RESUMEN
The first epidemics of lumpy skin disease (LSD) reported in Europe in 2015 severely affected the cattle farming sector in several Balkan countries. After the first incursion into Greece in 2015, the disease quickly spread across the Balkan region with over 7000 outbreaks reported by the end of 2016. Thanks to a coordinated regional control and eradication policy, the spread of the disease was halted by the end of 2017. Regional large-scale vaccination campaign with effective homologous vaccines and high vaccination coverage revealed to be essential for the successful control the disease, supported by other measures such as early detection of outbreaks, total or partial stamping out and restrictions on cattle movements. The aim of this paper is to discuss the field observations, challenges and lessons learnt while dealing with the first LSD epidemics in Europe. The cross-border collaboration by the veterinary authorities of all affected countries, coordinated by the European Commission and the technical support provided by many other international organizations played a fundamental role in stopping the spread of a disease that otherwise could have expanded further to the European territory causing a large damage to the whole European cattle farming industry. The experience obtained during the control of LSD epidemics indicates that in the future LSD spread can be effectively halted, provided that appropriate surveillance plans and vigilance remains in place in the areas at risk of re-incursion, especially those bordering endemic countries.
Asunto(s)
Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/estadística & datos numéricos , Monitoreo Epidemiológico/veterinaria , Dermatosis Nodular Contagiosa/prevención & control , Albania , Animales , Bulgaria , Bovinos , Grecia , Cooperación Internacional , Kosovo , Dermatosis Nodular Contagiosa/virología , Virus de la Dermatosis Nodular Contagiosa/fisiología , Montenegro , Vigilancia de la Población , República de Macedonia del Norte , SerbiaAsunto(s)
Encefalitis Viral/epidemiología , Rabia/epidemiología , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Animales , Encefalitis Viral/historia , Encefalitis Viral/prevención & control , Encefalitis Viral/veterinaria , Zorros/virología , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Rabia/historia , Rabia/prevención & control , Rabia/veterinaria , Yugoslavia , Zoonosis/virologíaRESUMEN
Catarrhal fever in sheep or bluetongue (BT) has not been recorded in Yugoslavia until recently. During the first incidence of BT disease in Serbia and Montenegro in 2001, the authors conducted field studies on suspected cases of the disease and collected samples for laboratory diagnosis. BT virus (BTV) was isolated and identified as serotype 9 by the Institute for Animal Health in Pirbright, United Kingdom (the Office International des Epizooties BT reference laboratory).
RESUMEN
The applicability of self-organizing maps (SOM) for the classification of chromatographic systems or components of chromatographic systems based on data taken from literature is shown. The SOM approach is compared to dendrogram and principal components analysis (PCA) approaches. It has been shown that the distance between classified objects could reveal linear correspondence with quantity to be optimized, e.g. resolution, so it can be applied in the chromatographic method development. SOMs can also be applied for prediction of chromatographic quantities. It is shown that SOM-based response surface modeling is comparable to triangular presentation of mobile phase composition response surfaces.