypersensitivity and oral tissues were evaluated at baseline, two weeks, four weeks, and eight weeks. Comparison of the treatment groups with respect to gender was conducted using a chi-square analysis, and with respect to age and baseline hypersensitivity scores was performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Within-treatment effects were analyzed using the paired t-test, while the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine between-treatment effects. The post hoc Tukey test was performed for pair-wise comparisons. All statistical tests were two-sided using a significance level of alpha = 0.05. RESULTS: After two, four, and eight weeks of daily use of the products, all three groups showed a statistically significant reduction from baseline in tactile and air blast dentin hypersensitivity (p < 0.05). Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste produced a significant improvement in mean tactile and air blast dentin hypersensitivity scores, and was more effective than Sensodyne Rapid Relief toothpaste and Crest Cavity Protection toothpastes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Colgate Sensitive Pro-ReliefToothpaste, used twice daily, significantly reduces dentin hypersensitivity, and is significantly more effective in reducing dentin hypersensitivity than Sensodyne Rapid Relief Toothpaste and Crest Cavity Protection Toothpaste.
Asunto(s)
Desensibilizantes Dentinarios/uso terapéutico , Sensibilidad de la Dentina/prevención & control , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Acetatos/administración & dosificación , Acetatos/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Aire , Arginina/administración & dosificación , Arginina/uso terapéutico , Carbonato de Calcio/administración & dosificación , Carbonato de Calcio/uso terapéutico , Desensibilizantes Dentinarios/administración & dosificación , Método Doble Ciego , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Fluoruros/administración & dosificación , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fosfatos/administración & dosificación , Fosfatos/uso terapéutico , Fluoruro de Sodio/administración & dosificación , Fluoruro de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Estroncio/administración & dosificación , Estroncio/uso terapéutico , Cepillado Dental/métodos , Tacto , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The microbiological effects of biocidal products used for the enhancement of oral hygiene relate to the active compound(s) as well as other formulation components. Here, we test the specificities of selected actives in the absence of multiple excipients. Salivary ecosystems were maintained in tissue culture plate-based hydroxyapatite disc models (HDMs) and modified drip-flow biofilm reactors (MDFRs). Test compounds stannous fluoride (SF), SDS, triclosan (TCS), zinc lactate (ZL) and ZL with SF in combination (ZLSF) were delivered to the HDMs once and four times daily for 6 days to MDFRs. Plaques were characterized by differential viable counting and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). TCS and SDS were the most effective compounds against HDM plaques, significantly reducing total viable counts (P<0.05), whilst SF, ZL and ZLSF were comparatively ineffective. TCS exhibited specificity for streptococci (P<0.01) and Gram-negative anaerobes (P<0.01) following a single dosing and also on repeated dosing in MDFRs. In contrast to single exposures, multiple dosing with ZLSF also significantly reduced all bacterial groups, whilst SF and ZL caused significant but transient reductions. According to PCR-DGGE analyses, significant (P<0.05) reductions in eubacterial diversity occurred following 6 day dosing with both TCS and ZLSF. Concordance of MDFR eubacterial profiles with salivary inocula ranged between 58 and 97%. TCS and ZL(SF) exhibited similar specificities to those reported for formulations. TCS was the most potent antibacterial, after single and multiple dosage regimens.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Biopelículas , Saliva/microbiología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Bacterianos/efectos de los fármacos , Placa Dental/tratamiento farmacológico , Placa Dental/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Higiene Bucal , Dodecil Sulfato de Sodio/farmacología , Tensoactivos/farmacología , Fluoruros de Estaño/farmacología , Pastas de Dientes , Triclosán/farmacología , Compuestos de Zinc/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Colgate Total (CTT) is the only FDA-approved toothpaste for antiplaque and antigingivitis benefits. The objective of this study was to compare the impact of Colgate Total Pharma (CTP), a new variant of Colgate Total, with Colgate Regular Toothpaste (CRT) on plaque formation over a 24-hour period following a single use of the dentifrice. METHODS: CTP and CRT were the two test products. CRT was used for a washout product as well. Fifteen male/female subjects who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria were included into this single-blind (preliminary phase) and double-blind (randomized phase) crossover study. Ethical approval and written informed consent were obtained. Preliminary phase: After a one-week washout with CRT, subjects brushed in the dental clinic with CRT before a one-minute use of a test dentifrice. A baseline Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI) score was calculated. Subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 24 hours, and returned to the clinic for their 24-hour MGMPI score. Subjects entered the second washout phase to repeat as per the crossover design. The above procedures were conducted three times by three independent examiners. Randomized phase: Subjects were randomized to the groups according to a computer-generated randomization schedule. The procedure was carried out as in the preliminary phase, except the washout period between the two products was at least one week and the products (CTP or CRT) were used in a randomized double-blind manner. Plaque scores were recorded as above. RESULTS: CTP provided a significant (p = 0.01) antiplaque effect versus CRT. The results are consistent with previously reported data for CTT. All three examiners demonstrated a strong correlation for this clinical study utilizing the MGMPI methodology. CONCLUSION: This clinical investigation examined the efficacy of a new variant of a commercial dentifrice, historically shown to provide antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy. It is important to confirm the continued efficacy of new products to consumers and to the profession. Additionally, this clinical trial demonstrated the usefulness of the clinical methodology with respect to consistency in results by three independent clinical examiners. Because this methodology is often employed to document antiplaque benefits of new and existing technologies, it is important to periodically evaluate and confirm its reliability and reproducibility.
Asunto(s)
Índice de Placa Dental , Placa Dental/prevención & control , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Química Farmacéutica , Mezclas Complejas/uso terapéutico , Estudios Cruzados , Dentífricos/uso terapéutico , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Fluoruros/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Seguimiento , Glicerol/química , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Excipientes Farmacéuticos/química , Ácido Silícico , Dióxido de Silicio/uso terapéutico , Método Simple Ciego , Fluoruro de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Pastas de Dientes/química , Triclosán/uso terapéutico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate prevalence and severity of gingivitis in representative American adults. METHODS: Subjects (1,000) in Loma Linda, California; Seattle, Washington; and Boston, Massachusetts were examined for Löe-Silness Gingivitis Index (GI). Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used to determine significances in the GI between genders. The data among study sites and races were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks. The correlation of the GI and age was examined by the Spearman rank order correlation. Age differences among three sites were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The race composition of the subjects (mean age 37.9) approximated to the 2004 U.S. Census data. The overall average GI was 1.055. Only 6.1% of subjects showed mean GI<0.50; most (93.9%) were > or = 0.50, with 55.7% > or = 1.00. There was a significant correlation (P<0.001) between the age and GI. The males' GI was significantly higher (P<0.001) than the females'; African-Americans showed a significantly higher GI (P<0.05) than other races except for the Native-Americans.
Asunto(s)
Gingivitis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Análisis de Varianza , Etnicidad , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Índice Periodontal , Prevalencia , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Población Urbana , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease has been studied primarily from clinical outcomes in lengthy human studies. Comprehensive biochemical profiling (metabolomics) has become a powerful tool for disease characterization and biomarker discovery. In a previous study, we performed a metabolomic analysis of gingival crevicular fluid collected from healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis sites. Many metabolites associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, tissue degradation, and bacterial metabolism were found to be significantly induced by the diseases. METHODS: A panel of 10 markers was selected from the previous metabolomic study based on their statistical significance. Thirty-nine chronic periodontitis subjects were randomly assigned to a toothpaste regimen: control dentifrice (n = 21) or triclosan-containing dentifrice ([CT] n = 18). Subjects were instructed to use their assigned dentifrice twice daily for 6 weeks. Gingival crevicular fluid samples from six healthy, six gingivitis, and three periodontitis sites were collected from each subject at baseline, 1 week, and 6 weeks. The relative levels of the markers in the samples were determined by mass spectrometry. One-sided matched-paired t tests were performed to compare data from healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis sites. RESULTS: Statistical analysis indicates that CT significantly decreased the levels of inosine, lysine, putrescine, and xanthine at the gingivitis sites as early as week 1. In contrast, control dentifrice had little effect. CONCLUSIONS: This result provides biochemical confirmation for the therapeutic effects of CT on gingivitis. Biomarkers were significantly altered by CT before clinical changes were observed, suggesting that the markers have predicative value for disease state assessment.